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40 POUNDS COATING

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40 POUNDS COATING

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(Retain This for Reference.)

AMERICAN

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AMERICAN
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THE WORLD ALMANAC Will welcome suggestions for the improvement of this page.

THE astronomical calculations in this work were expressly made for it by Dr. Morrison, of Washington, D. C., and are expressed in local Mean Time.

Chronological Eras.

The year 1907 corresponds to the year 7415-16 of the Byzantine era; to 5667-68 of the Jewish era, the year 5668 commencing at sunset on September 8; to 2660 since the foundation of Rome according to Varro; to 2683 of the Olympiads (the third year of the 671st Olympiad commencing July 1, 1907); to 2567 of the Japanese era, and to the 40th year of the Meiji; to 1324-25 of the Mohammedan era, the year 1325 commencing on February 14, 1907. The 132d year of the Independence of the United States of America begins July 4, 1907.

Name.

Date of Beginning of Epochs, Eras, and Periods.

Grecian Mundane Era........
Civil Era of Constantinople..
Alexandrian Era

Julian Period.......
Mundane Era......

Jewish Mundane Era
Era of Abraham.....
Era of the Olympiads..
Roman Era (A. U. C.).
Metonic Cycle.........

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Ember and Rogation Days.

EMBER and Rogation Days are certain periods of the year devoted to prayer and fasting. Ember Days (twelve annually) are the Wednesday, Friday, and Saturday after the first Sunday in Lent, after the feast of Pentecost (Whit Sunday), after the festival of the Holy Cross (September 14), and after the festival of St. Lucia (December 13). Ember Weeks are the weeks in which the Ember Days

appear.

Rogation Days are the three days immediately preceding Holy Thursday or Ascension Day.

Church Fasts.

THE Roman Catholic Days of fasting are the forty days of Lent, the Ember Days, the Wednesdays and Thursdays of the four weeks in Advent, and certain vigils or evenings prior to the greater feasts. In the American Episcopal Church the days of fasting or abstinence to be observed, according the Book of Common Prayer, are the forty days of Lent, the Ember Days, the three Rogation Days, and all the Fridays of the year except Christmas Day. In the Greek Church the four principal fasts are those in Lent, the week succeeding Whitsuntide, the fortnight before the Assumption, and forty days before Christmas.

Divisions of Time.

THE interval between two consecutive transits of a fixed star over any meridian or the interval during which the earth makes one absolute revolution on its axis is called a Sidereal Day, and is invariable, while the interval between two consecutive transits of the Sun over any meridian is called an Apparent Solar Day, and its length varies from day to day by reason of the variable motion of the earth in its orbit, and the inclination of this orbit to the equator on which time is measured.

A Mean Solar Day is the average or mean of all the apparent solar days in a year. Mean Solar Time is that shown by a well-regulated clock or watch, while Apparent Solar Time is that shown by a well-constructed sun-dial; the difference between the two at any time is the Equation of Time, and may amount to 16 minutes and 21 seconds. The Astronomical Day begins at noon and the Civil Day at the preceding midnight. The Sidereal and Mean Solar Days are both invariable, but one day of the latter is equal to 1 day, 3 minutes, and 56. 555 seconds of the former.

The interval during which the earth makes one absolute revolution round the Sun is called a Sidereal Year, and consists of 365 days, 6 hours, 9 minutes, and 9.6 seconds, which is invariable.

The Tropical Year is the interval between two consecutive returns of the Sun to the Vernal Equinox. If this were a fixed point, the Sidereal and Tropical Years would be identical; but in consequence of the disturbing influence of the Moon and planets on the spheroidal figure of the earth, the Equinox has a slow, retrograde mean motion of 50. 26 annually, so that the Sun returns to the Equinox sooner every year than he otherwise would by 20 minutes 23.6 seconds; the Tropical Year, therefore, consists of 365 days, 5 hours, 48 minutes, and 46 seconds. The Tropical Year is not of uniform length; it is now slowly decreasing at the rate of. 595 second per century, but this variation will not always continue.

Julius Cæsar, in B. C. 45, was the first to reform the calendar by ordering that every year whose date number is exactly divisible by 4 contain 366 days, and all other years 365 days. The intercalary day was introduced by counting the sixth day before the Kalends of March twice; hence the name bissextile, from bis, twice, and sex, six. He also changed the beginning of the year from 1st of March to the 1st of January, and also changed the name of the fifth month (Quintilis) to July, after himself. The average length of the Julian year is therefore 3654 days, which, however, is too long by 11 minutes and 14 seconds, and this would accumulate in 400 years to about three days. The Julian Calendar continued in use until A. D. 1582, when the date of the beginning of the seasons occurred 10 days later than in B. C. 45, when this mode of reckoning time was introduced.

The Gregorian Calendar was introduced by Pope Gregory XIII. with the view of keeping the Equinox to the same day of the month. It consists of 365 days, but every year exactly divisible by 4 and the centurial years which are exactly divisible by 400 contain 366 days; and if in addition to this arbitrary arrangement the centurial years exactly divisible by 4,000 contain 366 days, the error in the Gregorian system will amount to only one day in about 20 centuries. If, however, 31 leap years were intercalated in 128 years, instead of 32 as at present, the calendar would be practically exact and the error would not amount to more than a day in 100,000 years. The length of the mean Gregorian Year may therefore be set down at 365 days, 5 hours, 49 minutes, 12 seconds. The Gregorian Calendar was introduced into England and her colonies in 1752, at which time the Equinox had retrograded 11 days since the Council of Nice in A. D. 325, when the festival of Easter was established and the Equinox occurred on March 21; hence September 3, 1752, was called September 14, and at the same time the commencement of the legal year was changed from March 25 to January 1, so that the year 1751 lost the months of January and February and the first 24 days of March. The difference between the Julian and Gregorian Calendars is now 13 days. Russia and the Greek Church still employ the Julian Calendar for civil and ecclesiastical purposes.

