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It is now proper to hint at the mode wherein the artist has executed his design, and to take each organ according to its number, and under its scientific term.

I. AMATIVENESS.

Mr. Cruikshank seems to imagine that this organ may induce a declaration of undivided attachment to an intermediate object, in order to arrive at the object sincerely desired: under the circumstances represented, this deviation of "amativeness" may be denominated "cupboard love."

II-PHILOPROGENITIVENESS.

The tendency of this perplexing organ hastens the necessity of extending our "colonial policy." This sketch is full of life and spirit.

III. INHABITIVENESS.

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The subject of the artist's point, a tenant for life," doubtless has an amazing developement of the organ.

IV.-ADHESIVENESS

Is "enough to frighten a horse." This organ will be further observed on presently.

V.-COMBATIVENESS.

Its vigorous cultivation is displayed with much animation.

VI.-DESTRUCTIVENESS.

his "followers." On this third example
may be quoted what Mr. Cruikshank says
of another organ, "Inhabitiveness. To this
organ is ascribed, in man, Self Love, and
in other animals, Physical height. The
artist has endeavoured to give his idea of
inhabitiveness in plate 2." On comparing
the anecdote last related, with the artist's
idea in the plate he refers to, it is clear
that, on this occasion, his view might have
been more elevated. In the last-mentioned
bull, "Inhabitiveness” seems to have been
the prevailing organ. Separately consi-
dering the three animals, and their gene-
ral character, and the tempting objects
by which each was surrounded, without
their manifestation of any action to denote
the existence of "destructiveness," a ques-
tion arises, whether counteracting organs
may not be cultivated in such animals, to
the extent of neutralizing the primary
developement.

VII. CONSTRUCTIVENESS.

This is so elegant an exhibition of the propensity in connection with certain vegetable tendencies, that it is doubtful whether developements from the action of the sap in plants, may not admit of classifi Ication with our own.

VIII-COVETIVENESS.

In this representation, the countenance of a boy is frightfully impressed by the incessant restlessness of the "organ," com

A familiar illustration of this organ is bined with "cautiousness." See No. XII

derived from a common occurrence in almost every market-town. Its contemplation, and a few recent incidents, suggest a query or two. A bull ran into a china shop, but instead of proceeding to the work of demolition, threw his eye around the place, thrust his horn under the arm of a richly painted vase, and ran briskly into the street with his prize. Was this act ascribable to the organ of "colour," or that of "covetiveness?" An or walked into a well-furnished parlour, and withdrew without doing further mischief than ogling himself in the looking-glass. Were these "stolen" looks occasioned by vetiveness," or "self-love?" Another of the bos tribe rapidly passed men, women, and children, ran up the steps to an open street door, hurried through the passage, ascended every flight of the stair-case, nor stopped till he had gained the front attic, from whence he put his head through the window, and looked down from his proud eminence, over the parapet, upon

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IX.-SECRETIVENESS.

Exhibits one of the advantages of this "propensity" in the sex.

X.-SELF LOVE.

Narcissus himself could not be more strongly marked, than this "heart-breaking" personage.

XI.-APPROBATION. See No. XXXIII.

XII-CAUTIOUSNESS.

Prudence and indecision are here united

by a decisive touch. The accessory, who
assists this "procedure of the human un-
derstanding," is exceedingly

light and airy;
Brisk as a bee, blithe as a fairy.'
XIII. BENEVOLENCE.

loud acknowledgments from the object of
A "benevolent" individual, receiving
his favours.

XIV. VENERATION.

Mr. Cruikshank says, that "Dr. Gall

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XVII.-CONSCIENTIOUSNESS. According to Dr. Spurzheim, this is the organ of righteousness;" but, "Dr. Gall thinks there is no organ of conscience." Mr. Cruikshank exemplifies the latter opinion, by the surprise of a female on receiving "an unexpected offer." It will not surprise the reader if he looks at the print.

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XVIII.-FIRMNESS.

"Firmness," he regards in the light of a character now being consigned rapidly to oblivion." But, "while there is life there is hope," and the character alluded to cannot be destroyed without the annihilation of " adhesiveness," which Mr. Cruikshank defines in the language of the science, and "has endeavoured to give a strong but faithful illustration of, in plate 2;" a representation, alas! too accurate. See No. IV.

