Henry VL, industrial legislation of | his reign, 392. Henry VIII., industrial legislation of his reign, 320
Herries, Mr., payment of wages in Italy, 21; co-operation, 282; factory legislation, 362; strikes, 396; friendly societies, 403.
Hindoos, loss of time by holidays, 29; inefficiency of labor, 42.
Hirt, Dr., Krankheiten der Arbeiter,
Holidays, loss of time by, 29; pre- scribed by factory legislation, 360, 361.
Holmes, H. B. M. Consul, good work
not appreciated in Bosnia, 60n. Holyoake, George J., extent of waste in production, 48n; co-operation, 286.
Hopefulness in labor, 72-7.
Hopper, R. W., strikes never success- ful, 388.
Horner, L., Employment of Children in Factories, 167, 360,
Hours of labor, 167, 168, 359-62 Hungary, the nobles of, freeing their
serfs, 74, 75; taxation under the old régime, 318.
Hunter, Dr., Famine Aspects of India, 111, 112.
Huskisson, Mr., free trade in labor, 394.
Immigrants into the United States, accidents of their location, 181-3; into France, Macedonia, and Corsica, 187n.
Improvements, unexhausted, in agri- culture, 281n.
India, efficiency of labor in, 42, 46; ineffective machinery employed, 67; famines, 112; food habits of the people, 118; immobility of the pop- ulation, 177.
Industry, manufacturing, incessant movement of, 178. Inglis, H., 24, 61, 76.
Insurance, Life, is expensive and fails
to reach the working classes, 1401.
Intelligence, a factor of the laborer's efficiency in production, 65-7; in- fluences the distribution of the pro- duct, 352-4
Intemperance lowers the efficiency of labor, 78, 87; the great foe to fru- gality, 349, 350.
Interest, the term used in this treatise
only of sums paid for capital actual- ly loaned, 225, 226; is interest at the minimum? 234.
Inventions constitute an economical reason for ncrease of wages, 146, 147.
Ireland, the pig formerly paying the rent, 24; duration of the laboring power in, 34, 35; inefficiency of labo before the famine, 43, 45, 46; sta- tistics of height and weight, 50; food of the laboring population, 55; un- sanitary condition of dwellings, 61; proverbial indolence of the popula tion accounted for, 76; the famine of 1846-7, 111; food habits of the people, 118; tenure of the soil, 213; relations between landlord and ten- ant influencing rents, 368-7. Irish, in America, their frugality, 124; their accidental location, 182; in England, jealousy of, 176n; their early marriages at home and abroad, 355.
Italy, payment of wages in sulphur- mining, 21; peasant proprietorship increasing, 209; public sentiment protects the cultivator, 211n; co-operation, 282; factory legislation, 362; rents influenced by public opinion, 368; strikes, 396; friendly societies, 403.
Jarvis, Edward, cost of rearing chil- dren to be charged against their wages, 33n., 34n.
Jefferson, Th., the paper money of the American revolution, 16.
Johnson, Dr., eggs and pence in the Highlands, 17.
Johnston, Prof., Notes on North Amer- ica, 92n.
Jones, Richard, Political Economy, 43, 125n., 208, 211n., 213n., 215, 217. Justices of the peace (England), em- powered to fix the rates of wages, 306; must be landed proprietors, 366.
Kane, Dr., Industrial Resources of Ireland, 43, 79, 80.
Kennedy, John, manufacturing im- provements stimulated by industrial distresses, 257,
Kennedy, J. G., strikes in Belgium,
Labor, often performed by the person who supplies capital in production, 8; mobility of labor essential to com- petition, 163; can labor be accumu- lated and saved? 292-4.
Labor, cost of, real distinguished from nominal, 40; efficiency of, causes of differences in the, chap. iii.; in con- nection with natural agents deter- mines the amount that can be paid in wages, 181.
Labor-power, its duration an element in determining wages, 33, 402; cost of rearing children to age to labor, 33, 34.
Labor question, not identical with the | Marriage, procrastination of, 354, 355; wages question, 206.
Laborers, the several classes of, 9; the statute of, 305, 392. Laing, Samuel, Notes of a Traveller, 71; Denmark and the Duchies, 309; Tour in Sweden, 310.
