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Henry VL, industrial legislation of |
his reign, 392.
Henry VIII., industrial legislation of
his reign, 320

Herries, Mr., payment of wages in
Italy, 21; co-operation, 282; factory
legislation, 362; strikes, 396;
friendly societies, 403.

Hindoos, loss of time by holidays, 29;
inefficiency of labor, 42.

Hirt, Dr., Krankheiten der Arbeiter,

36.

Holidays, loss of time by, 29; pre-
scribed by factory legislation, 360,
361.

Holmes, H. B. M. Consul, good work

not appreciated in Bosnia, 60n.
Holyoake, George J., extent of waste
in production, 48n; co-operation,
286.

Hopefulness in labor, 72-7.

Hopper, R. W., strikes never success-
ful, 388.

Horner, L., Employment of Children
in Factories, 167, 360,

Hours of labor, 167, 168, 359-62
Hungary, the nobles of, freeing their

serfs, 74, 75; taxation under the old
régime, 318.

Hunter, Dr., Famine Aspects of India,
111, 112.

Huskisson, Mr., free trade in labor,
394.

Immigrants into the United States,
accidents of their location, 181-3;
into France, Macedonia, and Corsica,
187n.

Improvements, unexhausted, in agri-
culture, 281n.

India, efficiency of labor in, 42, 46;
ineffective machinery employed, 67;
famines, 112; food habits of the
people, 118; immobility of the pop-
ulation, 177.

Industry, manufacturing, incessant
movement of, 178.
Inglis, H., 24, 61, 76.

Insurance, Life, is expensive and fails

to reach the working classes,
1401.

Intelligence, a factor of the laborer's
efficiency in production, 65-7; in-
fluences the distribution of the pro-
duct, 352-4

Intemperance lowers the efficiency of
labor, 78, 87; the great foe to fru-
gality, 349, 350.

Interest, the term used in this treatise

only of sums paid for capital actual-
ly loaned, 225, 226; is interest at
the minimum? 234.

Inventions constitute an economical
reason for ncrease of wages,
146, 147.

Ireland, the pig formerly paying the
rent, 24; duration of the laboring
power in, 34, 35; inefficiency of labo
before the famine, 43, 45, 46; sta-
tistics of height and weight, 50; food
of the laboring population, 55; un-
sanitary condition of dwellings, 61;
proverbial indolence of the popula
tion accounted for, 76; the famine
of 1846-7, 111; food habits of the
people, 118; tenure of the soil, 213;
relations between landlord and ten-
ant influencing rents, 368-7.
Irish, in America, their frugality, 124;
their accidental location, 182; in
England, jealousy of, 176n; their
early marriages at home and abroad,
355.

Italy, payment of wages in sulphur-
mining, 21; peasant proprietorship
increasing, 209; public sentiment
protects the cultivator, 211n;
co-operation, 282; factory legislation,
362; rents influenced by public
opinion, 368; strikes, 396; friendly
societies, 403.

Jarvis, Edward, cost of rearing chil-
dren to be charged against their
wages, 33n., 34n.

Jefferson, Th., the paper money of the
American revolution, 16.

Johnson, Dr., eggs and pence in the
Highlands, 17.

Johnston, Prof., Notes on North Amer-
ica, 92n.

Jones, Richard, Political Economy, 43,
125n., 208, 211n., 213n., 215, 217.
Justices of the peace (England), em-
powered to fix the rates of wages,
306; must be landed proprietors, 366.

Kane, Dr., Industrial Resources of
Ireland, 43, 79, 80.

Kennedy, John, manufacturing im-
provements stimulated by industrial
distresses, 257,

Kennedy, J. G., strikes in Belgium,

395.

Labor, often performed by the person
who supplies capital in production,
8; mobility of labor essential to com-
petition, 163; can labor be accumu-
lated and saved? 292-4.

Labor, cost of, real distinguished from
nominal, 40; efficiency of, causes of
differences in the, chap. iii.; in con-
nection with natural agents deter-
mines the amount that can be paid
in wages, 181.

Labor-power, its duration an element
in determining wages, 33, 402; cost
of rearing children to age to labor,
33, 34.

Labor question, not identical with the | Marriage, procrastination of, 354, 355;
wages question, 206.

Laborers, the several classes of, 9; the
statute of, 305, 392.
Laing, Samuel, Notes of a Traveller,
71; Denmark and the Duchies, 309;
Tour in Sweden, 310.