XIX.-INDIVIDUALITY,

A more select specimen could not have been produced.

XX.-FORM.

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which he is confident no loyal man will offer an objection."

XXIII.-COLOUR

As a specimen of art, this is the most successful of the illustrations.

XXIV. SPACE.

An enlarged view of a deep seated organ, bottomed on the character of a people

whom we have outrivalled.

XXV.-ORDER.

This organ as a ruling power, is placed by Mr. Cruikshank in the hand; its developement manifestly generates " Veneration." XXVI.-TIME.

In Mr. Cruikshank's words, "the artist's illustration of it will be familiar to every one." XXVII.-NUMBER.

A portrait of an individual in whom the power of this organ is supposed to have been preeminent.

XXVIII.-TUNE.

This organ, according to the artist, produces rectitude in the dog.

XXIX.-LANGUAGE.

XXX.-COMPARISON.

The organ of "Comparison" is exemplified by full developements from "Long Acre," and "Little St. Martin's-lane," within one door from the residence of "Mr. Thomas Rodd, bookseller, Great Newport-street," whose stock of books, large as it is, cannot furnish any thing like the "words that burn," in the artist's representation of "LANGUAGE.”*

XXXI.-CAUSALITY.

"This is nothing more than the organ of Inquisitiveness," and the artist himself exercises it, by gently feeling his reader's pulse.

Mr. Rodd seldom adventures in paper and print, derable additions," of a curious and useful little voyet he has put forth a "second edition, with consilume bearing the modest title of "An Attempt at a Glossary of some words used in Cheshire, communi

cated to the Society of Antiquarians. By Roger Wilbraham, Esq. F. R. S. and S. A. London, 1826," royal 18mo. pp. 120

If a person desires to collect books, or to be acquainted with the writers en any given subject, ancient or modern, rare or common, I know of no one to whom he can apply more successfully, or on whom he can rely for judgment and integrity more implicitly, than Mr. Thomas Rodd, His mind is as well stored with information, as his shop is with good authors, in every class of literature; and he is as ready to communicate his knowledge gratuitously, as he is to part with his books at reasonable prices" to those who choose to buy them."-Editor.

XXXII.-WIT.

There is great difficulty in defining this organ. Mr. Cruikshank's representation of it is humorous.

XXXIII-IMITATION.

This is an admirable exhibition of the organ, as we may imagine it to be cultivated by "Mr. Mathews-At home!" with decided "A. PROBATION." See No. XI.

Having hastily gone over the organs of the science, we have an additional one, "The Organ of DRAWING." Mr. Cruikshank says, he "cannot satisfy himself as to the precise seat of this organ, or as to the extent of its sphere of activity, but he has attempted an illustration of it." He thinks it not improbable "that the possession of this special faculty, now only at his fingers' ends, may enable him to venture again" if his present efforts are successful Why they should not be it is difficult to conceive; for however whimsical and ludicrous his "Phrenological Illustrations" may sometimes be, they are so connected with the vocabulary of the science at the commencement of his publication, as to form the horn-book, the primer, the reading made easy, and the grammar of phrenology.

Such a production as this, at such a price, (eight shillings plain, and twelve shillings coloured,) from such an artist, could not have been expected. His inimitable powers have hitherto entertained and delighted the public far more to the emolument of others than himself; and now that he has ventured to "take a benefit" on his own account, there cannot be a doubt that his admirers will encourage "their old favourite" to successive endeavours for their amusement and in struction. His entire talents have never been called forth; and some are of a far higher order than even the warmest friends to his pencil can conceive.

Though the work is to be obtained of all the booksellers in London, and every town in the united kingdom, yet it would be a well-timed compliment to Mr. Cruikshank if town purchasers of his "Phrenological Illustrations" were to direct their steps to his house, No. 25, Myddelton Terrace, Pentonville.

SHOWERS OF BLOOD.

