A Treatise on Civil EngineeringWiley, 1877 - 607 стор. |
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abutments air-lock arch arranged axis bars beams béton blocks bolts bottom braces brick bridge caisson calcined carbonic carbonic acid cast iron centre chains chord clay compression concrete connected construction counterforts courses cross curved cylinder deflection depth diagonal diameter dimensions durability effect embankment engineer excavation experiments exterior feet flanch foundation frame give heat horizontal hot blast hydraulic cement hydraulic lime immersion interior joints kiln laid layer length limestones lock lower magnesia masonry material ments mortar ordinary piers placed plates platform portion Portland cement pressure rails resistance rest ribs roadway sand secured sheeting piles side slaked slaked lime sleepers soffit soil solid span specific gravity spikes square inch steel stone strain strength string pieces structure struts suitable surface temperature tensile strength termed thickness timber tion transverse truss tube upper usually vertical voussoirs wall weight wire wrought iron yield
Популярні уривки
Сторінка 134 - ... determine the effect of a load lying constantly on a pillar, Mr. Fairbairn had, at the writer's suggestion, four pillars cast, all of the same length and diameter. The first was loaded with 4 cwt.,, the second with 7 cwt., the third with 10 cwt., and the fourth with 13 cwt. ; this last load was...
Сторінка 175 - For the coping and top courses of a wall, the same objections do not apply to excess in length : but this excess may, on the contrary, prove favorable ; because the number of top joints being thus diminished, the mass beneath the coping will be better protected, being exposed only at the joints, which cannot be made water-tight, owing to the mortar being crushed by the expansion of the blocks in warm weather, and, when they contract, being washed out by the rain.
Сторінка 347 - The vertical posts EE, which support the railroad, are trussed by means of diagonal bars, as shown in Fig. 184. Each skewback of the arch is secured to the abutments by means of two six-inch steel rods or bolts, which pass through the wroughtiron skew-backs, and several feet into the masonry. This bridge, when completed, will be one of the most remarkable structures of its kind in the world, and can hardly fail to establish many important principles in iron structures. 642. Kuilenberg Bridge. The...
Сторінка 411 - Fill, to indicate a cutting, or a. filling, as the case may be, are also added to guide the workmen in their operations. The positions of the stakes on the ground, which show the principal points of the axis of the road, should, moreover, be laid down on the map with great accuracy, by ascertaining their...
Сторінка 151 - In screwed bolts the breaking strain is found to be greater when old dies are used in their formation than when the dies are new, owing to the iron becoming harder by the greater pressure required in forming the screw thread when the dies are old and blunt, than when new and sharp.
Сторінка 165 - Steel plates hardened in oil, and joined together with rivets, are fully equal in strength to an unjointed soft plate, or the loss of strength by riveting is more than counterbalanced by the increase in strength by hardening in oil. 40. Steel rivets, fully larger in diameter than those used in riveting iron plates of the same thickness, being found to be greatly too small for riveting steel plates, the probability is suggested that the proper proportion for iron rivets is not, as generally assumed,...
Сторінка 414 - The drainage has been effected, in some cases, by sinking wells or shafts at some distance behind the side slopes, from the top surface to the level of the bottom of the excavation, and leading the water which collects in them by pipes into drains at the foot of the side slopes. In others a narrow trench has been excavated, parallel to the axis of the road, from the top surface to a sufficient depth to tap all the sources which flow towards the side slope, and a drain formed either by filling the...
Сторінка 413 - ... than the general mass of the drain. The front face of the drain should, in this case, also be covered with a layer of sods with the grass side beneath, and upon this a layer of good earth should be compactly laid to form the face of the side slopes. The drain need only be carried high enough above the foot of the side slope to tap all the sources ; and it should be sunk sufficiently below the roadway surface to give it a secure footing.
Сторінка 133 - A long uniform cast-iron pillar, with its ends firmly fixed, whether by means of disks or otherwise, has the same power to resist breaking as a pillar of the same diameter, and half the length, with the ends rounded, or turned so that the force would pass through the axis.
Сторінка 429 - It is recommended by some that when fresh material is added, the surface on which it is spread should be broken with a pick to the depth of half an inch to an inch, and the fresh material be well settled by ramming, a small quantity of clean sand being added to make the stone pack better. When not daily repaired by persons whose sole business it is to keep the road in good order, general repairs should be made in the...