NOTES.

I. CHOICE OF HERCULES.

p. 1, 1. 9. In the essay that immediately precedes this in the Tatler, Isaac Bickerstaff, the imaginary writer of all the Tatler papers, had affirmed the startling proposition that "every worthless man is a dead man.' "In the number of the dead," he said, "I comprehend all persons, of what title or dignity soever, who bestow most of their time in eating and drinking, to support that imaginary existence of theirs which they call life." p. 2, 1. 7. Prodicus of Ceos, a famous Greek " sophist" (or "Professor") of the fifth century B.C.

p. 2, 1. 8. Socrates, as recorded in the Memorabilia of his disciple Xenophon.

p. 5, 1. 17. finest author, Cicero, De Officiis, 1. xxxiii.

II. JUPITER AND THE DESTINIES.

p. 6, 1. 24. leap. In allusion to the legend that Sappho, the poetess of Lesbos, leapt from a cliff because Phaon rejected her love.

p. 7, 1. 13. lap-dog. Cp. Pope, Rape of the Lock, first published two years after this essay :

"Not louder shrieks to pitying heaven are cast,

When husbands, or when lap-dogs breathe their last."

p. 7, 1. 35. famous speech. Iliad, xxiv. 527.

p. 7, 1. 36. Jupiter. More accurately, Zeus. Addison follows the fashion of his time in speaking of the Greek gods by the names which the Romans gave them when they identified them with their own gods.

p. 8, 1. 11. influences. See Glossary.

p. 8, 1. 12. trident, three-pronged spear carried by Poseidon (Neptune), the god of the sea.

p. 8, 1. 14. Destinies. The three Fates of Greek mythology, Clotho, Lachesis and Atropos.

III. THE SOCIAL CONCERT.

p. 14, 1. 23. Sheer Lane, where the imaginary Isaac Bickerstaff, the astrologer, in whose name The Tatler was published, was supposed to live. The Tatlers are all dated from one of the well-known coffee houses or else "from my own apartment."

p. 14, 1. 30. Will's Coffee House, in Russell Street, Covent Garden, the favourite meeting-place of men of letters.

p. 14, 1. 30. other side of Charing Cross, West End of London.

IV. ADVENTURES OF A SHILLING.

p. 17, 1. 28. Templar, a law-student; a member of one of the two Inns of Court which occupy the site of the old semimonastic establishment of the Knights Templars.

p. 17, 1. 29. Westminster Hall. Used for Law Courts till 1882. p. 19, 1. 3. pair of breeches. Said to be an allusion to the appearance of the shields on the coins of the Commonwealth. p. 20, 1. 4. Splendid Shilling. By John Phillips (died in 1708).

V. FROZEN VOICES.

p. 20, 1. 17. Mandeville. The book of travels bearing his name was composed in the fourteenth century. There are versions in English, Latin and other languages; the original was in French. It was highly popular in the Middle Ages, largely on account of the marvels which it contains. It was not a genuine book of travels, but a compilation out of earlier writers. The author died at Liège in 1372, and was buried in the name of John Mandeville, but this is supposed to have been a fictitious name.

p. 20, 1. 20. Pinto. Mendez Pinto (1509-1583), a famous Portuguese adventurer, who in twenty-one years was five times shipwrecked, thirteen times taken captive, and seventeen times sold as a slave.

p. 21, 1. 12. Hudibras, a burlesque satire on the extravagances of the Puritan and Republican party, written in Charles II.'s reign by Samuel Butler.

p. 22, 1. 7. Nec vox, etc. "Neither voice nor words follow." p. 23, 1. 18. Et timide, " And timorously tries again the interrupted converse.

p. 24, 1. 18. et tuer le temps,

"and kill the time."

@ 2

VI. THE SPECTATOR'S ACCOUNT OF HIMSELF.

p. 25, 1. 8. black, dark.

p. 26, 1. 14. public exercises, the scholastic disputations which were formerly a qualification for a degree.

p. 27, 1. 3. Will's. See note on p. 14, 1. 30.

p. 27, 1. 5. Child's Coffee House, in St. Paul's Churchyard. p. 27, 1. 6. Postman, a newspaper.

p. 27, 1. 11. Grecian, in Devereux Court in the Strand, the oldest coffee house in London.

Cocoa-Tree, in St. James' Street, the resort of the Tories.

p. 27, 1. 15. Jonathan's, a coffee house in Cornhill, where the Stock Exchange was originally held, and the great scene of action in the South Sea Bubble of 1720 (Deighton).

p. 29, 1. 2. Little Britain, so called from the mansion of John, Duke of Bretagne, in the time of Edward II., a street running into Aldersgate Street, and in Addison's day the great quarter of the booksellers (Deighton).

VII. USES OF THE SPECTATOR.

p. 30, 1. 36. Templars. See note on p. 17, 1. 28. p. 31, 1. 30. species, the human race.

