(2.) French surnames preceded by the preposition de are to be catalogued under the name itself, and not under the prefix.

Thus: Florian (Jean Pierre Claris de) is to be placed under F, not under D; Alembert (Jean le Rond d') under A, not under D.

In this respect, usage is by no means uniform among French authors. Thus, Brunet places D'Alembert under D, while Quérard, the Editors of the "Biographie Universelle," etc., place the same name under A. But consistency is of the first importance, and it is decidedly best to make this rule positive, and without exceptions.

(3.) French surnames preceded by De la, are to be recorded under the article.

Thus: La Pérouse (Jean François Galaup de), not De la Pérouse, nor Pérouse; La Harpe (Jean François de), not De la Harpe, nor Harpe.

It is better to make this the invariable rule, although uniformity will not be found among French writers, in this particular, nor scarcely consistency in any one writer.

(4.) French names preceded by Du or Des are to be recorded under these prefixes.

Thus: Du Halde, under D, not under H; Des Cartes, under D, not under C.

(5.) French names, preceded by the article Le, La, L', are to be recorded under L.

Thus: Le Long (Jacques), not Long (Jacques le); L'Héritier (Marie Jeanne), not Héritier (Marie Jeanne l').

(6.) Names with similar prefixes in other languages, are, in all cases, to be recorded under the word following the prefix, with cross-references.

7

Thus: Delle Valle, under V; Della Santa, under S; Da Cunha under C. So Buch (Léopold von); Recke (Elisa von der); Dyck (Anton Van); Praet (Joseph Basile Bernard Van); Hooght (Everard van der); Ess (Leander van).

XVI. Compound surnames, except Dutch and English, are to be entered under the initial of the first name. In Dutch and in English compound names, the last name is to be preferred.

Thus, in French, such names as Etienne Geoffroy-Saint-Hilaire, Isidore Geoffroy-Saint-Hilaire, should be written Geoffroy-SaintHilaire (Etienne), Geoffroy-Saint-Hilaire (Isidore). So in Spanish, Calderon de la Barca, and Calderon y Belgrano, should both be entered under C. But François de Salignac de Lamotte Fénélon, is universally placed under Fénélon, even by those who generally adhere to the above rule. There are other names, which must be considered exceptions, respecting which it seems impossible to give any invariable rule, but all difficulty must be removed by cross-references.

XVII. Works of an author who may have changed his name, or added others to it, are to be recorded under the last name, (if used in any of his publications,) with cross-references from the other names. Names that may have been altered by being used in different languages, are to be entered under their original vernacular form. But if an author has never used the vernacular form of his name in his publications, his works are to be recorded under such other form as he may have employed.

REMARK 1. Thus, Alexander Slidell Mackenzie should be placed under Mackenzie, with a cross-reference from Slidell. His family name was Slidell, but after becoming known as a writer, he assumed the name Mackenzie.

François Marie Arouet de Voltaire, under Voltaire; because Voltaire is a name assumed as a surname. It is not a title, nor commonly considered part of a compound surname.

Jean Baptiste Poquelin Molière, under Molière. His father's name was Poquelin but he added, himself, the name Molière, as Aroüet Idid that of Voltaire.

The family name of an individual is to be considered that which he has, or adopts, for himself and his descendants, rather than that which he received from his ancestors, his family name, not his father's. Now if a man's name have been changed, by his own act, the name assumed is supposed to be that by which he wishes to be known to his contemporaries, and which he wishes to transmit to posterity. A married woman generally drops her maiden name, and assumes that of her husband. By this, therefore, she should ever after be known. If she published books under her maiden name, and afterwards under her married name, they should all be recorded under her married name, with a cross-reference from the former. It may be that she published only under her maiden name; in this case, her works should be entered under that name, followed by her married name, included within parentheses.

REMARK 2. Such changes as are referred to under this rule may generally be indicated by the mode of printing, thus: MACKENZIE (ALEXANDER SLIDELL). VOLTAIRE (FRANÇOIS MARIE AROÜET DE). DACIER (Mad. ANNE LEFÈVRE).

XVIII. The following classes of persons are to be entered under their first names, or their Christian names: (1.) Sovereigns, and Princes of sovereign houses. (2.) Jewish Rabbis, and Oriental writers in general. (3.) Persons canonized. The family name, when known, is to be added within brackets.

(4.) Friars, who, by the constitution of their order, drop their surnames. But the family name, when known, should be added within brackets.

(5.) All other persons known only by their first names, to which, for the sake of distinction, they add those of their native places, profession, rank, &c., as, Adamus Bremensis, or Adam of Bremen.

A cross-reference should be made from any other name by which the author may be known, to that used as the heading.

XIX. Surnames of Noblemen and Dignitaries, with the exception of cases coming under the preceding rule, are to be ascertained, when not expressed, and to be used for the heading, although the person may be better known by his title, than by his name. But, in all cases where doubt would be likely to arise, cross-references should be used.

REMARK. Thus, Home (Henry), Lord Kames. There should be a cross-reference; thus, Kames (Lord). See Home (Henry). Stanhope (Philip Dormer), Earl of Chesterfield.

This last is one of the cases which might lead us to doubt the propriety of the rule. This author is universally known as Chesterfield, not as Stanhope. But there are other authors, who are as well known by their family names as by their titles; while the greater portion are known by their family names, much better than by their titles. A general rule is absolutely necessary, and this is thought to be the best.

XX. If it appear upon the title-page, that the work is the joint production of several writers, it is to be entered under the first named, with cross-references from the names of the others.

XXI. The complete works, or entire treatises of several authors, published together in one series, with a col

lective title, are to be recorded in the words of the general title of the series, and to be placed under the name of the Editor, if known; if that be not known, under the title of the collection, like anonymous works. If any work in the collection be printed with a separate title-page, and an independent paging, it is also to be recorded under its author's name, as a distinct work, with a reference to the volume of the collection in which it is to be found.

Cross-references may be made from names of authors, when they appear upon the title-page, or when their works were first published in the collection.

EXPLANATION 1. The principle established by this rule, decides the case, common among German books, of works with double titles, one general and the other special. Such a work must be entered twice, once under the general title, which should omit, as much as possible, what is contained in the special; and once under the special title, which should refer to the general, stating what volume of the general collection this particular volume forms.

EXPLANATION 2. This rule applies to periodical publications, which should be entered under the name of the Editor, if this appears upon the title-page, with a cross-reference from the name of the publication. But if the publication be issued under the direction of an association, it comes under the next rule, and is to be recorded under the name of the association, with a cross-reference from the editor's

name.

REMARK. The catalogue, thus formed, will be composed of works, having each a distinct title-page and an independent pagination. Doubtless, greater convenience and usefulness might be attained by adopting a more comprehensive plan;-one, by which every distinct article in Transactions of Learned Societies, in Magazines, Reviews, and similar works, where, by the rule of the publication,