for the entire nation, and the reinforcement of the navy by an indespensable reserve of auxiliary ships and seamen.

New York.-We strongly favor legislation for the restoration of an American merchant marine, so that the hundreds of millions now paid to foreign shipping interests may be paid to our own people; so that our foreign commerce may be strenghtened and enlarged, and so that we may have an invaluable reserve power of ships and men in case of war.

Ohio.-Congress should encourage the upbuilding of our merchant marine to regain the carriage of our foreign commerce and to extend it.

IMMIGRATION.

DEMOCRATIC CONVENTIONS.

Alabama.-We favor immigration, but demand the enactment of laws prohibiting the importation of coolie or other cheap foreign labor.

Illinois. The restrictive measures which organized labor has demanded against the disastrous and fatal competition of Chinese coolies and the cheap South Europe emigrant labor are both reasonable and just, and deserve to be made statutory and carried out to the letter for the maintenance of the highest standard of life of our own labor and the preservation of the dignity and glory of our country.

REPUBLICAN CONVENTIONS.

Pennsylvania.-We urge further amendment of our immigration and naturalization laws so that undesirable foreign elements may be excluded and a high standard of American citizenship maintained. LABOR LEGISLATION. DEMOCRATIC CONVENTIONS.

Alabama.-We favor legislation regulating the employment of child labor in the mines and factories of this State, prohibiting the employment of children of tender years in such mines and factories, and requiring children so employed to attend school for a reasonable time during every year. Illinois. We believe in liberal wages, reasonable hours, and the best possible condition of em-, ployment for the men and women who toil in the mines and shops, in the factories and on the railroads of our State and country, and we furthermore believe that their inalienable right to petition the Representatives of the people in Congress and in the Legislature should be zealously guarded and eternally preserved, and that they should be protected against insolence and insults when engaged in the exercise of this sacred right, and that in its last analysis this right includes the right of men to ask questions on problems affecting the welfare of candidates for public office and offering instructions and exacting pledges regarding the same.

Iowa.-We are in hearty sympathy with the purposes of national labor organizations as set forth in the late address of Samuel Gompers, John Mitchell, et al., calling labor to assert its political rights at the ballot box, and we condemn government by injunction.

Maine.-We demand the passage of all reasonable legislation aimed to better the condition of laborers of all classes, and to insure to them the just rewards of their toil and the full enjoyment of their rights as citizens.

Massachusetts.-We require eight hours for labor; protection of women and children against overtime work; the absolute indefeasible right to trial of facts by jury in equity cases involving labor injunctions,

Minnesota.-Modern industrial development, increasing as it does the productive power of labor and multiplying the strain upon the workers, makes both unnecessary and undesirable the long hours of toil demanded by the crude and less efficient methods we therefore favor a working day of not more than eight hours in all industrial callings except agricultural and kindred pursuits, and urge that our law-makers, State and national, adopt legislation to that end.

South Carolina.-The rights of labor and capital are identical. They are entitled to equal prôtection under the law. Evidences exist in other parts of the country of growing hostilities between these two great builders of national wealth. We believe these conditions will be ameliorated under a system of government granting no privileges which enhance the profits of the rich and increase the cost of living to the consumer.

Wisconsin.-We favor the enactment and enforcement of laws giving labor and capital impartially their just rights. Capital and labor ought not to be enemies. Each is necessary to the other. Each has its rights-but the rights of labor are certainly not less vested nor less sacred and no less inalienable than the rights of capital.

REPUBLICAN CONVENTIONS.

California.-Resolved. That we recognize the rights of labor and of capital. We know that organized labor is the true and only way in which the rights of labor can be safeguarded and protected. Still, it must always be recognized that the employer has rights which must not and cannot be ignored, and in this view it would appear that the only reasonable way whereby to adjust unfortunate differences between employer and employé is by arbitration, and we urge upon our representatives in the Legislature to pass such laws as will bring about arbitration whenever employer and employé differ as to terms of employment.

