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Council of Trade to help Useful and hinder Hurtful Trades.
Education, Free, National and Compulsory
"Balance" why only of property in Land?
Influence on Harrington of Contemporary Politics
CHAPTER V.-LOCKE.
Conception of Wealth
Wealth and Happiness
Not Science but Labour All-important
"Intrinsic" and other Value
Natural Law.
Gold and Silver Money
Utilitarian Difficulties
Political Philosophy
Property Due to Labour
State and Society
Parallel to Plato and Adam Smith
Criticism of Locke's Theory of Property
Sponte Acta and Laissez-faire.
• Public Spirit versus Avarice
Mandeville answered, "Useful and therefore not a Vice'
Hume's Ethics.
Ethical and Psychological Questions connected with Eco-
nomical
Hume's view of Happiness and Wealth.
Present v. Future
The Will.
109
III
Growth of National Wealth
116
Objective Economic Standard
Abstract Deductive Method
Commercial Ambition, a Principle of Development
Limitations of Laissez-faire
Patriotism, Concentric Circles, Economical and Ethical
"Nature"
Historical and Theoretical not Clearly Distinguished
Society and State.
174
175
176
177
178
179
Taxation as Quid pro Quo
Notes: Rousseau and Mandeville-Duties as Divine Com-
mandments
PAGE
180
CHAPTER IX.-NATURAL RIGHTS AND LAW OF NATURE.
Common Use of " Natural" as Instinctive
Suggestion of a Natural Order, Wrought Out by Absence of
Human Interference
184
Rights imply Society but not State.
189
"Right to Work"
But Recognition comes Late and is Deliberate
Rights as a Postulate of Moral Ideal, the External Conditions
of a Moral Life
"Right to Live"
"Right to have Leisure"
Term Natural, How Far Convenient
190
Term Law in Economics.
Note: Spencer and Green
193
196
Book 111.-Modern Pbilosopby: Utilitarian Economics.
CHAPTER I.-MALTHUS.
Next Step through the Political Philosophy of Godwin .
Governments viewed as Injuring not only Trade but Thought
Justice = ἀρετὴ ἡ πρὸς ἕτερον
Political Philosophy, a Branch of Ethics. Virtue and Happiness
to Come from Enlightenment
Ideal Society, Plain Living and High Thinking, Leisure for All
Influence of Theory of Malthus (1) on Political Philosophy
(2) on Economics
207
Bentham's Political Economy, Relation to Adam Smith
"Greatest Happiness" in His Economics
Association of Political Economy with Utilitarianism
215
216
Bentham's Utilitarianism
Points of Supposed Coincidence of Political Economy with Utili-
tarianism
(1) Palpable Objects
218
(2) Individualism
(3) Deliberate Calculation
(4) Insatiable Wants
(5)" Calculus" of Pains and Pleasures
Infallibility of Individuals
Application of Utilitarianism to Society and State.
James Mill on Government
Economical Genesis of Government
Criticism of Mackintosh and Macaulay
Law of Nations
CHAPTER III.-J. S. MILL.
Estimate of Himself, Early Training
Ceases to follow Bentham. Influence of Visits to France
"Unsettled Questions," St. Simonians, Comte, De Tocqueville
Plan and Purpose of "Political Economy"
1. Question of Method
Definition.
Not one but several Abstractions
A priori Principles
Value
Utilitarianism
Definition of Wealth, Relation of Pleasure and Desire
Criticism of Distinction between Distribution and Production
252
253
Moderate Optimism
4. Society and Government
Representation.
Functions of Government
Note: Literature
264
Book IV.—Modern Philosophy: Idealistic Economics.
Civil Injury, Fraud, and Crime
Subjective and Objective Spirit
Development of Self-consciousness, Development of Freedom in
History
300
301
Morality
304
End and Law to Oneself
305
Criticism of Kant
Requisites of a Moral Act
Reconciliation of Impulse and Law in the Social Relations
307
Family
School Life
308