The case of pretending what one has not got is a case of being discovered.

This syllogism is not valid, so that if Prop. v. is to be proved, it must have other proofs given, and Prop. vi. only comes in as an instance or illustration.

The method of analysis explained in this chapter, based on general principles, is valuable in itself; but it is of special value, as an introduction to the method of composition which follows.

COMPOSITION.

Composition is of three kinds; Grammatical Composition, Intermediate Composition, and Logical Composition.

By examining the preceding chapter, it may be readily understood what are the characteristics of each of these three kinds of composition. The first is composition as it regards words, the second is composition as it regards sentences, and the third is composition as it regards paragraphs.

GRAMMATICAL COMPOSITION.

Grammatical composition is the putting together of words according to their natural laws of relation, usually with a view to express connected thought.

In the English language, the relations of words

to words cause some inflections or changes in certain words, the use of a number of relational particles and forms, such as prepositions and auxiliary verbs, and the observance of a certain order and arrangement of words. This last is a point of great importance in English, as a change in position may reverse the meaning of a group of words. For instance, if we say "The dog bit the fox," "The fox bit the dog," both these expressions are grammatical in construction, but opposite in sense. In Latin, a similar change of position may be made without affecting the sense; thus, "canis momordit vulpem," and "vulpem momordit canis," have both the same meaning. In English, position is of more importance than in transpositive languages, and inflections require less attention, as the inflectional changes are fewer. These inflections also are so familiar to English-speaking people, that they find it irksome to turn their attention to forms so trite. So with prepositions; whilst an English-speaking student of Greek would peruse with attention a whole page in Liddell and Scott's Lexicon on the powers and uses of a Greek preposition, he would be indisposed to devote the same time and attention to an English preposition. Nevertheless, relational particles and forms, such as prepositions and auxiliary verbs, are elements of prime importance in the composition of English, and although they are so familiar and destitute of difficulty to English speakers, in their ordinary uses, that they feel contemptuous of any disquisition on such a topic; still, to the exact student, they from time to time present problems which mere familiarity of use or inbred instinct do not give the ability to

solve, and for the elucidation of these recourse must be had to linguistic science.

The exercises here given presuppose an ordinary acquaintance with Grammar in those who make use of them, and the Grammatical terms employed are such as are to be found in the best textbooks of the present day. A classification of the relations indicated by prepositions is given, as these particles are of such importance in English as to demand the institution of some methodical plan, by the aid of which their powers and uses can be practically demonstrated.

In Latin and Greek, a multitude of relations were indicated by inflection, and these relations could be classed under the names of the cases which were used to express them. A classification under heads such as these would be possible in English, thus

Cases, expressing relations indicated by Prepositions.

Genitive, of, in, and the possessive case.

Dative, to or for.

Ablative, from, by, with, in.

Locative, in, on, of, after, near-to.

The Genitive indicates the relations of possession, cause, quality and quantity; the Dative, the indirect object; the Accusative, the direct object; the Ablative, the agent, cause, manner or instrument, also number, price, quantity and place; and the Locative, place and other relations.

Such a classification would be, however, of little use here, as in it each case would include many different relations, which in English require separate prepositions to express them. In Latin a

correct result is attained, if a word is inflected according to syntactical requirements, without considering what special relation is indicated by the inflection given, but in English a much more intelligent use of the instruments of expression is necessary. For this reason, the subjoined Table of Relations is given, a Table drawn up in accordance with the natural features of the English language, with marks of reference added for practical use in the exercises which follow. Letters of reference from this Table will be found in the exercises, placed over certain words, to indicate the relation which these words sustain to other words accompanying them, and to each word so marked there must be prefixed a suitable preposition. This preposition the person who is working out the composition will select for himself, according to his own powers of discrimination, choosing the most appropriate one he can think of to express the relation so indicated. It will be found that some of these relations present themselves much more frequently than others, notwithstanding which these often recurring ones are not always the easiest to express. For instance, to form the phrase, "the hardness of the diamond," the latter word would be marked from the Table "diamond," as being the name of a substance in which the property called "hardness" exists, and the preposition "of" would be easily chosen as the right preposition to prefix. This often recurring relation however is not always expressed by the preposition "of"; nor is the preposition "of" limited in its use to the expression of this one relation; it expresses a variety of others, and

these are worthy of note. The relations which may be expressed by "for," "from," "by," and "with," also demand attention, and the relations of place are not unfrequently difficult to express with any exactness of definition. Points such as these, inviting examination, will from time to time. be met with in the course of practice.

In

The exercises which follow are divided into two parts, those in the first part being upon inflections and the use of relational particles and forms, whilst those in the second are upon the order of words and characteristic forms of expression. each of the exercises in Part I, words sufficient for the production of a piece of composition are given; those that undergo inflection are presented in simple forms, and must be duly inflected so as to fit in with the words that accompany them, the more difficult inflections being shown by references to footnotes. Articles must be applied wherever they are wanted, according to the rules of Gram