Illinois. We commend the record of the Republican party in labor legislation. We favor the reduction of the employment of child labor to the minimum, and recommend the employment of additional food and factory inspectors. The party stands ready to pass such further legislation as experience demands in the line of making employment sanitary, healthful and safe.

LIMITATION OF NEGRO SUFFRAGE.
DEMOCRATIO CONVENTION.

Georgia.-We favor the adoption of an educational qualification for voting, along the lines followed by our sister States of Virginia, North Carolina, Mississippi and Louisiana. The amendment ought to be so drafted as to exclude the largest possible percentage of the ignorant and purchasable negro vote, under the limitations imposed by the Federal constitution. At the same time, it must be carefully drawn so as to protect and safeguard their right to vote and to provide for the permanent registering for life of all citizens who have served in any of the wars in which this country has been engaged, and their descendents, and also all persons of good character who understand the responsibilities and duties of citizenship under Republican form of government. We believe this result can be

best accomplished by an amendment to our Constitution substantially similar to the suffrage provision of the recent Constitution of the State of Alabama, with such changes or modifications as may be necessitated by local conditions in Georgia. REPUBLICAN CONVENTIONS.

Massachusetts.-In many of the States the right of male citizens of the United States to vote is denied or abridged. Wherever that denial or abridgment is on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude, it is expressly forbidden by the Fifteenth Amendment to the Constitution of the United States; and in such cases it is the duty of the Congress to take action, by virtue of its general legislative power, or its power to judge of the elections, returns and qualifications of its own members, which will secure obedience to this article of the Cc stitution. But wherever the denial or abridgment of the right to vote is based upon other considerations than those of race, color, or previous condition of servitude, it is within the constitutional power of the respective States each to determine the qualifications of it own electors, and in such cases it is the duty of the Congress, by uniform laws applicable to all the States alike, to reduce the representation in the national House of Representatives and the electoral college in the manner prescribed in the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution of the United States. That is to say, wherever the right to vote is denied or abridged by any State, in violation of the Constitution of the United States, it should be asserted and vindicated; and wherever the right to vote is denied or abridged, without violation of the Constitution of the United States, it should be followed by the reduction in the representation therein prescribed. In our opinion, the duties herein set forth are sacred, and cannot be avoided by the Republican party without dishonor.

New York.-We are opposed to the inequality which permits one-twelfth of the voters of the United States to wield one-quarter of the national legislative power through the suppression of the right to franchise, and we favor the enactment of laws which will reduce, in just proportion, representation in Congress and the electoral college wherever the ballot is suppressed.

Ohio. We favor the reduction of representation in Congress and in the electoral college in all States of this Union where white and colored citizens are disfranchised, to the end that the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution of the United States may be enforced according to its letter and spirit.

LYNCHING.

DEMOCRATIC CONVENTIONS,

Texas.-The Democracy of Texas stands for constitutional government and for laws passed thereunder which are no respector of persons; for law and order, and for the enforcement of laws against all alike; for freedom of the citizen and protection to him against all unlawful violence and interference from whatever source.

REPUBLICAN CONVENTIONS.

Massachusetts.-We condemn alike the rule of the mob and the atrocious crime which frequently provokes it. Lynch law not only endangers the innocent, brutalizes the people who engage in or witness it, breeds contempt for the laws of the land, but also fails to prevent the recurrence of crime. We extend to those Governors, magistrates, prosecuting officers and jurors who have so nobly worked to prevent and punish this barbarism, which defaces our civilization, our sympathy and praise, and we commend to the thoughtful consideration of all the question how far the technicalities, delays and failures of criminal justice, and the weak and misguided use of the pardoning power have been responsible for creating the tendency to usurp the function of the courts.

New York.-Realizing the national dangers arising from the alarming growth of mob barbarities engendered by race hatred in our own land, we demand the prompt and adequate punishment of mob instigators and leaders, and insist upon the just and equal protection of the civil and political rights of all our citizens without regard to race, creed, or color.

Rhode Island.-Realizing the national danger arising from the alarming growth of mob and lynch law in some parts of our country, engendered by race hatred, we hereby declare our deepest sympathy for all innocent victims of mob violence, and demand the prompt and adequate punishment of mob instigators and leaders; and we insist upon the just and equal protection of the civil and political rights of all citizens without regard to race, creed, or color.

