banks of rivers, piers in or against the sea, &c. For these purposes they are driven in rows, rather in an inclined position, and support the planking or framing fixed against them. For defence against the water, in laying the foundation of bridges, &c., piles are almost always required, and are employed to form a water-tight enclosure, called a coffer-dam, from which space the water is drawn by pumps, and the pier laid within it. This, the most difficult of all kinds of piling, must stand a good height above the ground, and yet have sufficient strength to resist the pressure of the water. The piles used are in general of square tapering timber, cut to a point at one end, and shod with iron; the other end being bound by iron hooping to prevent the pile head splitting.

A machine of this kind, with a beech ram four feet long and one foot square, may be worked by ten or twelve men, at the rate of twenty-four blows per minute. To estimate the force of the rammer, multiply its weight into the velocity it acquires in falling. Thus, if a rammer which weighs 500lbs. be let fall from four feet, it will fall that height in half a second, and have at the time of percussion a velocity capable to carry it uniformly eight feet in half a second, without any further help from gravity; so that we must multiply 500 by 16, or its weight by the number of feet it would fall in a second, and the product 8000 gives the momentum of the stroke. If pulleys, or a windlass, be made to raise the rammer to a height, and then, by an easy contrivance, loosen it at once, the momentum of the stroke will always be as the square root of the height.

In the bridges and other large works of modern times, a very heavy iron ram has been raised to a considerable height, and then let fall. The machine is worked both by horses and steam-engines: see fig. 1. plate PILE-DRIving. A, A, are the uprights, erected on the frame B, and supported by the braces C: they are connected by the cross-feet a at bottom, and the piece D at top; in this the pulley b for the rope d is fitted. Fillets of iron are fixed withinside the uprights A, A, and enter grooves made in the edges of the great iron ram E, which is thereby guided as it rises and falls: F is a piece called the follower, a wooden block, sliding between the uprights, and mortised to receive the iron tongs e, which take hold of an eye upon the top of the cast iron ram: the rope is attached to the follower by an iron loop f, through which the centre pin of the tongs passes. On the base, a B, of the machine an iron frame is bolted, to contain the windlass G, on which the rope d winds. On the end of the windlass a cog-wheel, g, is fixed, and a pinion upon the axis, h, engages its teeth. Motion is given to the spindle h by the winches k, fixed on each end of it; and the fly-wheel, 1, regulates its motion, when turned by two men at each handle. The pile is included in the space between the two uprights, A, A, before it is driven down; and the ram, being engaged by the tongs e, is drawn up by turning the handle k, till the tails, n, of the tongs come to the inclined planes m: by these they are closed together, which opens the lower ends, disengages them from the eye of the

ram, and it falls upon the head of the pile imme. diately. The men at the handles shift the spindle h endways, which disunites the pinion from the wheel, and then the weight of the follower, F, runs back the windlass G, and descends ull its tongs take hold of the ram, ready to take it up again. The inclined planes, m, are not fixed to the uprights A, A, but are connected together by pieces of wood, which embrace the uprights, and these have holes through them to receive iron bolts, which also pass through the uprights. By this means the inclined planes can be shifted, to set them at any required height, that they may, by discharging the ram at the proper height, give a blow proportioned to the pile which is to be driven by it. The tongs are made sometimes with rollers in the ends, as in fig. 2, that they may act more easily in the inclined planes. Other machines have a kind of latch, shown in fig. 3, instead of the tongs; in this ƒ represents the iron loop for the rope; the centre pin of it passes through the latch rst, which catches the eye of the ram by the hook t, and is discharged by the line r, when the men snatch it. The weight s is to cause the hook to catch; the loop ƒ is attached to a wooden follower, which guides it. When machines of this kind are moved by steamengines, a pulley, fixed on the end of the spindle h, in place of the handle k, receives an endless rope from some wheel put in motion by the engine; one man then attends it, to throw the spindle endways at the proper time, to permit the descent of the follower; or levers and a connecting rod from the inclined plane are used to disengage the spindle the moment after the follower discharges the ram.