Laissez Faire, a practical rule, not a
principle of universal application,
162, 168; applied to truck, 336; to
factory legislation, 357-9; to strikes
and trades unions, 385, 386.
Lamport, Charles, effect of unsanitary
conditions upon life and laboring
power, 65n.

Land, tenure of, in different countries,
207-13.

Laveleye, E. de., the orthodox political
economy, 155.

Lecky, History of Rationalism in Eu-
rope, 29n., 405n.

Legal profession, duration of life in,

37.

Legislation in aid of labor, 168-73,

356-62; in restraint of labor, 302-9.
Leighton, Sir B., concession of Cow-
land, 24.

Leslie, T. E. Cliffe, Land Systems of
Ireland and the Continent, 213n.
Levi, Leone, estimated number of
working days in the year, 31.
Liquors, consumption of, in Great
Britain, 349, 350.

Lock-outs affecting the regularity of
employment, 30.

Locock, Mr., food of the laboring pop-
ulation of the Netherlands, 56n.;
strikes, 395.

Longe, F. D., Refutation of the Wage
Fund, etc., 132n.

Lytton, Mr., cooperation in Austria,
258; the corporation system, 310.

Macadam, Dr. S., analyses of drink-
ing water. 65.

Macaulay, T. B., History of England,
369, 370.

Macedonia, its winter population aug-
mented by immigration, 187n.
Mahon, Lord, History of England,

41.

Machinery, waste of, with ignorant
labor, 67; disturbances introduced
by machinery into labor, 178, 189.
Malet, Mr., factory legislation in
France, 361.

Malthusianism, chap. vi., cf. p. 357.
Manchester School of Political Econ-
omy, 161, 162, 336.

"Manchester Unity," the, its financial
condition, 400.

Mansfield, Lord, the incidence of taxa-
tion, 316.

Martineau, H, History of England,
30, 176n., 822.

statistics of age at marriage, 356;
effects of recent social causes in
diminishing marriage, 381.
Massachusetts Colony, industrial legis-
lation of, 305, 306, 327.

Maurice (and Tallon), Legislation sur
le Travail des Enfants, 361.
McCulloch, J. R. Political Economy,
105, 109n., 120n., 121n.; Commer-
cial Dictionary, 350n.
McDonnell, Survey of Political
Economy, 282.

Medical profession, duration of life in
the, 37.

Metayer tenancy, 211, 212.

Mill, James, Political Economy, 144n.
Mill, John Stuart, Political Economy
(Little & Brown, 1848), the allot-
ment system, 25n.; influence of the
imagination in economics, 77.; the
degradation of the English laboring
population, 82n., 83n.; "diminish-
ing returns" in agriculture, 96a.;
working-classes as consumers of
manufactured goods, 125 the
wage fund doctrine, 143.; the law
of international values, 196, 197;
co-operation, 282; the office of cus-
tom, 311, 313, 314; small means
produce no effect in elevating a peo-
ple, 345n.; effect on wages of the
ownership of property by the wages
class, 348; women as artisans, 379;
Some Unsettled Questions of Politi-
cal Economy, the economic man,
174, 175; The Fortnightly Review,
wage fund doctrine, 159, 140.
Mining, accidents in, to be considered
in computing the wages paid, 36n.;
sulphur, in Italy, paymentof wages, 21.
Mobility of labor essential to competi-
tion, 163; actual mobility of labor,
chap. xi.; interference by law with,
307-9; (see chaps. xviii., xix., pas-
sim); diminished in the case of wo-
men by physiological causes, and by
their failure to receive the support
of public opinion, 377-8.
Money, the purchase-power of, affect-
ing nominal wages, 13.
Morris, O'Connor, religious differ-
ences in Ireland, 369.
Muggeridge, Mr., immobility of Eng-
lish labor, 185; testimony respect-
ing frame-rents, 334, 335.
Mulholland, John, comparative cost
of clothing from cotton and from
flax, 122.

Mundella, A. J., superior efficiency of
North of England laborers, 47.

Napier and Ettrick, Lord, intellectual
relations of England and America,
142n.

Nationality, affecting the efficiency of
labor, 43-6.

"Necessary Wages," the doctrine of,
chap. vii.