MISCELLANEOUS.

DEMOCRATIC CONVENTIONS.

Alabama. We demand legislation requiring railroad corporations to observe the sabbath day by prohibiting them from operating freight trains in this State on the said day, except for the transportation of perishable freight. We favor the abolition and extermination of bucket-shops, wire brokerage houses and every other form of gambling in the State of Alabama.

Georgia.-We denounce the crime of lobbying as one of the greatest offences against the public welfare. We demand of the next General Assembly the passage of a law clearly defining this offence, and prohibiting any employed agents of attorneys from addressing or speaking to members of the General Assembly in regard to anticipated or pending legislation, except before the proper committee of said body in regular session,

Illinois. We favor a thorough inquiry by a Congressional commission into the early acquisition and operation by the Federal Government of the telegraph and telephone systems.

We favor the early establishment by the United States of the postal savings bank

system.

We favor the passage by Congress of the eight-hour law and anti-injunction law asked for by the American Federation of Labor.

Indiana. As a simple act of justice to the Union soldiers and sailors of the war of the rebellion, we demand the enactment of a service pension law. and that the widows' pension be equalized so that no widow will receive less than twelve ($12) dollars per month.

Iowa. We are in favor of such laws as will permit municipal ownership of public utilities, and demand that the Democratic members of the Legislature do their utmost tc secure the enactment of such a law.

Massachusetts. We require the abolishment of capital punishment that we may no longer be barbarians.

Defence of all divorce cases to be conducted by district-attorneys, that collusion extensively practised now may cease.

Repeal of legislative immunity act, that criminals may no longer bribe and be bribed with legal immunity.

The prevention of child murder by more effective abortion laws.

The public ownership and operation of public utilities in nation, State and city. Michigan. We favor the repeal of the so-called indeterminate sentence law, and rescoring to the judges discretion in the punishment of persons convicted of crime.

Minnesota. We protest against "government by injunction" and demand of Congress laws regulating the issuance of injunctions, to the end that citizens may not be deprived of their constitutional rights by court order.

We declare for the principle of initiative and referendum, and demand of the forthcoming Legislature statutes providing for the initiative and referendum on important legislation, and the submission of a constitutional amendment which will establish the initiative and referendum as a part of the organic law of this State.

Missouri. We believe that the policy of the Republican party in the Philippine Islands is not only contrary to the spirit of the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution of the United States, but that it has been a most unfortunate policy in every respect, and therefore recommend that the right of the Filipino to govern himself-the right which our forefathers demanded of King George-be conceded to him at the earliest possible moment consistent with existing circumstances, and in the judgment of the Missouri democracy the Government of the United States should take no steps nor perform any act, legislative or executive, that would tend to establish permanent political relations between this Government and the Philippine Islands, or that to complicate and make more difficult the task of severing, as speedily as possible, our present relations with them.

New York. We ask the Federal Government to exercise its influence to bring about speedy cessation of the atrocities now being committed against the Jews in Russia, which have shocked the conscience of civilization."

We denounce the Socialism which seeks to make government the sole agent of production as nothing less than a proposal to re-establish the institution of tyranny and industrial slavery which perished before the advance of Christian civilization. For the very essence of despotism is to vest in the State absolute control of all industry and, therefore, ownership of all its products; while the essence of democracy is to confirm in every man the right to dispose of his own labor, and possess in peace everything produced by it. We hold it to be self-evident that if Government assumes the whole control of production it would be its right and its duty to compel all men to work for its enrichment as it is its right and its duty now to compel all men to fight for its defence; and enforced labor-whether it be enforced by Government or by individuals-is servitude. Realizing every Socialistic proposal-however disguised under sonorous and misleading phrases-to be a step leading inevitably toward the re-establishment of despotism in government and servitude in labor, the Democratic party must be always vigilant in unmasking it and inflexible in opposing it. In this opposition we ask the co-operation and support of all citizens who feel that the issue now before the country is no mere struggle for office or for advantage between political parties, but a contest for the existence of Christian civilization and of democratic government, its last and most valuable

fruit.