The piles at Westminster bridge were driven by an ingenious machine invented by Mr. Voloue, and worked with horses. They were afterwards cut off, under water, by a machine, so as to be level with the surface of the ground to found the piers upon. This last machine consisted of a framing fitted upon the upper part of the pile, and could be fixed fast thereto. The lower part of it formed guides for the saw, which reciprocated horizontally at a certain depth beneath the top of the pile, and had weights to cause it to advance up to the cut. The saw was put in motion by ropes from each end, which were conducted over pulleys, to two men standing on a float or raft at the surface. After fixing the machine, before the sawing was begun, the whole was suspended by a tackle, which therefore took up the top part of the pile with the machine as soon as it was cut off. This was the invention of Mr. Etheridge, carpenter to the works; it was very effective, as the time employed in cutting off a fir pile of fourteen or sixteen inches square, in ten feet depth of water, was seldom more, and often less, than a minute and a half.

A similar but somewhat more convenient machine has been since invented by Mr. Foulds, for which the Society of Arts presented him their gold medal. See figs. 4 and 6: A A B is the external frame, consisting of four parallel rays A, framed into two others B, at right angles, with proper cross pieces to unite them, and inclined to strengthen the whole; within this frame a

second, or internal frame, DE, is situated; like the other, it has four parallel pieces, D and E, connected together into one frame by cross pieces; at the top it has two pieces a, a, which rest upon the beam B, and suspend its weight, and on these it is capable of sliding backwards and forwards between B B, always preserving its parallelism, because it is moved by the racks, d, d, affixed to it, one at top and the other at the bottom; the pinions for both are fixed on a vertical axis e, supported by the external frame; therefore, by turning the handle r, the internal frame with the saw is advanced to the pile, as at K, fig. 5. The saw itself is sustained in a frame L, fig. 6, which fits, in the manner of a sash frame, between the two beams, D, of the internal frame, and has racks, f, f, (dotted) behind it, which work in pinions on an axis g, extended across the frame, and by the handle, y, of this it is capable of being drawn up and let down, or detained at any height by a ratchet-wheel and click r; the saw, m, is fixed upon a spindle N, supported in bearings on the frame L, and turned by the handle, R, at the top; the saw is connected with the spindle by a piece of iron p, having a mortise through it for the reception of the spindle, to which it is fastened by a nut beneath by this means the saw's edge may be advanced as the work goes on.

In using this machine, the beams, B, are fixed across a barge, which is ballasted till they are horizontal, and the spindle of the saw is therefore vertical in this state; it is moored with her side against the pile, K, to be cut off, as shown by the dotted line V, fig. 5; then, by the rack and pinion fg, the saw is adjusted in height to the level where the pile is to be cut; by the handle r it is advanced to the pile K, whilst by the other handle, R, the saw is kept in continual motion backwards and forwards, till the pile is cut through, and the piece is taken into the barge, which proceeds to cut off the next by the same means. By this machine temporary piles may be cut off level with the bottom, when the work is finished, which is a superior method to drawing them up out of the ground, as is the usual practice, because this must necessarily make a deep ditch or trench all round the pier or foundation. To draw piles out of the ground, when they have been driven fast also requires a great force. At Waterloo bridge the useless piles were drawn, we believe, by one of Mr. Bramah's hydrostatic cylinders, which one or two men could manage so as to draw the largest pile.

PILES (Roger de), a learned French writer, born at Clamecy, of a good family, in 1635. He studied at Nevers and Auxerre; then went to Paris for philosophy, and studied divinity in the Sorbonne. Meantime he cultivated painting under Recollet. In 1652 he became preceptor to the son of M. Amelot, whom he accompanied into Italy, and on his return became famous as a connoisseur. In 1682, M. Amelot being sent on an embassy to Venice, De Piles attended him as secretary; and, during his residence there, he was sent by the marquis of Louvois into Germany, to purchase pictures for Louis XIV., and likewise to execute a private commission on state affairs. In 1685 he attended M. Amelot to Lis

bon, and in 1689 to Switzerland, as secretary. In 1692 he was sent incognito to Holland, as a virtuoso, but in reality to act as a spy. Being detected, he was put in prison, where he continued till the peace of Ryswick, and where he wrote his Lives of the painters. In 1705, though in his seventieth year, he attended M. Amelot on his embassy into Madrid. He died in 1709. His other works are, 1. An Abridgment of Anatomy; 2. A Translation of Fresnoy; 3. Dialogues on Painting; 4. A Dissertation on the Works of famous Painters; 5. Elements of Painting. All in French.