Laissez Faire, a practical rule, not a principle of universal application, 162, 168; applied to truck, 336; to factory legislation, 357-9; to strikes and trades unions, 385, 386. Lamport, Charles, effect of unsanitary conditions upon life and laboring power, 65n.
Land, tenure of, in different countries, 207-13.
Laveleye, E. de., the orthodox political economy, 155.
Lecky, History of Rationalism in Eu- rope, 29n., 405n.
Legal profession, duration of life in,
Legislation in aid of labor, 168-73,
356-62; in restraint of labor, 302-9. Leighton, Sir B., concession of Cow- land, 24.
Leslie, T. E. Cliffe, Land Systems of Ireland and the Continent, 213n. Levi, Leone, estimated number of working days in the year, 31. Liquors, consumption of, in Great Britain, 349, 350.
Lock-outs affecting the regularity of employment, 30.
Locock, Mr., food of the laboring pop- ulation of the Netherlands, 56n.; strikes, 395.
Longe, F. D., Refutation of the Wage Fund, etc., 132n.
Lytton, Mr., cooperation in Austria, 258; the corporation system, 310.
Macadam, Dr. S., analyses of drink- ing water. 65.
Macaulay, T. B., History of England, 369, 370.
Macedonia, its winter population aug- mented by immigration, 187n. Mahon, Lord, History of England,
Machinery, waste of, with ignorant labor, 67; disturbances introduced by machinery into labor, 178, 189. Malet, Mr., factory legislation in France, 361.
Malthusianism, chap. vi., cf. p. 357. Manchester School of Political Econ- omy, 161, 162, 336.
"Manchester Unity," the, its financial condition, 400.
Mansfield, Lord, the incidence of taxa- tion, 316.
Martineau, H, History of England, 30, 176n., 822.
statistics of age at marriage, 356; effects of recent social causes in diminishing marriage, 381. Massachusetts Colony, industrial legis- lation of, 305, 306, 327.
Maurice (and Tallon), Legislation sur le Travail des Enfants, 361. McCulloch, J. R. Political Economy, 105, 109n., 120n., 121n.; Commer- cial Dictionary, 350n. McDonnell, Survey of Political Economy, 282.
Medical profession, duration of life in the, 37.
Metayer tenancy, 211, 212.
Mill, James, Political Economy, 144n. Mill, John Stuart, Political Economy (Little & Brown, 1848), the allot- ment system, 25n.; influence of the imagination in economics, 77.; the degradation of the English laboring population, 82n., 83n.; "diminish- ing returns" in agriculture, 96a.; working-classes as consumers of manufactured goods, 125 the wage fund doctrine, 143.; the law of international values, 196, 197; co-operation, 282; the office of cus- tom, 311, 313, 314; small means produce no effect in elevating a peo- ple, 345n.; effect on wages of the ownership of property by the wages class, 348; women as artisans, 379; Some Unsettled Questions of Politi- cal Economy, the economic man, 174, 175; The Fortnightly Review, wage fund doctrine, 159, 140. Mining, accidents in, to be considered in computing the wages paid, 36n.; sulphur, in Italy, paymentof wages, 21. Mobility of labor essential to competi- tion, 163; actual mobility of labor, chap. xi.; interference by law with, 307-9; (see chaps. xviii., xix., pas- sim); diminished in the case of wo- men by physiological causes, and by their failure to receive the support of public opinion, 377-8. Money, the purchase-power of, affect- ing nominal wages, 13. Morris, O'Connor, religious differ- ences in Ireland, 369. Muggeridge, Mr., immobility of Eng- lish labor, 185; testimony respect- ing frame-rents, 334, 335. Mulholland, John, comparative cost of clothing from cotton and from flax, 122.
Mundella, A. J., superior efficiency of North of England laborers, 47.
Napier and Ettrick, Lord, intellectual relations of England and America, 142n.
Nationality, affecting the efficiency of labor, 43-6.
"Necessary Wages," the doctrine of, chap. vii.