Ohio. We favor the initiative and referendum and such legislation and constitutional amendments as will make it effective as to State and local affairs; no franchise or renewal thereof should be granted by any county, city or village without first submitting the same to a vote of the people.

Texas. We demand the passage of a law compelling telephone and telegraph_companies to transmit each other's messages and to make connections necessary therefor at common points.

Wisconsin.-We insist that we ought to do for the Filipinos what we have already done for the Cubans, and it is our duty to make that promise now, and upon suitable guarantees of protection to citizens of our own and other countries resident there at the time of our withdrawal, set the Filipino people upon their feet, free and independent, to work out their own destiny.

We believe in the principle of income taxation and favor such amendment to the Federal Constitution as will permit Federal taxation on incomes.

REPUBLICAN CONVENTIONS.

California. We cannot but feel in the increased influx to the Pacific Coast of Japanese and other Asiatic laborers that the people of this State are being confronted with a greater evil than that which induced them to demand and secure the passage of the so-called "Chinese exclusion law," and we now urge our Senators and pledge our candidates for Representatives in Congress to favor, support and by all honorable means secure passage of laws similar to the present Chinese exclusion bill, and providing for the exclusion of Japanese and all other kinds of Asiatic labor. We further insist upon the continuance and rigid enforcement of existing Chinese exclusion acts, and we insist that the present Asiatic people of our insular possessions shall not be permitted to come into the United States proper.

Illinois. Mindful of the great responsibilities of the office of President of the United States, hoping for a continuation of the successful policies and wise administration of the Republican party, with full confidence in the experience, ability, mental equipment and lofty patriotism of the Hon. Joseph G. Cannon, of Illinois, for the discharge of these duties and great responsibilities, Illinois most strongly favors and recommends to her sister States and to the Republican National Convention to be held in 1908 the nomination of the Hon. Joseph G. Cannon, of Illinois, to the high office of President of the United States.

We indorse the efforts of the Illinois Congressional delegation to secure an appropriation for the completion of a ship canal from the great lakes to the Gulf of Mexico.

Indiana.-With all peace-loving people the Republicans of Indiana rejoice in the ending of the war between Russia and Japan, and we take especial pride in the fact that peace was secured by the courage, wisdom, tact and statesmanship of an American President.

The material, moral and intellectual progress of the people of Porto Rico and the Philippines under American administration is more rapid and substantial than that ever accomplished by any people under similar circumstances. The work of American school teachers, of whom Indiana has furnished more than its quota, is already bearing fruit, and those peoples are also learning modern methods of industry, and for the first time in their history living under an orderly government of equal laws impartially enforced, while their foreign commerce has increased many fold.

Kansas. We condemn the desecration of the sacredness of Memorial Day set aside by law and sentimentally dedicated to memorial exercises commemorative of the lives, services and sacrifices of our patriotic and heroic dead and pledge our party to the enactment of a law punishing offenders for any desecration of that sacred occasion.

We earnestly indorse the policy of the national Government in the reclamation of the arid and semi-arid land areas of the country by means of irrigation, and request our representatives in Congress to labor diligently for the extension of this beneficent work as rapidly as possible to the end that new homes may be provided for millions of people and the wealth of the nation vastly increased.

Maine. We are in favor of the initiative and referendum as applied to statutes and recommend a constitutional amendment to so provide.

Massachusetts. We place upon record our sincerest sympathy with the suffering and outraged Jews in Poland and Russia, although with a sense of profound humiliation that our own garments are not free from the innocent blood of Americans of African descent.

The Democratic State Conventions of Alabama, Connecticut, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Michigan, Minnesota, Nebraska, New York. Ohio and Wisconsin; and the Republican State Conventions of Minnesota, Nebraska and South Dakota passed resolutions favoring the election of United States Senators by the direct vote of the people.

The California Republican State Convention favored woman suffrage.