PILEUS, Lat., from Gr. Tudiov, a hair-cap, in the archaiology of costume, a hat, cap, or bonnet to cover the head. Plaut. Stat. The Roman pileus was not much unlike our nightcap, or rather our seaman's cap. On several ancient Greek vases we find sundry heroes of antiquity invested with the midov, and more especially the figures of Ulysses, perhaps by way of indicating his long and frequent voyages. According to Eustathius it was Apollodorus, the master of Zeuxis, who first decorated Ulysses thus. At the commencement of the republic the Romans were much in the habit of going about with the head uncovered, or covered but with a piece of their vestment; they wore the pileus only during public games, at the time of the saturnalia, or in voyages. It was likewise used as an emblem of liberty; and in this sense was applied to slaves about to be enfranchised. Servum ad Pileum vocare (Livy), was to give him his freedom, which they did by first shaving his head, then putting a cap upon it.

PILEUS THESSALICUS, a broad-brimmed bonnet for the purpose of shielding the wearer either from sun or rain. It took its name from the Thessalonians, who first adopted it.

PILEUS PANNONICUS was a sort of military bonnet made of skin.

PILEWORT, the ranunculus ficaria of Linnæus, is a very small plant, found in moist meadows, and by hedge sides. The roots consist of slender fibres, with some little tubercles among them which are supposed to resemble the hæmorrhoids. Thence it has been concluded that this root must needs be of wonderful efficacy for the cure of that distemper; to the taste it is little other than mucilaginous; and, although still retained in several of the foreign pharmacopoeias, it is hardly used in this country.

PIL'FER, v. a. & v. n. Fr. piller, pilfier. PIL'FERER, n. s. To steal; gain by PIL'FERY. petty theft; practise petty robbery pilfery is petty theft.

Your purposed low correction

Is such as basest and the meanest wretches, For pilf'rings and most common trespasses, Are punished with. Shakspeare. King Lear. He would not pilfer the victory; and the defeat was easy. Bacon.

They not only steal from each other, but pilfer away all things that they can from such strangers as do land. Abbot.

I came not here on such a trivial toy
As a stray'd ewe, or to pursue the stealth
Of pilfering wolf.

Milton.

Hast thou suffered at any time by vagabonds and pilferers? Promote those charities which remove such pests of society into prisons and workhouses. Atterbury's Sermons.

Triumphant leaders, at an army's head, Hemm'd round with glories, pilfer cloth or bread, As meanly plunder as they bravely fought. Pope. To glory some advance a lying claim, Thieves of renown, and pilferers of fame. Young. PILGRIM, n. s. Belg. pelgrim; Teut. pilgrum; Fr. pelerin; Ital. pelegrino; Lat. peregrinus. A traveller; a wanderer; particularly one who travels on a religious account.

Befell that in that seson on a day
In Southwerk at the Tabberd as I lay,
Redy to wendin on my pilgrimage
To Canterbury, with devote corage,
At night wer come into that hostery
Wele nine and twenty in a cumpany
Of sundrie folk.

Chaucer. Prologue to Canterbury Tales."
In prison thou hast spent a pilgrimage,
And, like a hermit, overpast thy days.

Shakspeare.

PILGRIMAGE is a kind of religious discipline, which consists in taking a journey to some supposed holy place. Pilgrimages began to be made about the middle ages of the church; but they were most in vogue after the end of the eleventh century, when every one was for visiting places of devotion, not excepting kings and princes; and even bishops made no difficulty of being absent from their churches on the same account. The places most visited were Jerusalem, Rome, Compostella, and Tours. In 1428, in the reign of Henry VI., many licenses were granted to captains of English ships, for carrying devout persons to the shrine of St. James of Compostella, in Spain;

provided that those pilgrims should first swear 'not to take any thing prejudicial to England, nor to reveal any of its secrets, nor to carry out with them any more gold or silver than what would be sufficient for their reasonable expenses.'

