Southern Germany. The Baltic was once a mare bar-bar-um, and on its shores dwelt the PRE ZZi. The Ural Mountains separate the great regions of PER Mia and SI BERia, (Siber meaning in the Slavic tongues Arctic, as Hyperborean did in the Greek.)

Returning to Asia, we have another I-BERia on the western, and another BAR Ca on the eastern side of the Caspian, with the realm of PAR Oia.

Pursuing the same course south-eastward from the adopted centre of dispersion, in the neighborhood of which we now are, we meet first with the most ancient Sanscrit race of the WAR WARa; then with the great regions of BER AR and BA AR in central India; then with the only pure Arkite kingdom left on earth, BUR Mah; then, with the aboriginal Polynesian race of the HORɑFORa; and with the great Island of BOR NEO, the "Noah's ark" of the Pacific.

Where MAN Co CAPAC, "the holy man of the holy mount," landed on the new world, we have upon one side of it, PERU, PARia, and PARIacaca, and on the other the mysterious name BRA SIL. Between them lies the region of the PARa'guay and PARanay.

In all these regions, peopled by diverse specific races, although more or less of one generic type, are to be shown ten thousands of instances where this aborginal and sacred term has been affixed, with or without epithets or adjuncts, to innumerable cities, towns, towers, castles, temples, rocks, caves, fountains, families, and individual men, gods, priests, heroes, children; offering irresistible evidence to its antiquity and importance.

England has its five-and-thirty BAR-tons and BAR-towns, and scores of villages, parishes, and hills ending in barre, 'bury, b'y, in every county. Thousands on the continent end in burg; in Sweden in 'bro, b'y; in Hungary in Var; in India in poor, and in Russia begin with war and per; while FERRO islands occur in almost every sea explored by this maritime or central family of man.

The conclusion to which I have been led by an extensive series of observations, of which the above is an example, will be at once evident; and if true, is of the utmost importance to the ethnological questions of the day. It is, that national denominations must be given up as tests or guides in our future researches into the historic relationship of nations; because they are not stirpal, but mythic; they do not determine stock and kinship, but priestcraft and religion, and cannot point us out, therefore, the direction of actual migration, except in the very general, but only the direction of an arkite propagandism. The names

heretofore in most common use as proper to families, stocks, or races, such as Persian, Pelasgic, Celtic, German, Scythian, are actually convertible terms and religious synonymes, and distinguish, not their origin or kinship, but their sectarian mythology and worshipping habits. Sometimes, therefore, different names are discovered for branches of the same race, and sometimes the same name was borne by distant nations of probably different stock.

There were Cul

Ethnologists have always been puzzled to know why some RussoFinnish tribes were called Scythians, and to account for the two Iberias, that of Spain, and that of the Caucasus. There are Germans of Central Europe, and Carmans of Central Asia. dees in Scotland, and Chal dees in Assyria. The Western name of Cel't is found in Asia Minor. The Scots were by stock Celts, but by name Scythians. There are the widest intervals sometimes to be thus bridged. The PADœi of India, who eat their parents out of affection and respect, are represented by the BATTas of Java, the BATTaCOTas of Africa, and by the Indis (?) of Brazil.

These, and many other names, are resolvable by a few arkite radicals and establish the religious, but by no means the natural relationship of the nations to which they belong; and in fact leave pretty much on one side the solution of the question whether there was one centre of dispersion for our race, or many centres, or a general creation over the whole ground occupied by each species of man.

From Ireland and Morocco to Borneo, the whole central zone of the Old World may be said to be in possession of the Persian or BAR-BAR race, worshipping the ark. The whole north of Asia is inhabited by a TAR TAR race, worshippers of the TOR or Mountain; their plains are covered with miniature tumuli; and their idols hold up the same in their right palms. With the hieroglyphic, it is the ancient ORA X or Thracian name, and the modern TURK; as Bar becomes both Frank and Phry Gian.

The Indo-Germanic TOR becomes, in Syro-Arabic, TEL; as the first god, BAR, of the Assyrians became the second god BEL. The ITALE were, therefore, the aborigines of the south of Europe; and the TOL tecs were the aboriginal tartars of Mexico, to whom tradition justly assigns the pyramid of Cholula, and all the Teo callis.

The worship not of the BAR, nor of the TOR, so much as of the KAR or KAL, the Cromlech or rock cell, gave name to the people of Central and Western Europe; they were all Kerites, Kelites, Chal dees, Culdees, KELTS. Their natural hills were Tors, but their artificial

barrows were Cairns, and their churches KIR KS. Their god was Mannus; they worshipped the CER of MON; they were GER MANS. But the term was not confined to the north-west. The Celts and CAR-ians lived side by side in Asia Minor, and the maps of the southeast are full of such names as Carinthia, Carniola, Corsica, Corcyra, Carthage, Corinth, Cerasus, Corone, Cyrene, Cora, Corduba, the mystic Cerne, the Corycian cave, the Carpaths, or the mountains of the CER of BOODh. And over Central Africa wandered once the innumerable Barbaric GARAMANtes, the Arkite Germans of the Equator, as the hordes of the savage GALLa do to-day, while the the MONGOL of Central Asia is but a dialectic invasion of the GER MAN of Central Europe.