The California Republican Convention also declared for the exclusion of Asiatic labor. William J. Bryan was indorsed for the next presidency by the Democratic State Conventions of the following States: Alabama, Arkansas, California, Colorado, Delaware, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, New York, North Dakota, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, Texas, and Wisconsin. The Massachusetts and New York resolutions were as follows:

Massachusetts.-The democracy of Massachusetts is proud to swell the note of praise for the distinguished Nebraskan Democrat, America's great commoner. whose moral leadership has been of world-wide influence and whose voice has been raised for the uplifting of humanity in every land, whose nomination by our party for the highest office in the nation's gift was proof of our party's wisdom, and whose defeats only endeared him the more to the democracy which admired him for all that it cost him to be right. While William Jennings Bryan lives we shall not want for an exemplar of all that is best and truest in democracy.

New York.-In common with the Democrats of all the States and expressing the sentiment of the highminded citizenship of the republic without reference to party, we view with pride and satisfaction the hospitality and acclaim which have been accorded at home and abroad to that great Democratic leader and typical American, William Jennings Bryan, to whom the Democrats of New York extend most cordial and sincere felicitations.

SOCIALIST DEMANDS.

The Illinois State Socialist Convention adopted the following demands in its platform of principles, which are typical of those put forth by conventions of the party in other States.

The complete and untrammelled autonomy of all municipalities and cities; the unemployed shall be hired by the State to build a system of good roads, drainage, forestry, irrigation, etc; the contract system to be abolished in all public work, such to be done by the State or municipality direct; a complete and adequate system of disability and old age pensions; complete, adequate and easily accessible institutions, thoroughly equipped with modern appliances for the care, treatment and maintenance of sick and disabled persons; a graduated income and inheritance tax; homestead exemption from taxation and execution to be increased from $1,000 to $3,000; the personal property exemption to be increased for the head of a family from $400 to $2,000. This shall especially apply to farm tenants, all contracts to the contrary notwithstanding; the abolition of the present archaic and brutal system of treating delinquents (criminals), the same to be replaced by a system of pathological treatment; the abolition of the present penal system, death penalties and isolated confinement; women to have equal political rights with men; adequate free State employment agencies; the repeal of the conspiracy and anti-boycott laws, and the abolition of the injunction and blacklist system as a means of strike-breaking, trial by jury in all cases where a person may, upon conviction or judgment, be deprived of personal liberty; adequate inspection of all factories and institutions that employ labor; the initiative, referendum and imperative mandate; local option on taxation; State ownership of the coal mines, grain elevators and interurban electric service; the establishment and the State ownership and operation of a savings bank, the funds of the same to be loaned preferably to the municipalities, counties and townships within the State, or invested in public industries; the State ownership and control of the liquor traffic. The establishment, State ownership and operation of savings banks, the funds of the same to be loaned preferably to municipalities, counties or townships within the State, or invested in public State institutions. The enactment of a fellow servants' law fixing the employer's liability for the negligence of fellow employees. An enactment requiring employers, when advertising for help during a strike on their premises to state in their advertisement that a strike is on. Unemployed to be hired by the State to build s stems of good roads, drainage, forestry and irrigation.

The Presidential Election of 1908.

THE next Presidential election will take place on Tuesday, November 3, 1908.

The President and Vice-President of the United States are chosen by officials termed "Electors' in each State, who are, under existing State laws, chosen by the qualified voters thereof by ballot, on the first Tuesday after the first Monday of November in every fourth year preceding the year in which the Presidential term expires.

The Constitution of the United States prescribes that each State shall appoint," in such manner as the Legislature thereof may direct, a number of electors equal to the whole number of Senators and Representatives to which the State may be entitled in Congress; but no Senator or Representative or person holding an office of trust or profit under the United States shall be an elector. The Constitution requires that the day when electors are chosen shall be the same throughout the United States. At the beginning of our Government most of the electors were chosen by the Legislatures of their respective States, the people having no direct participation in their choice; and one State, South Carolina, continued that practice down to the breaking out of the Civil War. But in all the States now the electors are, under the direction of State laws, chosen by the people on a general State ticket.

