traitors or transgressors as were delivered out of the Tower, or otherwise, to the sheriffs of London for execution.

Executions on Tower Hill.-Bishop Fisher, 1535.-Sir Thomas More, 1535.

"Going up the scaffold, which was so weak that it was ready to fall, he said hurriedly to the Lieutenant, 'I pray you, Master Lieutenant, see me safe up, and for my coming down let me shift for myself.'"-Roper's Life. Cromwell, Earl of Essex, 1540. Margaret, Countess of Shrewsbury, mother of Cardinal Pole, 1541.-Earl of Surrey, the poet, 1547.-Thomas, Lord Seymour of Sudley, the Lord Admiral, beheaded, 1549, by order of his brother the Protector Somerset.-The Protector Somerset, 1552.-Sir Thomas Wyatt.-John Dudley, Earl of Warwick and Northumberland, 1553.-Lord Guilford Dudley, (husband of Lady Jane Grey,) 1553-4.-Sir Gervase Helwys, Lieutenant of the Tower, (executed for his share in the murder of Sir Thomas Overbury.)-Earl of Strafford, 1641.-Archbishop Laud, 1644-5.-Sir Harry Vane, the younger, 1662.-Viscount Stafford, 1680, beheaded on the perjured evidence of Titus Oates, and others.-Algernon Sydney, 1683.-Duke of Monmouth, 1685.-Earl of Derwentwater and Lord Kenmuir, implicated in the rebellion of 1715.-Lords Kilmarnock and Balmerino, 1746.-Simon, Lord Lovat, 1747, was not only the last person beheaded on Tower Hill, but the last person beheaded in this country.

Llewellyn's head was placed on the walls of the Tower. Lady Raleigh lodged on Tower Hill while her husband was a prisoner in the Tower. William Penn, the founder of Pennsylvania, was born (1644) on the E. side of Tower Hill, within a court adjoining to London Wall. At a publichouse on Tower Hill, known by the sign of the Bull, whither he had withdrawn to avoid his creditors, Otway, the poet, died (it is said, of want) April 14th, 1685. At a cutler's shop on Tower Hill, Felton bought the knife with which he stabbed the first Duke of Buckingham of the Villiers family; it was a broad, sharp, hunting knife, and cost 18. The second duke often repaired in disguise to the lodging of a poor person, "about Tower Hill," who professed skill in horoscopes.

The area of the Tower, within the walls, is 12 acres and 5 poles; and the circuit outside of the ditch is 1050 yards.

XIV.-CHURCHES.

Of the 98 parish churches within the walls of the City of London, at the time of the Great Fire, 85 were burnt down, and 13 unburnt; 53 were rebuilt, and 35 united to other parishes. "It is observed and is true in the late Fire of London," says Pepys in his Diary, "that the fire burned just as many parish churches as there were hours from the beginning to the end of the Fire; and next that there were just as many churches left standing in the rest of the city that was not burned, being, I think, 13 in all of each." There is a talk of removing many of the City churches to localities with larger Sunday population.

The following is the Yearly Value of some of the Church Livings in London :

1500

St. Mary's, Islington .
St. Luke's, Chelsea.

1155

1003

Lambeth. The income of the Bishop of London is fixed at 10,0007. a-year.

WESTMINSTER ABBEY, or the COLLEGIATE CHURCH OF ST. PETER'S, WESTMINSTER, originally a Benedictine monastery-the "minster west of St. Paul's, London. Here our Kings and Queens have been crowned, from Edward the Confessor to Queen Victoria; and here very many of them are buried, some with and others without monuments.

A church existed here in the days of King Offa. A new one was erected by Edward the Confessor about 1065. No part of the present church can be identified with that, but there are remains of his building in the substructure of the Dormitory, or Chapel of the Pix, in the dark cloister south of the south transept. The oldest part of the present Abbey Church, the choir and transepts, date from the reign of Henry III., and are early pointed in style. The four

bays west of the transept are of Edward the First's time, and Early Dec. style; the remainder, to the west door, of the fifteenth century, built under Sir Richard Whittington, Lord Mayor, as Commissioner.

Dimensions.-Length, 416 feet, ditto of transept, 203 feet, ditto of choir, 155 feet; height from pavement, 101 feet 8 inches, height of towers, 225 feet.

Henry VII.'s Chapel is late Perpendicular, richly ornamented with panelling, &c.; and the western towers, designed by Wren, are in a debased style of mixed Grecian and Gothic.

The Abbey is open to public inspection between the hours of 11 and 3 generally; and also in the summer months between 4 and 6 in the afternoon. The Nave, Transepts, and Cloisters are free. The charge for admission to the rest of the Abbey (through which you are accompanied by a guide) is 6d. each person. The entrance is at the south transept, known as "Poets' Corner." The public are not admitted to view the monuments on Good Friday, Christmas Day, or Fast Days, or during the hours of Divine Service, viz., Sundays, at 10 A.M., at 3 P.M., and Evening Service in the Nave at 7 P.M., and daily at 7.45 a.m., 10 A.M., and 3 P.M. About 2000 people attend the Sunday services.

The usual plan observed in viewing the Abbey is to examine Poets' Corner (see p. 106), and wait till a sufficient party is formed for a guide to accompany you through the chapels. If you find a party formed, you will save time by joining it at once. You can examine the open parts of the building afterwards at your own convenience. Observe, in the chapel, at the end of the E. aisle of S. transept-Part of an altar-decoration of the 13th or 14th century, 11 feet long by 3 feet high, under glass.