On the 25th of August, 1826, the editor of the Every-Day Book, while writing in his room, took up the open envelope of a

letter he had received about ten minutes

before, and to his surprise, observed on its inner side, which had been uppermost on the table, several spots which seemed to be blood. They were fresh and wet, and of a brilliant scarlet colour. They could not be red ink, for there was none in the house; nor could they have been formed on the paper by any person, for no one had entered the room; nor had he moved from the chair wherein he sat. The appearances seemed unaccountable, till considering that the window sashes were thrown up, and recollecting an anecdote in the "Life of Peiresc," he was persuaded that they were easily to be accounted for; and that they were a specimen of those "showers of blood," which terrified our forefathers in the dark ages, and are recorded by old chroniclers.

It is related, for instance, that in the fifth century, "at Yorke, it rained bloud;" and in 697,"corne, as it was gathered in the harvest time, appeared bloudie," and "in the furthermost partes of Scotland it rayned bloud."* In 1553, it was deemed among the forewarnings of the deaths of Charles and Philip, dukes of Brunswick, drops of bloude upon that there were hearbes and trees." +

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As a solution of the origin, or cause of bloody spots on the paper, the anecdote in Gassendi's" Life of Peiresc" is added.

Nothing in the whole year, 1608, did more please him,-than that he observed and philosophized about—the bloody rain, which was commonly reported to have fallen about the beginning of July; great drops thereof were plainly to be seen, both in the city itself, upon the walls of the churchyard of the great church, which is near the city wall, and upon the city walls themselves; also upon the walls of villages, hamlets, and towns, for some miles round about; for in the first place, he went himself to see those wherewith the stones were coloured, and did what he could to come to speak with those husbandmen, who beyond Lambesk, were reported to have been so affrighted at the falling of the said rain, that they left their work, and ran as fast as their legs could carry them into the adjacent houses Whereupon, he found that it was a fable which was reported, touching those husbandmen. Nor was he pleased that the

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naturalists should refer this kind of rain to vapours drawn up out of red earth aloft into the air, which congealing afterwards into liquor, fall down in this form; because such vapours as are drawn aloft by heat, ascend without colour, as we may know by the alone example of red roses, out of which the vapours that arise by heat, are congealed into transparent water. He was less pleased with the common people, and some divines, who judged that it was a work of the devils and witches, who had killed innocent young children; for this he counted a mere conjecture, possibly also injurious to the goodness and providence of God.

"In the mean while an accident happened, out of which he conceived he had collected the true cause thereof. For some months before, he shut up in a box a certain palmer-worm which he had found, rare for its bigness and form; which, when he had forgotten, he heard a buzzing in the box, and when he opened it, found the palmer-worm, having cast its coat, to be turned into a very beautiful butterfly, which presently flew away, leaving in the bottom of the box a red drop as broad as an ordinary sous or shilling; and because this happened about the beginning of the same month, and about the same time an incredible multitude of butterflies were observed flying in the air, he was therefore of opinion, that such kind of butterflies resting upon the walls, had there shed such like drops, and of the same bigness. Wherefore, he went the second time, and found by experience, that those drops were not to be found on the house tops, nor upon the round sides of the stones which stuck out, as it would have happened, if blood had fallen from the sky, but rather where the stones were somewhat hollowed, and in holes, where such small creatures might shroud and nestle themselves. Moreover, the walls which were so spotted, were not in the middle of towns, but they were such as bordered upon the fields, nor were they on the nighest parts, but only so moderately high as butterflies are commonly wont to flie.

"Thus, therefore, he interpreted that which Gregory of Tours relates, touching a bloody rain seen at Paris in divers places, in the days of Childebert, and on a certain house in the territory of Senlis; also that which is storied, touching raining of blood about the end of June, in the days of king Robert; so that the blood which fell upon flesh, garments, or stones,

could not be washed out, but that which fell on wood might; for it was the same season of butterflies, and experience hath taught us, that no water will wash these spots out of the stones, while they are fresh and new. When he had said these and such like things to Varius, a great company of auditors being present, it was agreed that they should go together and search out the matter, and as they went up and down, here and there, through the fields, they found many drops upon stones and rocks; but they were only on the hollow and under parts of the stones, but not upon those which lay most open to the skies."

Thus the first mentioned appearances on the paper, may be naturally accounted for, and so

-"ends the history

Of this wonderful mystery."