In this year there went out thither the following

number of persons:-from London 280, Bristol 200, Weymouth 122, Dartmouth ninety, Yarmouth sixty, Jersey sixty, Plymouth forty, Exeter thirty, Liverpool twenty-four, Ipswich twenty; in all 926 pilgrims. For the pilgrimages of the followers of Mahomet see MAHOMETANISM.

In every country where popery was established pilgrimages were common; and in those countries which are still popish they continue. In England the shrine of St. Thomas à Becket was the chief resort of the pious, and in Scotland St. Andrew's; where, as tradition stated, was deposited a leg of the holy apostle. In Ireland they still continue, and the number of holy wells, and miraculous cures, &c., produced by them is said to be great.

PILKINGTON (Lætitia), a famous authoress, daughter of Dr. Van Lewin, a physician of Dublin, where she was born in 1712. She was married very young to the reverend Matthew Pilkington, a poet of considerable merit; and these two wits, as is often the case, lived very unhappily together. They were at length totally separated, on the husband discovering a gentleman in her bedchamber at two o'clock in the morning. After this unlucky adventure, Mrs. Pilkington came to London, and having recourse to her pen for subsistence, through the means of Colley Cibber, she lived some time on the contributions of the great. She was, however, thrown into the Marshalsea for debt; until, being set at liberty, she opened a pamphlet shop. At length she raised a handsome subscription for her Memoirs; which are written with great sprightliness and wit, containing several entertaining anecdotes of dean Swift, with whom she was intimate. This ingenious, but unhappy woman, is said at last to have killed herself with drinking, at Dublin, in 1750.

PILL, n. s. Fr. pillule; Lat. pilula. Medi

cine made into a small ball or mass.

When I was sick you gave me bitter pills.

Shakspeare.
In the taking of a potion or pills, the head and the
neck shake.
Bacon's Natural History.
The oraculous doctor's mystick bills,
Certain hard words made into pills. Crashaw.
That wheel of fops; that santer of the town
Call it diversion, and the pill goes down. Young.
PILL, v. a. French piller. To rob; plunder.
Obsolete.

So did he good to none, to many ill;
So did he all the kingdom rob and pill.

Spenser.

The commons hath he pill'd with grievous taxes, And lost their hearts. Shakspeare. Richard II. He who pill'd his province, 'scapes the laws, And keeps his money, though he lost his cause.

Dryden. Suppose pilling and polling officers, as busy upon the people, as those flies were upon the fox. L'Estrange.

PILL, v. n. Corrupted of peel. To be stript away; to come off in flakes or scoriæ.

Jove's seed the pillager Stood close before, and slackt the force the arrow did confer. Chapman.

The consul Mummius, after having beaten their army, took, pillaged, and burnt their city.

But she with such delicate skill
Her pillage so fits for her use,

Arbuthnot.

Couper.

That the chemist in vain with his still
Would labour the like to produce.
PIL'LAR, n. s. Fr. pilier; Span. pilar;
Welsh and Arm. piler. A column; supporter;
maintainer. See PILE.

Note, and you shall see in him
The triple pillar of the world transformed
Into a strumpet's stool.

Shakspeare. Antony and Cleopatra.
I charge you by the law,

Whereof you are a well deserving pillar, Proceed to judgment. Id. Merchant of Venice. Pillars or columns, I could distinguish into simple and compounded.

If this fail,

Wotton's Architecture.

The pillared firmament is rottenness,
And earth's base built on stubble. Milton.
The palace built by Picus vast and proud,
Supported by a hundred pillars stood. Dryden.
The infuriate hill shoots forth the pillared flame.
Thomson.

PILLAR, in the manege, is the centre of the ring, or manege ground, round which a horse turns, whether there be a pillar in it or not. Besides this, there are pillars on the circumference or sides of the manege ground, placed at certain distances, by two and two, whence they are called the two pillars, to distinguish them from that of the centre. The use of the pillar in the centre is for regulating the extent of ground, that the manege upon the volts may be performed with method and justness, and that they may work in a square by rule and measure, upon the four lines of the volts; and also to break unruly high-mettled horses, without endangering the rider. The two pillars are placed at the distance of two or three paces one from the other; and the horse is put between those, to teach him to rise before, and yerk out behind, and put himself upon raised airs, &c., either by the aids or chastisements.