Standard Time.

PRIMARILY, for the convenience of the railroads, a standard of time was established by mutual agreement in 1883, by which trains are run and local time regulated. According to this system, the United States, extending from 650 to 1250 west longitude, is divided into four time sections, each of 150 of longitude, exactly equivalent to one hour, commencing with the 75th meridian. The first (eastern) section includes all territory between the Atlantic Coast and an irregular line drawn from Detroit to Charleston, S. C., the latter being its most southern point. The second (central) section includes all the territory between the last-named line and an irregular line from Bismarck, N. D., to the mouth of the Rio Grande. The third (mountain) section includes all territory between the lastnamed line and nearly the western borders of Idaho, Utah, and Arizona. The fourth (Pacific) section covers the rest of the country to the Pacific Coast. Standard time is uniform inside each of these sections, and the time of each section differs from that next to it by exactly one hour. Thus at 12 noon in New York City (eastern time), the time at Chicago (central time) is 11 o'clock A. M.; at Denver (mountain time), 10 o'clock A. M., and at San Francisco (Pacific time), 9 o'clock A. M. Standard time is 16 minutes slower at Boston than true local time, 4 minutes slower at New York, 8 minutes faster at Washington, 19 minutes faster at Charleston, 28 minutes slower at Detroit, 18 minutes faster at Kansas City, 10 minutes slower at Chicago, 1 minute faster at St. Louis, 28 minutes faster at Salt Lake City, and 10 minutes faster at San Francisco,

Table of Days Between Two Dates.

A TABLE OF THE NUMBER OF DAYS BETWEEN ANY TWO DAYS WITHIN TWO YEARS.

32323 Mar.

4 35 63 5 5 36 64 66 37 65 7 7

66

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The above table applies to ordinary years only. number of days after February 28. EXAMPLE.-To find the number of days between June 3, 1900, and February 16, 1901: The figures opposite the third day in the first June column are 154; those opposite the sixteenth day in the second February column are 412. Subtract the first from the second product-i. e., 154 from 412, and the result is 258, the number of days between the two dates.

Easter Sunday.

A TABLE SHOWING THE DATE OF EASTER SUNDAY IN EACH YEAR OF THE NINETEENTH AND

TWENTIETH CENTURIES.

1869-Mar. 28. 1902-Mar. 30.
1870-April 17. 1903-April 12.
1871-April 9. 1904-April 3.
1872-Mar. 31, 1905-April 23.
1873-April 13. 1906-April 15.
1874-April 5. 1907-Mar. 31.
1875-Mar. 28. 1908-April 19.
1876-April 16. 1909-April 11.
1877-April 1. 1910-Mar. 27.
1878-April 21, 1911-April 16.
1879-April 13. 1912-April 7.
1880-Mar. 28. 1913-Mar. 23.
1881-April 17. 1914-April 12.
1882-April 9. 1915-April 4.
1883-Mar. 25. 1916-April 23.
1884-April 13. 1917-April 8.
1885-April 5. 1918-Mar. 31.
1886-April 25. 1919-April 20.
1887-April 10. 1920-April 4.
1888-April 1. 1921-Mar. 27.
1889-April 21. 1922-April 16,
1890-April 6. 1923-April 1.
1891-Mar. 29. 1924-April 20.
1892-April 17. 1925-April 12.
1893-April 2. 1926-April 4.
1894-Mar. 25. 1927-April 17.
1895-April 14. 1928-April 8.
1896-April 5. 1929-Mar. 31.
1897-April 18. 1930-April 20.
1898-April 10. 1931-April 5,

1801-April 5. 1835-April 19.
1802-April 18. 1836-April 3.
1803-April 10. 1837-Mar. 26.
1804-April 1. 1838-April 15.
1805-April 14 1839-Mar. 31.
1806-April 6. 1840-April 19.
1807-Mar. 29. 1841-April 11.
1808-April 17. 1842-Mar. 27.
1809-April 2. 1843-April 16.
1810-April 22, 1844-April 7.
1811-April 14. 1845-Mar. 23.
1812-Mar. 29. 1846-April 12,
1813-April 18. 1847-April 4.
1814-April 10. 1848-April 23.
1815-Mar. 26. 1849-April 8.
1816-April 14, 1850-Mar. 31.
1817-April 6. 1851-April 20.
1818-Mar. 22. 1852-April 11.
1819-April 11. 1853-Mar. 27.
1820-April 2 1854-April 16.
1821-April 22. 1855-April 8.
1822-April 7. 1856-Mar. 23.
1823-Mar. 30. 1857-April 12.
1824-April 18 1858-April 4.
1825-April 3. 1859-April 24.
1826-Mar. 26. 1860-April 8.
1827-April 15. 1861-Mar. 31.
1828-April 6. 1862-April 20.
1829-April 19. 1863-April 5.
1830-April 11. 1864-Mar. 27.
1831-April 3. 1865-April 16. 1899-April 2. 1932-Mar. 27.
1832-April 22. 1866-April 1. 1900-April 15, 1933-April 16.

1833-April 7. 1867-April 21. 1901-April 7. 1934-April 1.
1834-Mar. 30, 1868-April 12.

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