Neison, Dr., statistics of mortality in
various trades, 37.
Netherlands, the food of the laboring
population of, 56; habits respecting
dwellings, 118n.; proportion of for-
eigners, 184; marriage statistics,
356; absence of factory legislation,
362; strikes but little known, 395;
trade clubs, 402.

New England, food habits of the peo-
ple, 123, 124.

Newmarch, Wm., factory legislation,
359.

Newman, F. W., Lectures on Political
Economy, 158n.

Nicholls, Sir George, History of the
English Poor Laws, 321.

Nominal distinguished from real
wages, 12; causes which produce the
divergence, 13 et seq.

Nominal distinguished from real cost
of labor, 40; causes which produce
the divergence, 41 et seq.
Normandie, M., report on savings
banks in Europe, 350.
Northcote, Sir Stafford, real distin-
guished from nominal wages, 38, 39.
Norway, marriage statistics, 356;
strikes, 396.

Norwegians in the United States, 182.

Occupation, change of, frequent ne-
cessity for, 178; Adam Smith's view,
192, 193; Prof. Cairnes' view, 193;
his theory of "Non-Competing
Groups," 195-202;change of occupa-
tion formerly forbidden or restricted
by law in England, 306, 307; women,
by 37 Edward III., allowed to inter-
change trades, 379n.; access to trades
restricted by "union" regulations,
403, 404.

Ollivier, M., the act (France) of May
25, 1864, 394.

Opinion, public, influential in deter-
mining wages, 362-69; in determin-
ing rents, 369-72.

Organization of industry conducing
to efficiency, 67–72.

Painting, house, irregularity of em-
ployment in, 28, 32.
Pakenham, Mr., the food of Belgian
laborers, 56n.

Palgrave, Consul, good work not ap-
preciated in Anatolia, 60n.
Palmer, C. M., the removal of labor-
ers, 346.

Paper money, changes in circulation
affecting nominal wages, 14; of the
American Revolution, 16; fluctua-

tions in paper money placing the
wages class at a disadvantage, 310-3
Parsimony of employers opposed to
true economy, 58, 59, 164.
Payment of wages, variety in form of,
19; payments in kind, 324-7.
Paupers in England in 1833 better fed
than independent laborers, 57; labor-
ers, once become paupers, seldom
recover tone, 88; English laws of
pauper settlement, 308, 309.
Peasant proprietorship of land, 5, 9,
207-9, 243.

Pennant, Th., Tour in Scotland, 324.
Perry, A. L., Political Economy, 138,

139, 143; The Financier, 81, 82, 253.
Peto, Sir M., testimony respecting
truck, 329.

Petre, Mr., payment of agricultural
wages in Prussia, 20n.; the practice
wandering" in manual trades in
Germany, 187n.

of

Phipps, Mr., married women but little
employed in factories in Würtem-
berg, 383n.

Piece-work, how to compute the wages
of, 13n.

Pig, permission to keep, 23; formerly
paying the rent in Ireland, 24.
Political Economy, the orthodox, 155.
the d priori school, 175.
Poor Laws, English, 308, 309; effect
on wage labor, 319-22.
Population, Malthus' law of, chap. vi.
Porter, G. R., The Progress of the

Nation, 12; Statistical Journal, 350.
Potato, the, its use as the sole article
of food, 121-4.

Poverty the curse of the poor, 166.
Prices and Wages. 13; differences in

local prices introduce great complex-
ity into computations of wages, 17.
Production furnishes the measure of
wages, chap. viii.; continuity of,
the employer's interest in, 298, 299.
Profits, certain classes of laborers paid
from profits, not from revenue, 9;
profits, the object in giving employ-
ment, 128-30, 291; the expectation
of profits the test of wage labor, 216,
the term made by some economists
to include the wages of supervision
and management, 10; in this treatise
it signifies the gains of the employer,
aside from the returns of capital, 230;
are excessive profits restored to
wages? 237-9; are profits at the
minimum? 252-61; rates of profit,
268.

"Protective" Tariffs supported by ar-

guments which confound wages
and the cost of labor, 41.
Prussia, relative expenditure of differ-
ent classes for food, clothing, etc.,
117n.; factory legislation, 360, 361;

women in agriculture, 380n.; strikes, |
395n.; trades unions and friendly
societies, 402.

Purdy, Fred'k, payment of wages in
Wales, 20n.; in England, 21n.; har-
vest wages in Ireland, 26n.; irregu-
larity of agricultural wages, 2in.;
substitution of corn-meal for the
potato in Ireland, 120n.; difference
in local agricultural wages, 186n.;
division of the annual product of land
in England, 269n.: cider and beer
payments in English agriculture,
327; women in agriculture, 380n.

