formed but who can believe half that is said?

After

she had done speaking to me, she put her hand to her bosom and adjusted her tucker. Then she cast her eyes a little down, upon my beholding her too earnestly. They 5 say she sings excellently; her voice in her ordinary speech has something in it inexpressibly sweet. You must know I dined with her at a public table the day after I first saw her, and she helped me to some tansy in the eye of all the gentlemen in the country: she has certainly the finest to hand of any woman in the world. I can assure you, sir,

were you to behold her, you would be in the same condition; for, as her speech is music, her form is angelic. But I find I grow irregular while I am talking of her; but indeed it would be stupidity to be unconcerned at 15 such perfection. Oh, the excellent creature! she is as inimitable to all women as she is inaccessible to all men."

I found my friend begin to rave, and insensibly led him towards the house, that we might be joined by some other company; and am convinced that the widow is 2o the secret cause of all that inconsistency which appears

25

in some parts of my friend's discourse. Though he has so much command of himself as not directly to mention her, yet, according to that of Martial, which one knows. not how to render in English," Dum tacet hanc loquitur." I shall end this paper with that whole epigram, which represents with much humor my honest friend's condition.

66

Quicquid agit Rufus, nihil est nisi Naevia Rufo;

Si gaudet, si flet, si tacet, hanc loquitur:

Caenat, propinat, poscit, negat, annuit,

una est

Naevia; si non sit Naevia, mutus erit.
Scriberet hesterna patri cum luce salutem,
Naevia lux, inquit, ‘Naevia lumen, ave.'

"Let Rufus weep, rejoice, stand, sit, or walk,
Still he can nothing but of Naevia talk;
Let him eat, drink, ask questions, or dispute,
Still he must speak of Naevia or be mute;
He writ to his father, ending with this line,
'I am, my lovely Naevia, ever thine.'"

R.

5

XIII. HOW TO BEAR POVERTY

[No. 114. Wednesday, July 11, 1711. STEELE.]

Paupertatis pudor et fuga.

HOR.

ECONOMY in our affairs has the same effect upon our 10 fortunes which good breeding has upon our conversations. There is a pretending behaviour in both cases, which, instead of making men esteemed, renders them both miserable and contemptible. We had yesterday at Sir Roger's, a set of country gentlemen who dined with him; 15 and after dinner, the glass was taken by those who pleased pretty plentifully. Among others, I observed a person of a tolerable good aspect, who seemed to be more greedy of liquor than any of the company; and yet, methought, he did not taste it with delight. As he grew warm, he was suspicious of everything that was said; and as he

20

advanced towards being fuddled, his humour grew worse. At the same time, his bitterness seemed to be rather an inward dissatisfaction in his own mind than any dislike he had taken to the company. Upon hearing his name, 5 I knew him to be a gentleman of a considerable fortune in this county, but greatly in debt. What gives the unhappy man this peevishness of spirit is, that his estate is dipped,' and is eating out with usury; and yet he has not the heart to sell any part of it. His proud stomach,3 10 at the cost of restless nights, constant inquietudes, danger

2

of affronts, and a thousand nameless inconveniences, preserves this canker in his fortune, rather than it shall be said he is a man of fewer hundreds a year than he has been commonly reputed. Thus he endures the torment 15 of poverty, to avoid the name of being less rich. If you go to his house you see great plenty, but served in a manner that shows it is all unnatural, and that the master's mind is not at home. There is a certain waste and carelessness in the air of everything, and the whole ap20 pears but a covered indigence, a magnificent poverty. That neatness and cheerfulness which attends the table of him who lives within compass, is wanting, and exchanged for a libertine way of service in all about him.

This gentleman's conduct, though a very common way 25 of management, is as ridiculous as that officer's would be

1 Mortgaged.

2 Interest, not necessarily illegal interest.

3 Disposition, spirit; not frequently used in this sense, as here, with the adjective "proud."

who had but few men under his command, and should take the charge of an extent of country rather than of a small pass. To pay for, personate,' and keep in a man's hands a greater estate than he really has, is of all others 2 the most unpardonable vanity, and must in the end re- 5 duce the man who is guilty of it to dishonour. Yet, if we look round us in any county of Great Britain, we shall see many in this fatal error, - if that may be called by so soft a name which proceeds from a false shame of appearing what they really are, when the contrary be- 10 haviour would in a short time advance them to the condition which they pretend to.

-

Laertes has fifteen hundred pounds a year, which is mortgaged for six thousand pounds; but it is impossible to convince him that if he sold as much as would pay off 15 that debt he would save four shillings in the pound, which he gives for the vanity of being the reputed master of it. Yet, if Laertes did this, he would perhaps be easier in his own fortune; but then, Irus, a fellow of yesterday, who has but twelve hundred a year, would be his equal. 20 Rather than this shall be, Laertes goes on to bring wellborn beggars into the world, and every twelvemonth charges his estate with at least one year's rent more by the birth of a child.

Laertes and Irus are neighbours, whose way of living 25 are2 an abomination to each other. Irus is moved by the fear of poverty, and Laertes by the shame of it. Though the 1 Represent, keep up the appearance of owning.

2 Correct the English.

DE COVERLEY-8

motive of action is of so near affinity in both, and may be resolved into this, "That to each of them poverty is the greatest of all evils," yet are their manners very widely different. Shame of poverty makes Laertes launch into 5 unnecessary equipage, vain expense, and lavish entertainments; fear of poverty makes Irus allow himself only plain necessaries, appear without a servant, sell his own corn, attend his labourers, and be himself a labourer. Shame of poverty makes Laertes go every day a step Io nearer to it, and fear of poverty stirs up Irus to make every day some further progress from it.

These different motives produce the excesses which men are guilty of in the negligence of and provision for themselves. Usury, stock-jobbing, extortion, and oppres15 sion have their seed in the dread of want; and vanity, riot, and prodigality, from the shame of it: but both these excesses are infinitely below the pursuit of a reasonable creature. After we have taken care to command so much as is necessary for maintaining ourselves in the order of 20 men suitable to our character, the care of superfluities is a vice no less extravagant1 than the neglect of necessaries would have been before.

Certain it is that they are both out of2 nature when she is followed with reason and good sense. It is from this 25 reflection that I always read Mr. Cowley with the greatest pleasure. His magnanimity is as much above that of other considerable men, as his understanding; and it is a true distinguishing spirit in the elegant author who pub1 In what sense here used? 2 At variance with.