or two to procure the other likewise, I was somewhat disappointed, when it appeared to be also of the same sex. This circumstance, and the great scarcity of this sort, at least in these parts, occasions some suspicions in my mind whether it is really a species, or whether it may not be the male part of the more known species, one of which may supply many females; as is known to be the case in sheep and some other quadrupeds. But this doubt can only be

cleared by a farther examination, and some attention to the sex, of more specimens; all that I know at present is, that my two were amply furnished with the parts of generation, much resembling those of a boar."

In the extent of their wings they measured fourteen inches and

* See Letters XXII., XXVI. The British fauna is indebted to White for the first notice of this species; it is locally distributed, and although not common generally is found in numbers together, so many as 185 having been taken in one night from the eaves of Queen's College, Cambridge. It was first described by Daubenton, under the name of La noctule, which name Latinised was afterwards continued, and is prior to White's name of altivolans, which we regret has not been retained, as it is so characteristic or the habits of the species.

E

an half; and four inches and an half from the nose to the tip of the tail; their heads were large, their nostrils bilobated, their shoulders broad and muscular; and their whole bodies fleshy and plump. Nothing could be more sleek and soft than their fur, which was of a bright chesnut colour; their maws were full of food, but so macerated that the quality could not be distinguished; their livers, kidneys, and hearts, were large, and their bowels covered with fat. They weighed each, when entire, full one ounce and one drachm. Within the ear there was somewhat of a peculiar structure that I did not understand perfectly; but refer it to the observation of the curious anatomist. These creatures sent forth a very rancid and offensive smell.

LETTER XXXVII.

TO THE SAME.

Selborne, 1771.

DEAR SIR,-On the twelfth of July I had a fair opportunity of contemplating the motions of the caprimulgus, or fern-owl, as it was playing round a large oak that swarmed with scarabæi solstitiales, or fern-chafers. The powers of its wing were wonderful, exceeding, if possible, the various evolutions and quick turns of the swallow genus. But the circumstance that pleased me most was, that I saw it distinctly, more than once, put out its short leg while on the wing, and, by a bend of the head, deliver somewhat into its mouth. If it takes any part of its prey with its foot, as I have now the greatest reason to suppose it does these chafers, I no longer wonder at the use of its middle toe, which is curiously furnished with a serrated claw.

Swallows and martins, the bulk of them I mean, have forsaken us sooner this year than usual; for on September the twenty-second they rendezvoused in a neighbour's walnut-tree, where it seemed probable they had taken up their lodging for the night. At the dawn of the day, which was foggy, they arose all together in infinite numbers, occasioning such a rushing from the strokes of their wings against the hazy air, as might be heard to a considerable distance since that no flock has appeared, only a few stragglers.

Some swifts stayed late, till the twenty-second of August—a rare instance! for they usually withdraw within the first week.*

On September the twenty-forth three or four ring-ousels appeared in my fields for the first time this season; how punctual are these visitors in their autumnal and spring migrations!

LETTER XXXVIII.

TO THE SAME.

SELBORNE, March 15th, 1773.

DEAR SIR,-By my journal for last autumn it appears that the house-martins bred very late, and stayed very late in these parts; for, on the first of October, I saw young martins in their nest nearly fledged; and again on the twenty-first of October, we had at the next house a nest full of young martins just ready to fly; and the old ones were hawking for insects with great alertness. The next morning the brood forsook their nest, and were flying round the village. From this day I never saw one of the swallow kind till November the third; when twenty, or perhaps thirty, housemartins were playing all day long by the side of the hanging wood, and over my field. Did these small weak birds, some of which were nestling twelve days ago, shift their quarters at this late season of the year to the other side of the northern tropic? Or rather, is it not more probable that the next church, ruin, chalk-cliff, steep covert, or perhaps sandbank, lake or pool (as a more northern naturalist would say), may become their hybernaculum, and afford them a ready and obvious retreat?