Quarrying, irregularity of employment
in, 28.

Quetelet, A., statistics of height and
weight, 50, 51.

Real, distinguished from nominal
wages, 12.

Real, distinguished from nominal cost
of labor, 40.

Rent, in part payment of wages, 21:
Ricardo's theory of rent, 224, 225;
the term only used in this treatise
of sums paid for land actually leased,
225, 226; rates of rent influenced
greatly by public opinion, 367-72;
rental of machines, 332-5
Report (House of Commons), Employ-
ment of women and children in agri-
culture, 20., 22, 24, 47, 52, 53, 72,
176n.; 201, 202, 382n.; Friendly So-
cieties (1874), 403; Railway laborers
(1846), 176, 329; Poor Law Com-
missioners (1831), 322n.; (1832),
322n.; (1833), 57, 86n.: (1842), 34, 37,
62, 64, 85; stoppage of wages, 1867;
Payment of Wages Bill (1854), 21n.;
255n., 256n., 329; to Local Govern-
ment Board (1873), 52, 69, 378n.
Respect and sympathy for labor, influ-
ential in determining wages, 362-72;
wanting in the case of women as la-
borers, 383, 381.
Retail trade, failure of competition
in, 311-5.

Returns of capital, the term how used
in this treatise, 225, 231, 232.
Revenue, certain classes of laborers
paid from the revenue of their em-
ployer, and not from profits, 9.
Ricardo, David, his theory of rent,
224n.; definition of the banking func-
tion, 228.

Richard IL (England), industrial
legislation of his reign, 305, 307;
insurrection of the serfs, 390.
Rickards, Prof., the doctrine of Mal-
thus, 195.

Riesbach, Baron, habits respecting
dress of North and South Germans,
117.

Rogers, J. E. Thorold, Political Econ-
omy, 66; increased productiveness
of English agriculture, 93n.; cheap
food undesirable, 121; effects of
fashion on manufacturing industry,
179n.; popular tenure of the soil,
211n.; profits-interest, 231n., 233;
co-operation defined, 267n; the
English law of pauper settlement,
308; competition in retail trade, 315;
frugality of Cumberland and West-
moreland peasantry, 347; rents in
England, 368; the condition of the
Irish peasantry before the famine,
370n.; History of Agriculture and
Frices in England, freedom of labor
movement, 13th to 15th century,
187n. peasantry divorced from the
soil, 222, 223; industrial legislation
following the Black Death, 304; wo-
men in trades, 379; the servile insur-
rection, 390; Cobden and Political
Opinion, the incidence of taxation,
316; rents in England influenced by
public opinion, 367; Notes to Adam
Smith's Wealth of Nations, 317.
Rose, Edwin, superiority of English
labor, 43, 68.

Rumford, Count, Essays, 166n.
Russia, holidays in, 29; inefficiency
of labor, 43; irregularity in factory
attendance, 48n.; feebleness of the
industrial desires of the peasantry,
127n.; mobility of the laboring
population, 180; peasant proprietor-
ship increasing, 209; savings banks
statistics, 350n.; absence of factory
legislation, 362; value of serfs
before emancipation, 373; women
in agriculture, 379n.; strikes, 396;
"artels," 403.

Ryot tenancy, 9, 212.

Salary or stipend class, not wage-
laborers, 215, 247, 296n.
Sanitary Commission of the U. S.,
Statistical Memoirs, 51.
Savings banks statistics, 347, 349,
350.

Say, J. B., 166, 167n.
Scotland, payment of agricultural
wages in, 20; efficiency of labor, 47;
statistics of height, 50; former
indolence of the population, 76;
food habits of the people, 118,
120n.; speech differences among the
population affecting the mobility
of labor, 175n.; proportion of bread-
winners to de; endents, 191; tenure
of laud, 208; marriage statistics, 356,
881.; women in agriculture, 381n.
Scott, H. B. M. Consul, expenditures
of different classes in Würtemburg,
118n.; women in manufacturing
industry, 383n.

426

INDEX.

Sedgwick, T., Political Economy, 5.
Senior, Nassau W., Political Economy,
4, 9n., 42, 97, 104, 124n., 125n., 184,
185, 268n., 269n. 356n.; Lectures on
Wages, 25, 26; Foreign Poor Laws,
323.