"In the centre is a figure, intended for Christ, holding the globe, and in the act of blessing; an angel with a palm branch is on each side. The single figure at the left hand of the whole decoration is St. Peter. The compartments not occupied by figures were adorned with a deepblue glass resembling lapis lazuli, with gold lines of foliage executed on it. The smaller spaces and mouldings were enriched with cameos and gems, some of which still remain. That the work was executed in England there can be little doubt."-Eastlake on Oil Painting, p. 176.

The first chapel you are shown is called the "Chapel of St. Benedict," or the "Chapel of the Deans of the College," several of whom are buried here. The principal tombs are those of Langham, Archbishop of Canterbury (d. 1376); the Countess of Hertford, sister to the Lord High Admiral Nottingham, so famous for his share in the defeat of the

Spanish Armada (d. 1598); and Lionel Cranfield, Earl of Middlesex, and Lord High Treasurer in the reign of James I. (d. 1645).

The second chapel is that of "St. Edmund," containing 20 monuments, of which that on your right as you enter, to William de Valence, Earl of Pembroke, half-brother to Henry III., and father of Aymer de Valence, Earl of Pembroke (d. 1296), is the first in point of time and also the most important; the effigy exhibits the earliest existing instance in this country of the use of enamelled metal for monumental purposes. The other tombs and monuments of importance in this chapel are-tomb of John of Eltham, son of Edward II.; tomb with miniature alabaster figures, representing William of Windsor and Blanch de la Tour, children of Edward III.; monumental brass (the best in the Abbey), representing Eleanora de Bohun, Duchess of Gloucester, in her conventual dress, as a nun of Barking Abbey (d. 1399); monumental brass of Robert de Waldeby, Archbishop of York (d. 1397); effigy of Frances, Duchess of Suffolk, grand-daughter of Henry VII., and mother of Lady Jane Grey; and alabaster statue of Elizabeth Russell, of the Bedford family-foolishly shown for many years as the lady who died by the prick of a needle.

The third chapel is that of "St. Nicholas," containing the monument of the wife of the Protector Somerset; the great Lord Burghley's monument to his wife Mildred, and their daughter Anne; Sir Robert Cecil's monument to his wife; and a large altar-tomb in the area, to the father and mother of Villiers, Duke of Buckingham, the Steenie of James I.

The fourth chapel is that of the "Virgin Mary," called "Henry VII.'s Chapel," and entered by a flight of twelve steps beneath the Oratory of Henry V. The entrance gates are of oak, overlaid with brass, gilt, and wrought into various devices the portcullis exhibiting the descent of the founder from the Beaufort family, and the crown and twisted roses the union that took place, on Henry's marriage, of the White Rose of York with the Red Rose of Lancaster. The chapel consists of a central aisle, with five small chapels at the east end, and two side aisles, north and south. The banners and stalls appertain to the Knights of the Most Honourable Military Order of the Bath, an order of merit next in rank in this country to the Most Noble Order of the Garter; the knights were formerly installed in this chapel; and the Dean of Westminster is Dean of the Order. The principal monuments in Henry VII.'s Chapel are-altar-tomb with effigies of Henry VII. and Queen (in the centre of the chapel), the

H

work of Peter Torrigiano, an Italian sculptor:-Lord Bacon calls it "one of the stateliest and daintiest tombs in Europe:" -the heads of the King and Queen were originally surmounted with crowns; the Perpendicular enclosure or screen is of brass, and the work of an English artist. In South Aisle.-Altar-tomb, with effigy (by Peter Torrigiano) of Margaret, Countess of Richmond, mother of Henry VII. Altar-tomb, with effigy of the mother of Lord Darnley, husband of Mary, Queen of Scots. Tomb, with effigy (by Cornelius Cure) of Mary, Queen of Scots, erected by James I., who brought his mother's body from Peterborough Cathedral, and buried it here. The face is very beautiful, and is now generally admitted to be the most genuine likeness of the Queen. Monument to George Villiers, Duke of Buckingham, and his duchess ;-the duke was assassinated by Felton in 1628: his younger son, Francis, who was killed in the Civil Wars, and his eldest son, the second and profligate duke, are buried with their father in the vault beneath. Statue of the first wife of Sir Robert Walpole, erected by her son, Horace Walpole, the great letter-writer. In North Aisle-Tomb, with effigy (by Maximilian Coult) of Queen Elizabeth (the lion-hearted Queen); her sister, Queen Mary, is buried in the same grave. Alabaster cradle, with effigy of Sophia, daughter of James I., who died when only three days old: James I. and Anne of Denmark, Henry Prince of Wales, the Queen of Bohemia, and Arabella Stuart are buried beneath. Monument to Lodowick Stuart, Duke of Richmond and Lennox, and his duchess, of the time of James I. (La Belle Stuart is buried beneath this monument). Monument to George Monk, Duke of Albemarle, who restored King Charles II. Sarcophagus of white marble, containing certain bones accidentally discovered (1674) in a wooden chest below the stairs which formerly led to the chapel of the White Tower, and believed to be the remains of Edward V. and his brother Richard, Duke of York, murdered (1483) by order of their uncle, King Richard III. Monuments to Saville, Marquis of Halifax, the statesman and wit (d. 1695);-to Montague, Earl of Halifax, the patron of the men of genius of his time (d. 1715), (here Addison and Craggs are buried)-to Sheffield, Duke of Buckingham, the patron of Dryden, with its inscription, "Dubius, sed non Improbus, Vixi." Recumbent figure, by Sir R. Westmacott, of the Duke of Montpensier, brother to Louis Philippe, late King of the French. The statues in the architecture of this chapel are commended by Flaxman for "their natural simplicity, and grandeur of character and drapery." Charles II., William and Mary, and