Neison, Dr., statistics of mortality in various trades, 37. Netherlands, the food of the laboring population of, 56; habits respecting dwellings, 118n.; proportion of for- eigners, 184; marriage statistics, 356; absence of factory legislation, 362; strikes but little known, 395; trade clubs, 402.
New England, food habits of the peo- ple, 123, 124.
Newmarch, Wm., factory legislation, 359.
Newman, F. W., Lectures on Political Economy, 158n.
Nicholls, Sir George, History of the English Poor Laws, 321.
Nominal distinguished from real wages, 12; causes which produce the divergence, 13 et seq.
Nominal distinguished from real cost of labor, 40; causes which produce the divergence, 41 et seq. Normandie, M., report on savings banks in Europe, 350. Northcote, Sir Stafford, real distin- guished from nominal wages, 38, 39. Norway, marriage statistics, 356; strikes, 396.
Norwegians in the United States, 182.
Occupation, change of, frequent ne- cessity for, 178; Adam Smith's view, 192, 193; Prof. Cairnes' view, 193; his theory of "Non-Competing Groups," 195-202;change of occupa- tion formerly forbidden or restricted by law in England, 306, 307; women, by 37 Edward III., allowed to inter- change trades, 379n.; access to trades restricted by "union" regulations, 403, 404.
Ollivier, M., the act (France) of May 25, 1864, 394.
Opinion, public, influential in deter- mining wages, 362-69; in determin- ing rents, 369-72.
Organization of industry conducing to efficiency, 67–72.
Painting, house, irregularity of em- ployment in, 28, 32. Pakenham, Mr., the food of Belgian laborers, 56n.
Palgrave, Consul, good work not ap- preciated in Anatolia, 60n. Palmer, C. M., the removal of labor- ers, 346.
Paper money, changes in circulation affecting nominal wages, 14; of the American Revolution, 16; fluctua-
tions in paper money placing the wages class at a disadvantage, 310-3 Parsimony of employers opposed to true economy, 58, 59, 164. Payment of wages, variety in form of, 19; payments in kind, 324-7. Paupers in England in 1833 better fed than independent laborers, 57; labor- ers, once become paupers, seldom recover tone, 88; English laws of pauper settlement, 308, 309. Peasant proprietorship of land, 5, 9, 207-9, 243.
Pennant, Th., Tour in Scotland, 324. Perry, A. L., Political Economy, 138,
139, 143; The Financier, 81, 82, 253. Peto, Sir M., testimony respecting truck, 329.
Petre, Mr., payment of agricultural wages in Prussia, 20n.; the practice wandering" in manual trades in Germany, 187n.
Phipps, Mr., married women but little employed in factories in Würtem- berg, 383n.
Piece-work, how to compute the wages of, 13n.
Pig, permission to keep, 23; formerly paying the rent in Ireland, 24. Political Economy, the orthodox, 155. the d priori school, 175. Poor Laws, English, 308, 309; effect on wage labor, 319-22. Population, Malthus' law of, chap. vi. Porter, G. R., The Progress of the
Nation, 12; Statistical Journal, 350. Potato, the, its use as the sole article of food, 121-4.
Poverty the curse of the poor, 166. Prices and Wages. 13; differences in
local prices introduce great complex- ity into computations of wages, 17. Production furnishes the measure of wages, chap. viii.; continuity of, the employer's interest in, 298, 299. Profits, certain classes of laborers paid from profits, not from revenue, 9; profits, the object in giving employ- ment, 128-30, 291; the expectation of profits the test of wage labor, 216, the term made by some economists to include the wages of supervision and management, 10; in this treatise it signifies the gains of the employer, aside from the returns of capital, 230; are excessive profits restored to wages? 237-9; are profits at the minimum? 252-61; rates of profit, 268.
"Protective" Tariffs supported by ar-
guments which confound wages and the cost of labor, 41. Prussia, relative expenditure of differ- ent classes for food, clothing, etc., 117n.; factory legislation, 360, 361;
women in agriculture, 380n.; strikes, | 395n.; trades unions and friendly societies, 402.
Purdy, Fred'k, payment of wages in Wales, 20n.; in England, 21n.; har- vest wages in Ireland, 26n.; irregu- larity of agricultural wages, 2in.; substitution of corn-meal for the potato in Ireland, 120n.; difference in local agricultural wages, 186n.; division of the annual product of land in England, 269n.: cider and beer payments in English agriculture, 327; women in agriculture, 380n.