VIII. GHOST STORIES.

p. 33. 1. 11. telling. This is an instance of what grammarians call "the unrelated participle "-i.e., it is not in agreement with anything else in the sentence. It is better to avoid this construction, even though Addison has here given it the sanction of his use.

p. 35, 1. 30. Persius, a Roman satirist, lived 34-62 A.D.

p. 36, 1. 15. Hesiod, one of the oldest Greek poets. This line is in Works and Days, 1. 125.

p. 36, 1. 17. Paradise Lost, iv. 675-688.

p. 36, 1. 30. Divide the night, into watches.

IX. OPERA LIONS.

p. 37, 1. 4. Nicolini, a favourite performer in Italian opera. p. 37, 1. 11. Hydaspes. The hero in this opera is thrown naked to a lion, and after an operatic combat strangles his opponent,

X. REFLECTIONS IN WESTMINSTER ABBEY.

p. 42, 1. 6. path of an arrow. "Or like as when an arrow is shot at a mark, it parteth the air, which immediately cometh together again, so that a man cannot know where it went through; even so we, in like manner, as soon as we were born, began to draw to our end, and had no sign of virtue to show; but were consumed in our own wickedness. Wisdom of Solomon, v. 12-13.

p. 43, 1. 2. Blenheim, battle of, A.D. 1704.

p. 43, 1. 6. nature, not confined to the scenes of inanimate nature but including human life.

p. 43, 1. 11. Sir Cloudesly Shovel, Commander-in-Chief of the Fleet, wrecked off the Scilly Isles on his way home from Gibraltar, 1707. His body was washed ashore, buried by fishermen, afterwards disinterred and laid in Westminster Abbey.

p. 43, 1. 27. rostral crowns, naval decorations. The rostra or pulpit in the Forum of Rome was so called because it was adorned with beaks (rostra) of captured ships.

p. 43, 11. 31-32. amusement, entertainment. Addison does not confine these words to light and pleasurable occupations.

p. 44, 1. 11. holy men, divines, theologians.

XI. REMARKS ON THE ENGLISH BY THE
INDIAN KINGS.

p. 46, 1. 11. in black, the black Geneva gown that used to be worn in the pulpit.

p. 47, 1. 21. pitching a bar. Cp. throwing the hammer and the Scottish tossing the caber.'

p. 47, 1. 34. black spots, patches. Addison ridicules this foolish fashion in the Spectator, No. 81.

p. 49, 1. 7. Tully.

Friendship).

XII. FRIENDSHIP.

Cicero in his essay, De Amicitia (On

p. 49, 1. 11. Bacon. His Essay on Friendship should be read and compared with Addison's.

p. 49, 1. 21. the Son of Sirach, Ecclesiasticus, ch. 6.

p. 51, 1. 4. moral writings of Horace. The poetry of HoraceOdes, Epistles and Satires-is not strictly didactic, but it owes its popularity largely to the terse maxims in which it abounds,

p. 51, 1. 5. Epictetus, a Greek philosopher who taught the duty of finding happiness in oneself and apart from external circumstances. He was a slave at Rome in the reign of Nero, but afterwards became free. Expelled with other philosophers from Rome by the Emperor Domitian, he taught at Nicopolis in Epirus. There is a translation of his Golden Sayings in the Golden Treasury Series.

XIII. DREAM OF A PICTURE GALLERY.

p. 52, 1. 14. diversions. See note on amusement, p. 43, 1. 31. p. 53, 1. 21. toujours gai, always merry.

p. 53, 1. 22. petits maitres, fops.

p. 53, 1. 33. scaramouch, a braggart buffoon of Italian comedy; from Italian Scaramuccia, the name of a famous low comedian.

p. 53, 1. 34. Chimæra, i.e., he was clever at painting monsters. The Chimera in Greek mythology was a fire-breathing monster with lion's head, goat's body and serpent's tail.

p. 55, 1. 3. Raphael, Raffaello Sanzio, 1483-1520. Titian (Tiziano Vecellio), 1477-1576. Guido Rheni, 1575-1642. Hannibal Carrache (Annibale Caracci), 1560-1609. Correggio, 1494-1534. Rubens, Peter Paul, 1577-1640.

XV. SIR ROGER AT CHURCH.

p. 60, 1. 13. Change, the same as Exchange, but not a contraction of that word: to write it 'change is a mistake.

p. 61, 1. 1. singing-psalms, psalms for singing (cp. 'church-going bell'), as distinguished from the psalms for the day which at this time were generally read.

p. 62, 1. 1. incumbent, holder of the office (of clerk): the word is now only used of the holder of a clerical living.

p. 62, 1. 10. tithe-stealers, men who defraud the clergyman of the tithe (or tenth-part) due to him from the produce of the land.

XVI. MISCHIEFS OF PARTY SPIRIT.

p. 63, 1. 9. prick-eared cur. For this term of contempt cp. Henry V., II. i. 44, "Pish for thee, Iceland dog! thou prick-ear'd cur of Iceland.” But in Addison there is a special application to the Puritans, whose ears stood out prominently to view because they wore their hair short.

p. 63, 1. 19. good neighbourhood, good feeling between neighbours,