The Economic Interpretation of History: (lectures Delivered in Worcester College Hall, Oxford, 1887-8)T. Fisher Unwin, 1888 - 547 стор. |
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acre Adam Smith agriculture alleged ancient assessment Bank of England British capital causes cent charge colonies common Corn Laws cost course Crown Crown estate currency custom debt doubt Dutch duty early economical economists effect eighteenth century employer English Europe exceedingly exchange experience exports fact farmer fifteenth century Flanders foreign France French gold grants Henry Henry VIII imports industry Intercursus Magnus interest justice king king's labour laissez faire land landowners lecture levied loans Lollards London Lord manufacture ment merchants nation Oxford paid Parliament peasant perhaps persons political poor practice principle produce profit Protectionist purchase reason reign rent revenue rolls of Parliament secure seventeenth century silver sixteenth statute Statute of Labourers supply Tandridge taxation tenant tion towns trade United Kingdom wages wealth Whigs wool workmen
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Сторінка 113 - The subjects of every state ought to contribute towards the support of the government, as nearly as possible, in proportion to their respective abilities ; that is, in proportion to the revenue which they respectively enjoy under the protection of the state.
Сторінка 382 - The superiority of one country over another in a branch of production often arises only from having begun it sooner. There may be no inherent advantage on one part, or disadvantage on the other, but only a present superiority of acquired skill and experience.
Сторінка 382 - ... of carrying it on until the producers have been educated up to the level of those with whom the processes are traditional. A protecting duty, continued for a reasonable time, might sometimes be the least inconvenient mode in which the nation can tax itself for the support of such an experiment.
Сторінка 382 - Rae, that nothing has a greater tendency to promote improvements in any branch of production, than its trial under a new set of conditions. But it cannot be expected that individuals should, at their own risk, or rather to their certain loss, introduce a new manufacture, and bear the burden of carrying it on until the producers have been educated up to the level of those with whom the processes are traditional. A protecting duty, continued for a reasonable time, will sometimes be the least inconvenient...
Сторінка 382 - The only case in which, on mere principles of political economy, protecting duties can be defensible, is when they are imposed temporarily (especially in a young and rising nation) in hopes of naturalizing a foreign industry, in itself perfectly suitable to the circumstances of the country.
Сторінка vi - By this historical study, I began to discover that much which popular economists believe to be natural is highly artificial; that what they call laws are too often hasty, inconsiderate, and inaccurate inductions; and that much which they consider to be demonstrably irrefutable is demonstrably false. . . . Two things have discredited political economy — the one its traditional disregard for facts; the other, its strangling itself with definitions.
Сторінка 7 - ... in all Eastern products, at the close of the first quarter of the sixteenth century, and found that it must have come from the conquest of Egypt. The river of commerce was speedily dried up. The cities which had thriven on it were gradually ruined, at least in so far as this source of their wealth was concerned.
Сторінка 7 - Rhine ceased. The Italian cities fell into rapid decay. The German nobles, who had got themselves incorporated among the burghers of the free cities, were impoverished, and betook themselves to the obvious expedient of reimbursing their losses by the pillage of their tenants. Then came the Peasants' War, its ferocious incidents, its cruel suppression, and the development of those wild sects which disfigured and arrested the German Reformation. The battle of the Pyramids, in which Selim gained the...
Сторінка 7 - The discoveries were made none too soon. Selim I (1512-20) the sultan of Turkey conquered Mesopotamia and the holy towns of Arabia, and annexed Egypt during his brief reign. This conquest blocked the only remaining road which the Old World knew. The thriving manufactures of Alexandria were at once destroyed. Egypt ceased to be the highway from Hindostan.
Сторінка 335 - This empire, however, has hitherto existed in imagination only. It has hitherto been, not an empire, but the project of an empire; not a gold mine, but the project of a gold mine; a project which has cost, which continues to cost, and which, if pursued in the same way as it has been hitherto, is likely to cost, immense...