move.

Yea, but even as in darkness, candle-light may serve to guide men's steps, which to use in the day were madness; so when God had once delivered his law in writing, it may be, they are of opinion, that then it must needs be sin for men to do anything which was not there commanded them to do, whatsoever they might do before. Let this be granted, and it shall hereupon plainly ensue, either that the light of Scripture once shining in the world, all other light of nature is therewith in such sort drained, that now we need it not, neither may we longer use it; or if it stand us in any stead, yet as Aristotle speaketh of men whom Nature hath framed for the state of servitude, saying, 'They have reason so far forth to conceive when others direct them,' but little or none in directing themselves; so likewise our natural capacity and judgement must serve us only for the right understanding of that which the Sacred Scripture teacheth. Had the Prophets who succeeded Moses, or the blessed Apostles which followed them, been settled in this persuasion, never would they have taken so great pains in gathering together natural arguments, thereby to teach the faithful their duties. To use unto them any other motive than Scriptum est," Thus it is written,"-had been to teach them other grounds of their actions than Scripture; which, I grant, they allege commonly, but not wholly. Only Scripture they should have alleged, had they been thus persuaded, that so far forth we do sin as we do anything otherwise directed than by Scripture. St. Augustine was resolute, in points of Christianity, to credit none, how godly and learned soever he were, unless he confirmed his sentence by the Scriptures, ' or by some reason not contrary to them.' Let them, therefore, with St. Augustine, reject and condemn that which is not grounded either on the Scripture, or on some reason not contrary to Scripture, and we are ready to give them our hands in token of friendly consent with them." The fact is, that wherever there is Man, there is a Word of God embodied; and wherever there is such Word embodied, there is a temple of the Spirit of God. The garden of Eden, while yet Adam was its only tenant, was a Church-and the written Word is but a record of the acts of such Church, whether existing in a single individual, as of Adam or Christ, or in a body, as of the sons of Adam and the disciples of the Saviour-a record not to supersede all or any such acts in future, but to constitute a book of precedents for reference and example.

NOTES ON SWEDEN.

THOUGH the larger portion of the royal cast-off garments of a cast-off dynasty, which are daily exhibited to the public gaze in certain apartments of the Palace at Stockholm, might certainly prove much more interesting in respect of fashion to a dealer in antiques, or a manufacturer of masquerade dresses, than to the general visiter, yet do many of them possess an interest both tragical and historical. The collection commences in point of date with some habiliments once worn by Gustavus Ericson Vasa; and after exhibiting innumerable dresses which have during succeeding ages adorned every one of his successors, terminates with some belonging to their present Majesties. Among the most

historically interesting of the collection is, perhaps, the cloth which was employed to stop the death-wound of the great Gustavus Adolphus at the battle of Lutzen in 1632. Of Charles XII. there are likewise here many relics and mementos, commencing with his cradle and rocking-stool, and terminating with the hat through which he received his mortal wound at Frederickshall in 1718. Of intermediate dates to these, may likewise be seen the disguise dress in which he escaped from prison in Turkey, as well as his usual huge form of pantaloons, exhibiting as many, and as capacious pockets as an ordinary billiard table. Perhaps still more interesting, as being a part of his military system, are to be considered some specimens of those surtouts of tanned elk-skin, nearly half an inch thick, which were worn in winter by his body-guard. As a tragical termination to this gallery of garments, I shall conclude with the blood-stained dress which Gustavus III. wore when shot by Ankerström, the assassin, at a masquerade in Stockholm, in the year 1792.

Though several of these relics are by no means pleasant to behold, it is yet probable that their very disagreeableness tends to impress the mind more indelibly with the tragical events they bear witness to, than the purer pages of history could do.

In an adjoining apartment of the palace, many pearl-covered saddle cloths, jewelled cups, and richly adorned sword scabbards were shown to us; but these do not differ from such similar objects as are everywhere met with.