On the evening of the same day, the 25th of August, 1826, the editor witnessed the terrific tempest of thunder and lightning, mentioned in the newspapers. He was walking in the London-road near the Surrey obelisk, when the flashes sheeted out more rapidly in succession, and to greater extent than have ever been witnessed in this country, within the memory of man. They were accompanied by a gale of wind that took up light objects, such as hay, leaves, and sticks, and immense clouds of dust to a great height, and impelled people along against their will. The sudden loud claps of thunder, and the red forking of the flashes were tremendously grand and appalling. At one time there was a crashing burst of thunder, and a rushing sound from the electric fluid, like the discharge of a flight of rockets close at hand. This was in the midst of a torrent of rain, which lasted only a few minutes, and was as heavy as from the bursting of a number of water spouts. This storm was literally a tor

nado.

Lightning was looked upon as sacred both by the Greeks and Romans, and was supposed to be sent to execute vengeance on the earth. Hence persons killed with lightning, being thought hateful to the gods were buried apart by themselves, lest the ashes of other men should receive pollution from them. All places struck with lightning were carefully

avoided and fenced round, from an opinion that Jupiter had either taken offence at them, and fired upon them the marks of his displeasure, or that he had by this means pitched upon them as sacred to himself. The ground thus fenced about, was called by the Romans bidental. Lightning was much observed in augury, and was a good or bad omen, according to the circumstances attending it.*

When a stormy cloud, which is nothing but a heap of exhalations strongly electrified, approaches near enough to a tower, or a house, or a cloud not electrified; when it approaches so near, that a spark flies from it, this occasions the explosion, which we call a clap of thunder. The light we then see is the lightning, or the thunderbolt. Sometimes we see only a sudden and momentary flash, at other times it is a train of fire, taking different forms and directions. The explosion attending the lighning, shows that it is the vapours which occasion the thunder; by taking fire suddenly, they agitate and dilate the air violently. At every electrical spark a clap is heard. The thunder is sometimes composed of several claps or prolonged and multiplied by echoes.

As soon as we see a flash of lightning, we have only to reckon the seconds in a watch, or how often our pulse beats, between the flash and the clap. Whoever can reckon ten pulsations between the lightning and the thunder, is still at the distance of a quarter of a league from the storm; for it is calculated that the sound takes nearly the time of forty pulsations, in going a league. The lightning does not always go in a direct line from top to bottom. It often winds about and goes zigzag, and sometimes it does not lighten till very near the ground. The combustible matter which reaches the ground, or takes fire near it, never fails to strike. But sometimes it is not strong enough to approach us, and like an ill-charged cannon, it disperses in the atmosphere and does no harm. When, on the contrary, the fiery exhalations reach the ground, they sometimes make terrible havoc.

We may judge of the prodigious force of the lightning by the wonderful effects it produces. The heat of the flame is such, that it burns and consumes every thing that is combustible. It even melts metals, but it often spares what is contained in them, when they are of a substance not

• Ency. Brit.

too close to leave the passage free. It is by the velocity of the lightning that the bones of men and animals are sometimes calcined, while the flesh remains unhurt. That the strongest buildings are thrown down, trees split, or torn up by the root, the thickest of walls pierced, stones and rocks broken, and reduced to ashes. It is to the rarification and violent motion of the air, produced by the heat and velccity of the lightning, that we must attribute the death of men and animals found suffocated, without any appearance of having been struck by lightning.

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Experience teaches us, that the rain which falls when it thunders, is the most fruitful to the earth. The saline and sulphurous particles which fill the atmosphere during a storm, are drawn down by the rain, and become excellent nourishment for the plants; without mentioning the number of small worms, seeds, and little insects which are also drawn down in thunder showers, and are with the help of a microscope, visible in the drops of water.*

In August, 1769, a flash of lightning fell upon the theatre at Venice, in which were more than six hundred persons. Besides killing several of the audience, it put out the candles, singed a lady's hair, and the fringe of her robe. The earrings and melted the gold case of her watch of several ladies were melted, and the in the orchestra, had his violincello shatstones split; and one of the performers tered in a thousand splinters, but received no damage himself.†

NATURALISTS' CALENDAR.
Mean Temperature... 61 97.

August 26.

CHRONOLOGY.

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