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winter months when the refrigerators
may possibly not be in use, the danger
of the evaporation of the seal in the sink
trap may be lessened. As to the sub-soil
drainage, in some sections of the country
it is hardly ever used, but in others,
where there is a damp soil, nearly every
house or building must be supplied with
it. The dotted lines showing the sub-
soil drain represent porous tile with loose
joints, and it will be noticed that this
drain is carried into the well formed
for the cellar drainage. Other lines of

the work. Probably most of our readers will agree that in figuring such a job as this one, it would be the easiest thing in the world to forget to figure in the Y branch and bend making up this offset. With a drawing, even if it is not elaborately drawn, this and a score of other little points are brought to one's attention, and "forgetting to figure" fittings, etc., will not happen so often.

Probably by this time those of our readers who have been carefully preserving this book will see at a glance that the F

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SIX FLAT APARTMENT HOUSE

sub-soil drain may be run out into the
senter of the cellar if desired.

In Fig. 112 is shown an elevation of
the plumbing work of the kitchens. As
will be seen from the floor plan, the
kitchens belonging to the two apartments
on each floor are at opposite ends of the
building, and therefore require separate
stacks, and as these stacks run in re-
cesses in the wall, they require offsetting
below the first floor, as we show. This
matter of the offset will perhaps show in
a slight way the benefit of a drawing of

elevation of Fig. 112 is taken looking in the direction of the arrow G in Fig. 111. This brings the stack and the vent line one behind the other, and for that reason the work does not show as clearly as might be desired. The vent line it will be noticed, does not connect at its foot back into the stack, but as shown, ends in a hub ferrule, to which the two fixture vents connect.

To be brief and to the point, we show in Fig. 112, and also in Fig. 113, only the work on the lower, and upper floors, and

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In Fig. 113 we show an elevation of the bath room work of the apartment building under consideration. On this work, the bath rooms on each side of the house are served by a single stack, as our drawing shows.

It will be observed that this view of the work is obtained by looking upon it from the rear (see arrow F). As we saw in the case of the kitchen stacks, the bathroom stack runs up through the wall, and of necessity must be offset in order to lead into the main drain. In this drawing, the main line of vent appears in front of the stack, and therefore shows plainly. Just below the first floors two lines of vent are connected into the main vent, these pipes being the vents from the refrigerator drip sinks in the cellar. The work shown in all four drawings of this chapter are given the student for practice work, which will be found easier if made on a larger scale. We have said but little on scale drawings thus far, but before one can take up the figuring of work from drawings, it becomes necessary to understand this matter. Therefore, in our next chapter we shall take the subject up to a sufficient extent to enable the student to use a scale in his work.

It has probably been noticed that we have for some little time been showing lines on floor timbers in our drawings, which represent wood. This is not a necessity by any means, but a reference to Figs. 112 and 113 will convince the reader, we believe, that it sets off a drawing to quite an extent, and adds to its appearance.

Likewise, the section lines of the division wall shown in Fig. 113 are of benefit, as well as the lines showing brick and stone work.

The cross section lines take quite an amount of time to put in in proper shape, to be sure, but the lines showing wood and stone are very quickly put in.

Some of the detail work connected with the six flat apartment building which we have been considering, we shall show in the next chapter.

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CHAPTER XXII

S will be seen by reference to the floor plan of the six-flat department building shown in the last chapter, each flat is supplied with a refrigerator and each line of refrigerators on the two sides of the build

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All modern ordinances prohibit direct connection of the refrigerator with the drainage system, and reference to our sketch will show that the line is disconnected at the sink, simply carrying the drip from the refrigerators into the sink, and the sink being trapped and vented in the usual manner as shown here.

A note on Fig. 114, and also one on Fig. 113, call attention to the fact that the vent from this sink is carried into the bath room main vent line. The e of a note, as in this case, often saves the labor and space involved in showing such work as it actually exists. In Fig. 115 we give a sketch showing in detail the connection of one of the rain leaders

[graphic]

FIG. 114.-ELEVATION OF REFRIGERATOR WORK.

ing is served by a line of waste or drip pipe. This pipe is usually of galvanized wrought iron, as stated by the note attached to Fig. 114, which shows the refrigerator work of the building under consideration. As the connection of each of the two refrigerators on the second and third floors into the main line of waste is the same as that on the first floor, we simply show the latter, with the drip sink and its connections below.

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are placed on the rain leaders. If there were no main trap on this system, however, it would be necessary to trap separately each line of rain leaders.

Fig. 116 gives a sketch in detail of the cellar drainage. It represents a well formed in the concrete cellar bottom, with the hub end of a P trap cemented into the bottom of the well, and connected with the main drain. Into this well the various lines of sub-soil drain are carried. In some cities it is required by ordinance to carry the water supply di

Conductor Pipe

Cellar Wall

Cellar
Bottom

To
Main
Drain

FIG. 115.-RAIN LEADER CONNECTIONS

Well formed

in concrete Sub Soil Cellar Bottom Entrance

Concretel Cellar Bottom

Into main Drain

FIG. 116-CELLAR DRAINAGE CONNECTIONS.

rect to the cellar drainage well, so that in the event of a drought and the consequent evaporation of the trap seal, the seal may be renewed.

With the main trap, however, this danger is not so much to be feared, for the main trap acts as a safeguard to the entrance of sewer gas through the cellar drainage system.

The sketch shown in Fig. 117 shows the work connected with the drainage system usually found at the front cellar wall. In order to economize space, instead of carrying the fresh air inlet up to a proper height, we have carried it low, and by cutting off the cellar wall, the fact that the full height is not shown is made known. The concrete is shown with a well formed about the cleanouts on the main trap, so that easy access may be had to them. Cast iron soil pipe is shown carried two lengths or ten feet outside the cellar wall, where it is entered into the tile drain.

This provision is made in most ordinances, to provide against the leaching back into the cellar of sewage that might escape from the tile drain if for any reason broken at some future time. The fresh air inlet is represented as carried underground twenty feet out into the lawn, and brought up to the surface, ending in a ventilating cap. The carrying of the inlet twenty feet away from windows and doors is a sanitary provision required by many ordinances.

Although not so difficult to execute as much of the preceding exercise work, it Iwill do the reader no harm to practice on the work shown in these four sketches.

As we intimated in our last article, we have come to a point now where it is necessary to use an exact scale, both in laying out drawings and in taking dimensions from drawings.

It will no doubt already be known to most of our readers what the purpose of scale drawings is.

As an example, let us suppose that the civil engineer is getting out a map of property covering several acres. It is obvious that it is utterly impossible to make such a drawing full size. The drawing must, however, show everything in

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