As a practical proof of the hospitality and kindly disposition of the Swedish people, it is proper to mention, that two days since we were waited on by a young Swedish officer, who had been our fellow passenger from Gottenburg, and invited to spend a day at the country house of one of his near relatives. Being entirely ignorant of both the Swedish and German languages, and possessing only a very limited supply of French, I deemed it prudent to decline encountering the colloquial difficulties that must have awaited me at such a party; but my companion, being more happily situated in respect to these acquirements, availed himself of the invitation. The party proved to be a magnificent reunion of about fifty persons, met together to celebrate the anniversary of the marriage of one lady, and the return of another from a distant part of the kingdom to her home. The giver of the feast was, it appears, one of the principal merchants of Stockholm; and as the heads of that body are, in Sweden, considered at least equal to the nobles of the country in regard to wealth, intelligence, and refinement, the occasion was a peculiarly favourable one for seeing to advantage the manners of the country. The two hours which immediately preceded dinner were passed by the guests in wandering through the romantic neighbourhood, as well as the pretty grounds which surrounded the mansion itself, and at two o'clock they sat down to a splendid and varied repast. After both wine and punch had been for some time pretty freely indulged in, singing, dancing, and general merriment filled up the remainder of the evening; and my friend states, that many of the gentlemen embraced him on parting with an enthusiasm he could readily have excused, declaring at the same time with warmth their attachment to England and its people.

Such instances of hospitalities bestowed on persons without introductions, have, however, become, even in this remote quarter, less frequent than they used to be, and must soon, no doubt, entirely cease, as the steam-vessels daily arrive at Stockholm with increasing numbers of travellers. The still lingering practice of such hospitalities towards strangers, may, however be considered as sufficient evidence of the kind and unsuspecting disposition of the people.

Having in five days pretty nearly exhausted the sights of Stockholm, we resolved on making an excursion to Upsala in order to fill up the interval of time previous to the sailing of the steam-vessel for Abo, and had certainly no reason to regret having so employed ourselves. The weather happened to be lovely, and the scenery contained all the peculiar beauties usually met with in this country, viz. a fine inland sea, lined on all sides by pine forests, with birch and roan trees skirting the water's edge, and lending a lighter green, and more grateful foliage to the scene.

Sigtuna, one of the faded towns which we passed on our right, is replete with historical and antiquarian interest, as being the oldest city of Sweden, and having, it is believed, been founded by the immortal Odin, on his arrival in this country from the confines of Asia, about a hundred years before the Christian era. The history of this God of the dark ages, his descendant and fellow god Thor, or the other deified members of his family, should not yet have entirely ceased to interest the world. Odin, being a great and successful warrior himself, appears to have taught his followers that all merit was comprised in valour, which necessarily led to a glorious immortality and never-ending feast in the walls of Valhallah.

The worship of Odin seems to have endured for about seven or eight hundred years in Sweden; after which Christianity happily became introduced, and the cruel unnatural religion of war yielded to the divine mission of peace. The name of Odin is in German written Woden, and from this the name of one of our days of the week (Wednesday) is said to be derived; while the name of Thor has in like manner been given to Thursday; and that of Freyer, another of the Scandinavian gods, to Friday.

The oldest pagan legends of Scandinavia allege that Odin (himself a deity) created the human race, male and female, out of an ash and an elm tree-besides which, he is reputed to have fixed the stars, arranged the succession of day and night, and the seasons, as well as many other little matters of the same sort. Odin brought with him, probably from the East, some knowledge of the Mosaic history of the Creation; and this, in the progress of time, his ignorant worshippers began to attribute to their favorite leader.

Before reaching Upsala, we passed a more extensive district of cultivated and pasture land than any other which we had yet met with in Sweden; and the immediate neighbourhood of the city is so destitute of forest, as to present little of the Swedish character of scenery. Upsala contains the principal University of the kingdom, and many antiquities, some of which have been removed to it from the more ancient Upsala of the neighbourhood. The most distinguished of these are the mutilated, yet striking, remains of a colossal statue of

the great Thor. The cathedral in which this statue is placed, is internally handsome, and contains likewise the tomb of Gustavus Ericson, the founder of the Vasa dynasty, whose memory is still the most popular of all the Swedish monarchs. The tomb is ornamented by a recumbent figure of the royal tenant, which is placed between similar mementos of his two beautiful queens. The chapel of the cathedral which contains this tomb is now undergoing the process of being ornamented, and having all the more distinguished events of this king's life very tastefully delineated in fresco on its walls. The tomb and monument of Linnæus in this church are also interesting; but the father of Botany does not seem to have been fortunate in engrafting his floral taste on the minds of his countrymen, for I have observed in Sweden few or none of those flowery windows, and verdant balconies, which proved last year so attractive in Germany. The hours of our arrival and departure did not enable us to see either the museum of the University, or the site of the ancient Upsala; but this latter is, I am told, now only distinguishable by a few mounds of earth, which reveal the spot on which it stood.