Quarrying, irregularity of employment in, 28.
Quetelet, A., statistics of height and weight, 50, 51.
Real, distinguished from nominal wages, 12.
Real, distinguished from nominal cost of labor, 40.
Rent, in part payment of wages, 21: Ricardo's theory of rent, 224, 225; the term only used in this treatise of sums paid for land actually leased, 225, 226; rates of rent influenced greatly by public opinion, 367-72; rental of machines, 332-5 Report (House of Commons), Employ- ment of women and children in agri- culture, 20., 22, 24, 47, 52, 53, 72, 176n.; 201, 202, 382n.; Friendly So- cieties (1874), 403; Railway laborers (1846), 176, 329; Poor Law Com- missioners (1831), 322n.; (1832), 322n.; (1833), 57, 86n.: (1842), 34, 37, 62, 64, 85; stoppage of wages, 1867; Payment of Wages Bill (1854), 21n.; 255n., 256n., 329; to Local Govern- ment Board (1873), 52, 69, 378n. Respect and sympathy for labor, influ- ential in determining wages, 362-72; wanting in the case of women as la- borers, 383, 381. Retail trade, failure of competition in, 311-5.
Returns of capital, the term how used in this treatise, 225, 231, 232. Revenue, certain classes of laborers paid from the revenue of their em- ployer, and not from profits, 9. Ricardo, David, his theory of rent, 224n.; definition of the banking func- tion, 228.
Richard IL (England), industrial legislation of his reign, 305, 307; insurrection of the serfs, 390. Rickards, Prof., the doctrine of Mal- thus, 195.
Riesbach, Baron, habits respecting dress of North and South Germans, 117.
Rogers, J. E. Thorold, Political Econ- omy, 66; increased productiveness of English agriculture, 93n.; cheap food undesirable, 121; effects of fashion on manufacturing industry, 179n.; popular tenure of the soil, 211n.; profits-interest, 231n., 233; co-operation defined, 267n; the English law of pauper settlement, 308; competition in retail trade, 315; frugality of Cumberland and West- moreland peasantry, 347; rents in England, 368; the condition of the Irish peasantry before the famine, 370n.; History of Agriculture and Frices in England, freedom of labor movement, 13th to 15th century, 187n. peasantry divorced from the soil, 222, 223; industrial legislation following the Black Death, 304; wo- men in trades, 379; the servile insur- rection, 390; Cobden and Political Opinion, the incidence of taxation, 316; rents in England influenced by public opinion, 367; Notes to Adam Smith's Wealth of Nations, 317. Rose, Edwin, superiority of English labor, 43, 68.
Rumford, Count, Essays, 166n. Russia, holidays in, 29; inefficiency of labor, 43; irregularity in factory attendance, 48n.; feebleness of the industrial desires of the peasantry, 127n.; mobility of the laboring population, 180; peasant proprietor- ship increasing, 209; savings banks statistics, 350n.; absence of factory legislation, 362; value of serfs before emancipation, 373; women in agriculture, 379n.; strikes, 396; "artels," 403.
Ryot tenancy, 9, 212.
Salary or stipend class, not wage- laborers, 215, 247, 296n. Sanitary Commission of the U. S., Statistical Memoirs, 51. Savings banks statistics, 347, 349, 350.
Say, J. B., 166, 167n. Scotland, payment of agricultural wages in, 20; efficiency of labor, 47; statistics of height, 50; former indolence of the population, 76; food habits of the people, 118, 120n.; speech differences among the population affecting the mobility of labor, 175n.; proportion of bread- winners to de; endents, 191; tenure of laud, 208; marriage statistics, 356, 881.; women in agriculture, 381n. Scott, H. B. M. Consul, expenditures of different classes in Würtemburg, 118n.; women in manufacturing industry, 383n.
Sedgwick, T., Political Economy, 5. Senior, Nassau W., Political Economy, 4, 9n., 42, 97, 104, 124n., 125n., 184, 185, 268n., 269n. 356n.; Lectures on Wages, 25, 26; Foreign Poor Laws, 323.