Settlement, English law of pauper,
308.

Sexual restraint, influence on wages,
354-6.

Shaftesbury, Earl of, laborers' cot-
tages, 23.

Shares, laborers hired on, not properly
wage-laborers, 214.

Sickness, loss of time by, an element
in determining real wages, 28;
statistics of, 63; friendly societies
insuring against, 399, 402.
Simon, Jules, L'Ouvrière, 380n.
Sismondi, land the true savings bank,

348; public opinion influencing
rents in Italy, 368.

Slavery, the master's interest not
preventing abuse or neglect, 59.
Slave labor, always ineffective, 73, 74.
"Sliding Scale," in
wages, 270,

271.

Smith, Adam, Wealth of Nations
(Rogers' edition), ineffectiveness of
slave labor, 73; wages the encour-
agement of industry, 80; habits of
various nations respecting clothing,
124n.; proportion of bread-winners
to dependents, 125n. ; the immobility
of labor, 185; changes of occ pation,
192; the salary or stipend class, 215,
216; the ordinary rate of profit,
268n.; combination of masters to
lower wages, 393.
Smith, Angus, carbonic acid gas in
mines, 37.

Smith, E. Peshine, Political Economy,
58, 141.

Smith, George, excessive labor of
children in brickyards, 52.

Social Science Transactions, 1864, 286;
1865, 37, 48; 1866, 23, 61; 1867, 55,
65, 122.; 1868, 47; 1869, 38, 39;
1870, 52, 65; 1871, 274, 324; 1872,
21, 142., 285; 1874, 202.
Southern States (U. S.), payment of
agricultural wages in, 20.
Spain, higgling in retail trade, 315n;
absence of factory legislation,
362.

Spencer, Herbert, Principles of Biol-
ogy, 259n.

Spender, Edward, cider truck in Eng-
land, 327.

Spinsters. proportional number in
England and Scotland, 3812.
Spitalfields, the condition of the pop-
ulation, $5

Stanhope, Edward, laborers' cottages,
22n.

Statistical Journal, xii., 350;

184; xxii., 350; xxiii., 375; xxiv.,
20, 21, 30, 178, 186n, 187n, 327,
359; xxv., 26n., 33n.; xxvi. 122n.
xxvii., 33n., 327; xxviii., 48, 72,
178, 185, 257, 353; xxx., 388.
"Statute of laborers," 305, 392.
Strachey, Mr., Germans easily adapting
themselves to the ways of other
peoples, 187n.; coöperation in Den-
mark, 287, 289; restrictions on in-
dustry removed in Denmark, 309;
strikes, 396; trade clubs, 40%.
Strikes, loss of time by, 30; dura-
tion of, 31; coöperation would abol-
ish, 271; when strikes may be re-
garded as unsuccessful, 298n.; strikes
against the labor of women, 378n.;
the possible utility of strikes often
decided against, on grounds of the
wage fund, 385, 356;
ground that they always fail, 388,
on the
is this conclusive? 389; strikes are
the insurrections of labor; may be
justified by ultimate results, 390-392;
legislation against strikes in Eng-
Stuart, Consul, holidays in the Eastern
land, 392; in Europe, 395, 396.
church, 29n.; lack of machinery
Subsistence, tends to increase more
in Epirus, 67.
slowly than population, 102-5; the
condition precedent of production,
Sweden, duration of the laboring
152, 133.
power in, 34, 35; marriage statistics
Swedes
356, factory legislation, 362.
in
Switzerland, efficiency of labor in,
182.
United States,
45n.; industrial desires of the peas-
antry, 127.; character of the em-
ploying class 259, 260; cooperation,
274, 282; savings banks statistics,
350; division of landed property
Sykes, Col., the dwellings of Lanca-
351, factory legislation, 361.
Sympathy, public, influential in de-
shire, 61.
termining wages, 362-9; in deter-
mining rents, 369-72; wanting in
the case of women as laborers, 383,
384.

the

Tallon and Maurice, Legislation sur le
Travail des Enfants, 361.
Taylor, H. B. M. Consul, Eastern mar
riage customs, 116.
Taylor, W. C., married women in
factories in England, 353n.
Taxation, under perfect competition,
is diffused equitably, 160; under im-
perfect competition the wages class
may be put at disadvantage by ita
incidence, 315-18.

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