Our having had the benefit of an excellent steam-vessel to convey us both to and from Upsala, is one of many proofs here met with of the extent to which Sweden has already begun to profit by this new power, and of this, the steam cotton-factory, which has been established in Upsala within the last two years, affords still further evidence.

Capital is, however, so scarce in Sweden, that unless, as in Germany, the capital of joint-stock companies is brought in to the aid of private enterprise, manufactures are not likely to advance with much rapidity. Though England has hitherto been the chief gainer by the discovery of steam-power, I yet fear that she will ultimately be seriously injured by that all-powerful agent, which in the process of time may deprive her of much of that advantage which the superior energy of her people formerly commanded. Steam-power may, on the contrary, be considered as the great equalizer, and the mechanism it sets in motion revolves as rapidly for the slothful as for the active-for the somewhat torpid Swede, as for the ceaselessly active enterprise of Manchester or America.

Having applied to my estimable and intelligent friend Dr. C. Dickson, of Gottenburg, for some information in regard to the habits of university life at Upsala, I find I shall best do justice to the graphic sketch with which he has furnished me by giving it as much as possible in his own words, which are as follow:

At the age of sixteen I left my father's house, at Gottenburg, for the University, and having never been from home before, felt much delighted at the prospect of change. I had made choice of the medical profession-the one which certainly required the longest course of study; but at that moment I did not think of any disagreeables, but felt pleased that I should at length become my own master, and longed accordingly for the 24th of September, which was to set me free from my school-boy chains. The University was three hundred miles distant from my home; and as it would require five days at least to reach Upsala, travelling post as we do in Sweden, always putting up

N. S.-VOL. VI.

E

at some inn during the night, it was considered proper that I should not go alone. By good fortune, one of my acquaintances, who had already been a year at college, and had spent the summer vacation at home, agreed to accompany me, and we consequently procured a peasant's carriage, a rude cart on four wheels without any springs, which, with two horses, was much more pleasant than to have gone alone in a onehorse cart. After all my baggage had been properly packed up, my kind mother presented me with four pounds, in a small box, which she deposited in my portmanteau, and I thought I carried with me an inexhaustible fund, having never before had in my possession at any time a sum exceeding the value of a shilling. I imagined I should never be able to spend such a vast treasure, and formed the most extravagant ideas of the uses to which I should apply it. My ardour was, however, a little damped on the morning of our departure by bad weather; and not even the extra delicacies put down on the breakfasttable could reconcile me to the dreary prospect without, as well as some peculiar feelings which began to arise within. The starting tear came indeed often to my eye, but pride also came to my aid, so that I was enabled to repress it, and tried to eat, though it seemed at the risk of being choked by every morsel I took. After a tender farewell, I mounted the carriage,-a sorry concern, and quite open,-having previously received from my father a sum equal to two pounds ten shillings, which was to serve me for travelling post three hundred miles; and from this you may judge how cheap travelling is in Sweden. I will not detain you by any description of my journey, as you have gone over the same ground; but let it suffice, that after six days' travelling I arrived safely at Upsala, where I was consigned to the care of a clergyman, with whom I was boarded, my parents thinking me too inexperienced to be left to my own discretion.

We arrived at Upsala the day preceding the opening of the session, and I was very well received by the reverend gentleman and his lady, and by them introduced to four fellow students of about my own age, who were likewise boarded with him. The clergyman instructed me how to proceed in order to be enrolled as a student, viz. to call on the curator of the nation to which I belonged, who would present me to the Dean of the Faculty of Arts. Every nation chooses one of its oldest members to become its curator, to call it together to its weekly meetings, and to keep its library, and common financial account-that is to say, to receive the yearly subscriptions towards defraying the expenses of their meeting-room and library. The following day I presented myself to the curator, where I found four young students from my own district, who had likewise come up to college, and we all proceeded under his guidance to call upon the Dean.

With great fear and trembling did I present myself before this first specimen of a professor I had ever seen, and I was agreeably surprised to find him a gentleman with peculiarly kind and conciliating manners. Professor A is one of the few poets modern Sweden has produced. The following morning was appointed for the examination, which every person must pass in Sweden, before he is admitted as a student; and at 9 o'clock we presented ourselves