Settlement, English law of pauper, 308.
Sexual restraint, influence on wages, 354-6.
Shaftesbury, Earl of, laborers' cot- tages, 23.
Shares, laborers hired on, not properly wage-laborers, 214.
Sickness, loss of time by, an element in determining real wages, 28; statistics of, 63; friendly societies insuring against, 399, 402. Simon, Jules, L'Ouvrière, 380n. Sismondi, land the true savings bank,
348; public opinion influencing rents in Italy, 368.
Slavery, the master's interest not preventing abuse or neglect, 59. Slave labor, always ineffective, 73, 74. "Sliding Scale," in wages, 270,
Smith, Adam, Wealth of Nations (Rogers' edition), ineffectiveness of slave labor, 73; wages the encour- agement of industry, 80; habits of various nations respecting clothing, 124n.; proportion of bread-winners to dependents, 125n. ; the immobility of labor, 185; changes of occ pation, 192; the salary or stipend class, 215, 216; the ordinary rate of profit, 268n.; combination of masters to lower wages, 393. Smith, Angus, carbonic acid gas in mines, 37.
Smith, E. Peshine, Political Economy, 58, 141.
Smith, George, excessive labor of children in brickyards, 52.
Social Science Transactions, 1864, 286; 1865, 37, 48; 1866, 23, 61; 1867, 55, 65, 122.; 1868, 47; 1869, 38, 39; 1870, 52, 65; 1871, 274, 324; 1872, 21, 142., 285; 1874, 202. Southern States (U. S.), payment of agricultural wages in, 20. Spain, higgling in retail trade, 315n; absence of factory legislation, 362.
Spencer, Herbert, Principles of Biol- ogy, 259n.
Spender, Edward, cider truck in Eng- land, 327.
Spinsters. proportional number in England and Scotland, 3812. Spitalfields, the condition of the pop- ulation, $5
Stanhope, Edward, laborers' cottages, 22n.
Statistical Journal, xii., 350;
184; xxii., 350; xxiii., 375; xxiv., 20, 21, 30, 178, 186n, 187n, 327, 359; xxv., 26n., 33n.; xxvi. 122n. xxvii., 33n., 327; xxviii., 48, 72, 178, 185, 257, 353; xxx., 388. "Statute of laborers," 305, 392. Strachey, Mr., Germans easily adapting themselves to the ways of other peoples, 187n.; coöperation in Den- mark, 287, 289; restrictions on in- dustry removed in Denmark, 309; strikes, 396; trade clubs, 40%. Strikes, loss of time by, 30; dura- tion of, 31; coöperation would abol- ish, 271; when strikes may be re- garded as unsuccessful, 298n.; strikes against the labor of women, 378n.; the possible utility of strikes often decided against, on grounds of the wage fund, 385, 356; ground that they always fail, 388, on the is this conclusive? 389; strikes are the insurrections of labor; may be justified by ultimate results, 390-392; legislation against strikes in Eng- Stuart, Consul, holidays in the Eastern land, 392; in Europe, 395, 396. church, 29n.; lack of machinery Subsistence, tends to increase more in Epirus, 67. slowly than population, 102-5; the condition precedent of production, Sweden, duration of the laboring 152, 133. power in, 34, 35; marriage statistics Swedes 356, factory legislation, 362. in Switzerland, efficiency of labor in, 182. United States, 45n.; industrial desires of the peas- antry, 127.; character of the em- ploying class 259, 260; cooperation, 274, 282; savings banks statistics, 350; division of landed property Sykes, Col., the dwellings of Lanca- 351, factory legislation, 361. Sympathy, public, influential in de- shire, 61. termining wages, 362-9; in deter- mining rents, 369-72; wanting in the case of women as laborers, 383, 384.
Tallon and Maurice, Legislation sur le Travail des Enfants, 361. Taylor, H. B. M. Consul, Eastern mar riage customs, 116. Taylor, W. C., married women in factories in England, 353n. Taxation, under perfect competition, is diffused equitably, 160; under im- perfect competition the wages class may be put at disadvantage by ita incidence, 315-18.
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