PILLAR, POMPEY'S. See ALEXANDRIA. PILLARS, in antiquarian topography, are large single stones set up perpendicularly. Those which are found in this country have been principally the work of the Druids; or, as they are the most simple of all monuments, are probably more ancient than druidism itself. They were placed as memorials recording different events; such as remarkable instances of God's mercies, contracts, singular victories, boundaries, and sometimes sepulchres. Various instances of these

monuments erected by the patriarchs occur in the Old Testament: such was that raised by Jacob at Luz, afterwards by him named Bethel; such, also, was the pillar placed by him over the grave of Rachael. They were likewise marks of execrations and magical talismans. These stones, from having been long considered as objects of veneration, at length were, by the ignorant and superstitious, idolatrously worshipped. After the introduction of Christianity, therefore, some had crosses cut on them, which was considered as snatching them from the service of the devil.

PILLAU, a well-built old sea-port of East Prussia, between the Baltic and the long maritime inlet called the Frische Haff. It is important chiefly for its harbour, its population being under 3000. Adjoining to the town is a regular fortress, considered the key to this part of Prussia. The harbour, which serves as the port of Konigsberg, is commodious, but has only twelve feet of water. It has a good sturgeon fishery, and the number of vessels amounts to several hundreds annually. The peninsula on the point of which it stands is a pleasant and fertile track, and near the fort is a fine plain, where the Frische Haff forms a semicircular bay, on the other side of which stands Alt or Old Pillau, consisting of two fishing villages. Twenty-two miles W.S.W. of Konigsberg.

Delhi, Hindostan, district of Bareilly, thirtyPILLIBEET, a town in the province of three miles north-east from Bareilly. During the Rohillah government this was an emporium of commerce, and was greatly augmented by Hafez Rehmut, who built a spacious pettah here four miles in circumference. Its staples are saul, sissoo, and fir timbers, sugars, and coarse cloths; and from the mountains of Almora are imported borax, pitch, drugs, wax, and honey. After its acquisition by the Nabob of Oude its commerce was annihilated; but, since its cession to the British, it has greatly revived.

PIL'LION, n. s. From pillow; or Lat. pulvinus. A soft saddle for a woman.

I thought that the manner had been Irish, as also stirrups. the furniture of his horse, his shank pillion without Spenser.

The horse and pillion both were gone;
Phyllis, it seems, was fled with John.

Swift.

PIL'LORY, n. s. Fr. pillori; barb. Lat. pillorium. A frame made with holes and moveable boards, through which the heads and hands of criminals were put. See below.

I have stood in the pillory for the geese he hath killed. Shakspeare.

God uses not the rod where he means to use the sword. The pillory or scourge is for those malefactors, which shall escape execution. Bp. Hall.

To be burnt in the hand or pilloried is a more lasting reproach than to be scourged or confined. Government of the Tongue. As thick as eggs at Ward in pillory. Pope. The jeers of a theatre, the pillory, and the whipping-post, are very near a-kin.

Watts on the Mind. An opera, like a pillory, may be said To nail our ears down, but expose our head. Young.

PILLORY, in law, collistrigium, q. d. collum stringens; pilloria: from the Fr. pilleur, i. e. depeculator, or pelori; derived from the Gr. Tunλ, janua, a door, because one standing on the pillory puts his head as it were through the door, and opaw, to see: is an engine made of wood to punish offenders, by exposing them to public view, and rendering them infamous. There is a statute of the pillory, 51 Hen. III. And by statute it was appointed for bakers, forestallers, and those who use false weights, perjury, forgery, &c. 3 Inst. 219. Lords of leets were to have a pillory and timbrel, or it will be the cause of forfeiture of the leet; and a village may be bound by prescription to provide a pillory, &c. 2 Hawk. P. C. 73. But, by stat. 56 Geo. III. c. 138, the punishment of pillory is abolished in all cases except perjury, and in all cases where the punishment of the pillory has hitherto formed the whole or part of the judgment, the court may pass sentence of fine and imprisonment, or both, in lieu of the pillory. So that this punishment is virtually abolished altogether. PILLOW, n. s. Sax. pyle; Swed. pil; Teut. PILLOWCASE. pole; Belg. pulewe. A bag of down or feathers laid under the head to sleep on; any cushion: the case explains itself.