The manner in which the chosen electors meet and ballot for a President and Vice-President of the United States is provided for in Article XII. of the Constitution, and is as follows:

The electors shall meet in their respective States, and vote by ballot for President and Vice-President, one of whom, at least, shall not be an inhabitant of the same State with themselves; they shall name in their ballots the person voted for as President, and in distinct ballots the person voted for as Vice-President; and they shall make distinct lists of all persons voted for as President, and of all persons voted for as Vice-President, and of the number of votes for each, which lists they shall sign and certify, and transmit, sealed, to the seat of government of the United States, directed to the President of the Senate. The same article then prescribes the mode in which the Congress shall count the ballots of the electors, and announce the result thereof, which is as follows:

The President of the Senate shall, in the presence of the Senate and House of Representatives, open all the certificates, and the votes shall then be counted; the person having the greatest number of votes for President shall be President, if such number be a majority of the whole number of electors appointed; and if no person have such majority, then from the persons having the highest numbers, not exceeding three, on the list of those voted for as President, the House of Representatives shall choose immediately, by ballot, the President. But in choosing the President the votes shall be taken by States, the representation from each State having one vote; a quorum for this purpose shall consist of a member or members from two-thirds of the States, and majority of all the States shall be necessary to a choice. And if the House of Representatives shall not choose a President, whenever the right of choice shall devolve upon them, before the fourth day of March next following, then the Vice-President shall act as President, as in the case of the death or other constitutional disability of the President. The person having the greatest number of votes as Vice-President shall be the Vice-President, if such number be a majority of the whole number of electors appointed; and if no person have a majority, then from the two highest numbers on the list the Senate shall choose the Vice-President; a quorum for the purpose shall consist of two-thirds of the whole number of Senators, and a majority of the whole number shall be necessary to a choice.

The procedure of the two houses, in case the returns of the election of electors from any State are disputed, is provided in the Electoral Count" act, passed by the Forty-ninth Congress. The act directs that the Presidential electors shall meet and give their votes on the second Monday in January next following their election. It fixes the time when Congress shall be in session to count the ballots as the second Wednesday in February succeeding the meeting of the electors.

The Constitution also defines who is eligible for President of the United States, as follows:

No person except a natural-born citizen or a citizen of the United States at the time of the adoption of this Constitution shall be eligible to the office of President; neither shall any person be eligible to that office who shall not have attained to the age of thirty-five years.

The qualifications for Vice-President are the same.

The Electoral Vote.

THE following will be the electoral vote of the States in 1908 as based upon the Apportionment act of 1900:

Oklahoma will come into the Union before the next Presidential election with seven electoral votes, which are included in the above enumeration. Were Arizona and New Mexico to be admitted as the State of Arizona before 1908, the new State would have four electoral votes. In that case the total number of electoral votes at the Presidential election of 1908 would be 487, and the number necessary to a choice 244. Arizona having at the election in 1906 rejected the joint statehood act of Congress, the admission of the new State will probably be delayed beyond 1908 and possibly for many years.

REFERENCE NOTES TO THE TWO FOLLOWING PAGES. The candidates starred were elected. (a) The first Republican Party is claimed by the present Democratic Party as its progenitor. (b) No candidate having a majority of the electoral vote, the House of Representatives elected Adams. (c) Candidate of the Anti-Masonic Party. (d) There being no choice, the Senate elected Johnson. (e) Eleven Southern States, being within the belligerent territory, did not vote. (f) Three Southern States disfranchised. (g) Horace Greeley died after election, and Demoeratic electors scattered their votes. (h) There being a dispute over the electoral vote of Florida, Louisiana, Oregon, and South Carolina, they were referred by Congress to an electoral commission composed of eight Republicans and seven Democrats, which, by a strict party vote, awarded 185 electoral votes to Hayes and 184 to Tilden. (i) Free Democrat. (j) Free Silver Prohibition Party. (k) In Massachusetts. There was also a Native American ticket in that State, which received 184 votes. (m) Middle of the Road or Anti-Fusion People's Party. (n) United Christian Party. (0) Union Reform Party.

For popular and electoral vote by States in 1900 and 1904 consult Index.