We now begin to expect our vernal migration of ring-ousels every week. Persons worthy of credit assure me that ring-ousels were seen at Christmas 1770 in the forest of Bere, on the southern verge of this county. Hence we may conclude that their migrations are only internal, and not extended to the continent southward, if they do at first come at all from the northern parts of this island only, and not from the north of Europe. Come from whence they will, it is plain, from the fearless disregard that they show for men or

*See Letter LIII. to Mr. Barrington.

guns, that they have been little accustomed to places of much resort. Navigators mention that in the Isle of Ascension, and other such desolate districts, birds are so little acquainted with the human form that they settle on men's shoulders; and have no more dread of a sailor than they would have of a goat that was grazing. A young man at Lewes, in Sussex, assured me that about seven years ago ring-ousels abounded so about that town in the autumn that he killed sixteen himself in one afternoon; he added further, that some had appeared since in every autumn; but he could not find that any had been observed before the season in which he shot so many. I myself have found these birds in little parties in the autumn cantoned all along the Sussex downs, wherever there were shrubs and bushes, from Chichester to Lewes; particularly in the autumn of 1770. I am, &c.

LETTER XXXIX.†

TO THE SAME.

SELBORNE, Nov. 9th, 1773.

DEAR SIR,-As you desire me to send you such observations as may occur, I take the liberty of making the following remarks, that you may, according as you think me right or wrong, admit or reject what I here advance, in your intended new edition of the "British Zoology."

The osprey was shot about a year ago at Frinsham Pond, a great lake, at about six miles from hence, while it was sitting on the handle of a plough and devouring a fish it used to precipitate itself into the water, and so take its prey by surprise.

A great ash-coloured § butcher-bird was shot last winter in Tisted Park, and a red-backed butcher-bird at Selborne: they are rare aves in this county.

* Darwin, writing of the Galapagos islands, remarks of the birds," There is not one which will not approach sufficiently near to be killed with a switch, and sometimes with a cap or hat; a gun is here almost superfluous, for with the muzzle of one I pushed a hawk off the branch of a tree. One day a mocking-bird alighted on the edge of a pitcher which I held in my hand lying down, it began very quietly to sip the water, and allowed me to lift it with the vessel from the ground. I often tried, and very nearly succeeded in catching these birds by their legs."-Voyage of Adventure and Beagle, iii. p. 475.

This with the following letter were written apparently at the request of Mr. Pennant for the use of his British Zoology," in which they were used as the references show. British Zoology, vol. i. p. 128. § p. 161.

Crows go in pairs all the year round.

Cornish choughs † abound, and breed on Beechy Head, and on all the cliffs of the Sussex coast.

The common wild-pigeon, ‡ or stock-dove, is a bird of passage in the south of England, seldom appearing till towards the end of November; is usually the latest winter-bird of passage. Before our beechen woods were so much destroyed we had myriads of them, reaching in strings for a mile together as they went out in a morning to feed. They leave us early in spring: where do they breed? §

The people of Hampshire and Sussex call the missel-bird || the storm-cock, because it sings early in the spring in blowing showery weather; its song often commences with the year: with us it builds much in orchards.

A gentleman assures me he has taken the nests of ring-ousels¶ on Dartmoor: they build in banks on the sides of streams.

Titlarks** not only sing sweetly as they sit on trees, but also as they play and toy about on the wing; and particularly while they are descending, and sometimes they stand on the ground.††

Adanson's testimony seems to me to be a very poor evidence that European swallows migrate during our winter to Senegal: he does not talk at all like an ornithologist; and probably saw only the swallows of that country, which I know build within Governor O'Hara's hall against the roof. Had he known European swallows, would he not have mentioned the species? §§

The house-swallow washes by dropping into the water as it flies: this species appears commonly about a week before the housemartin, and about ten or twelve days before the swift.

In 1772 there were young house-martins | in their nest till October the twenty-third.

The swift ¶¶ appears about ten or twelve days later than the house swallow viz., about the twenty-fourth or twenty-sixth of April. Whin-chats and stone-chatters stay with us the whole year.

非典

† p. 198.

↑ p. 216.

British Zoology, vol. i., p. 167. § Columba œnas is a more locally distributed species than the other British pigeons. In open countries this species makes its nest in holes of the ground, selecting a rabbit's burrow for the purpose: it also selects old hollow and pollard trees. ** vol. ii. P. 237.

P 224.

p. 229. The anthus arboreus, or tree-pipit, is meant here. The common titlark, A. pratensis, does not perch or sing from trees. Pennant confounds these two also, as well as their 11 p. 242.

habits.

$$ We have received H. rustica from Western Africa, Sierra Leone, &c., but it is not likely they form any of the parties which migrate to Europe.

p. 244.

་་ pp. 270, 271.

*** We almost suspect that it is the similarity of the females of these two birds that has