One turf shall serve as pillow for us both, One heart, one bed, two bosoms, and one troth. Shakspeare

A merchant died that was very far in debt, his goods and household stuff were set forth to sale; a stranger would needs buy a pillow there, saying, this pillow sure is good to sleep on, since he could sleep on it that owed so many debts.

Thy melted maid,
Corrupted by thy lover's gold,
His letter at thy pillow laid.

Bacon.

Donne

Milton.

Their feathers serve to stuff our beds and pillows, yielding us soft and warm lodging.

Ray on the Creation. When you put a clean pillowcase on your lady's pillow, fasten it well with pins. Swift.

Yon cottager, who weaves at her own door,
Pillow and bobbins all her little store;
Content though mean, and cheerful if not gay,
Shuffling her threads about the livelong day,
Just earns a scanty pittance, and at night
Lies down secure, her heart and pocket light.

Cowper.

PILNITZ, a town of Upper Saxony, memorable for the treaty entered into between the emperor of Germany, the king of Prussia, and other princes of Europe, against France, in 1792. It lies seven miles south-east of Dresden.

PILON (Frederick), an Irish dramatic writer, born at Cork in 1750. He was sent to Edinburgh to study medicine, but the stage soon withdrew his attention from physic. He made his appearance on the Edinburgh theatre in the character of Oroonoko, and continued to act on the provincial theatres for four years, till 1776, when he went to London; where he published a Critical Essay on Hamlet, which procured him the patronage of Mr. Coleman. In 1776 he wrote the Drama, a poem, in the manner of Churchill's

Rosciad; and Regatta, a poem on the fete given on the Thames in 1776, both of which were well received. After various other miscellaneous pieces, he published, in 1778, The Invasion, or a Trip to Brighthelmstone, a comedy, which was acted with applause at Covent Garden. After this, his Fair American, an opera, was refused by the manager of Covent Garden; and, though acted at Drury Lane, produced a dispute with the manager, and much more trouble than profit to the author. His next comedy was He would be a Soldier, the profits of which to him were much inferior to what might have been expected; and, being distressed by creditors, he went to France, where he wrote The Ward of Chancery, but had not finished it completely when he returned to England, and died at Lambeth, January, 1788. Lat. pilosus. Hairiness.

PILOS'ITY, n. s.

At the years of puberty, all effects of heat do then come on, as pilosity, more roughness in the skin.

Bacon.

PILOT, n. s. Fr. pilote; Ital. and Span. PILOTAGE. piloto; Dan. Port. and Dut. piloot. He whose office it is to steer a ship; the skill of a pilot or his wages.

We must for ever abandon the Indies, and lose all our knowledge and pilotage of that part of the world. Raleigh.

When her keel ploughs hell,
And deck knocks heaven, then to manage her,
Becomes the name and office of a pilot.
Ben Jonson.

To death I with such joy resort,
As seamen from a tempest to their port;
Yet to that port ourselves we must not force,
Before our pilot, nature, steers our course.

Denham.

What port can such a pilot find, Who in the night of fate must blindly steer? Dryden.

The Roman fleet, although built by shipwrights, and conducted by pilots without experience, defeated that of the Carthaginians. Arbuthnot on Coins.

PILOT, in a general sense, implies a person properly qualified and licensed to conduct ships on or near the sea-coast, or through intricate channels, and into the roads, bays, rivers, &c., within his respective district. They are not constant standing officers on board our ships, but are called in occasionally, on coasts or shores unknown to the master: and, having piloted the vessel, they return to the shore where they reside. After a pilot is taken on board a merchant ship, the master has no longer any command of her till she is safe in harbour; but then the master resumes the government, and is to see her bed and lying; the pilot being no longer liable, though for his own convenience he may still be on board. The same rule holds good if a pilot goes on board only to conduct a ship through some dangerous place, as for instance Yarmouth Roads; after passing them the master must resume the command, and the pilot is no longer responsible.

The regulations with regard to pilots in the royal navy are as follow:-The commanders of the king's ships, in order to give all reasonable encouragement to so useful a body of men as pilots, and to remove all their objections to his