It appears that this radical obtained a third dialectic form, KAD, (a change remarkably prominent in a comparison of some Mexican dialects.) Cats and Ceti are instances of its adoption into mythic natural history. The very curious talismanic construction of this form which I have discovered, I will not not here speak of, further than as an evidence of its probable comparative low antiquity. It became the holy name of the Cromlech, or stone ark. It gave name to its divinity, and his Druid representatives; they were KÆD MONS, Cadmuses. It gave name also to its worshippers, the KEDites, CATTi, xarrol, GETES, GOTh's, and with the sacred hieroglyphic, SCOTs, and the whole race of SKY, the Scythians; a race hitherto as unaccountably indefinite and ubiquitous as its synonyme the KELT.

The fact is, that the region of each of these mythic radicals is almost conterminous and co-extensive with that of all the rest. As the Mam'TOR of [TOR BARI or] Derbyshire looks down upon Chelmerton and Calver, on the Atlantic side of the Old World, so do TARTARY, CAThay, and BUR MA, lie side by side along the Pacific coast.

I have, moreover, found them as accurately applicable to the remarkable members of the Flora and Fauna of the Indian Archipelago, as to the metals and sea fish of Europe. But I confine myself to ethnology.

The radical ARK, and its Syrian synonyme, ARN, has a very extensive range, but chiefly among the names of places and remarkable objects. The anti-arkite Greeks, however, called all the northern nations Hyperborean bar bar;oi, ARK tic bears.

BAR passes through BEL into FIL in the south of Asia. FIL is the Indian for Elephant, and E-BUR is IVORY. We have thus the mytho-ethnological name of the Bheels of India, Philistines of Syria,

Like

Palli and Fellahs of Egypt, and FOULahs of Western Africa. some others, it has a double reference to the ark, and to the mountain also. The following English words will illustrate my meaning; the same might be done from other languages. Compare pole and pail; back and bucket; top and tub; cap (summit) and cup. The radical TAB, explained by the Hebrew TBE, (Thebah,) the Ark of Noah, gave names to the four cities of the East, the Mysian, the Thessalian, the Boeotian, and the Egyptian THEBES; to the holy land of ThIB·eT; and to the wide-spread TAB U system of the Pacific.

I shall instance but one more, too important to ethnological research to omit, even in this sketch, (for it is nothing more,) of the arkite theory. It is the term for aborigines in arkite nomenclature, ALePh, the Hebrew name of the letter A. It occurs widely; in the ALP and OLYMPic mountains; in all the rivers of Scandinavia called ELV ́en, and the ELBe of Germany, and ALFaios most ancient and sacred river of Greece; in the ELVes and ORKs, [i. e., arkite aborigines,] who met the invading Goths and Germans. In fact, all the subjected, enslaved, or almost exterminated aborigines of the West, the remnants of the extreme antiquity the memory of which lingered about the mountain fastnesses where they had found their last refuge, were denominated ELVes, or with the sacred symbolic prefix, KELPies, worshippers of the flood, water sprites; and of the ark, BRO wnies, FAIRies, PERis, the "old people" of fireside story, the Alphas of humanity, the primeval worshippers of the hill, the cave, and the tomb.

To avoid encumbering and confusing my subject, I have omitted mention of the numerous local changes and even inversions which these extremely ancient and significant terms have suffered in different lands, and need not say a word to prepare those who choose to enter upon this line of research for the great difficulties which these aberrations from their normal types present. It is to overcome these very difficulties, insurmountable as they are to mere lexicographers and comparative philologists, that the widest synthesis and closest analysis are alike and at once required; and it is in vain to seek for such aid beyond the circle of honest and experienced naturalists.

The thing to be demonstrated is, the distinction between the marks which nature makes to separate the human races, stocks, or families, and the titles which the intellectual and devotional life of these races have affixed to themselves or to one another. Hitherto, those marks and these titles have been thought to coincide; at least with sufficient

nicety for all practical purposes in the science of the natural history of man. But, in fact, they oppose, confuse, and obliterate each other; and we must begin very much de novo in our ethnology. Comparative philology, which has invented so many false migrations, now throws reasonable doubt upon all migrations, previous to the noon of history. Names will teach us the wanderings of Bards and Druids, but not of nations. The Gauls of Asia Minor may have been children of Noah, and the Celts of Gaul, antediluvians, converted to the faith of Noah. We must look upon the mere names of tribes as false signals hung out to shipwreck our explorations into their natural history.

This paper was received, but on account of the absence of the author, and the lateness of the hour, it was not read.

Adjourned, and the members soon after proceeded to the residence of William Hillhouse, Esq., in compliance with his invitation.

FIFTH DAY, FRIDAY, AUGUST 23, 1850.

SECTION OF GEOLOGY AND NATURAL HISTORY.

The Section of Geology and Natural History met at 10 A. M., in the Geological Lecture Room of Yale College.

Prof. B. SILLIMAN was called to the chair. The minutes of the last meeting were read by the Secretary, after which the following communications were received :

1. ON THE POSITION AND CHARACTER OF THE REPTILIAN FOOT-PRINTS IN THE CARBONIFEROUS RED SHALE FORMATION OF EASTERN PENNSYLVANIA. By Prof. H. D. ROGERS.

This communication states, that the ancient foot-prints first discovered by Mr. Isaac Lea, of Philadelphia, in the red shale formation at Mount Carbon, in Pennsylvania, and assigned by that gentleman to the red rocks of the Devonan period, belonged really to the carboniferous red shale, and are, therefore, of an age essentially later than that attributed to them. They occur, indeed, in a geological horizon, only a few hundred feet below the conglomorate which marks the beginning of the productive coal series, in which series similar foot-prints, attributed to batrachian reptiles, have been previously met with in