CHAPTER III. Influence of the Progress of Industry and § 1. First case; population increasing, capital stationary 2. Second case; capital increasing, population stationary 3. Third case; population and capital increasing equally, the 4. Fourth case; the arts of production progressive, capital 5. Fifth case; all the three elements progressive CHAPTER IV. Of the Tendency of Profits to a Minimum. § 1. Doctrine of Adam Smith on the competition of capital 2. Doctrine of Mr. Wakefield respecting the field of employ- 3. What determines the minimum rate of profit. 4. In opulent countries, profits habitually near to the mini- mum 5.- prevented from reaching it by commercial revulsions -- 300 § 1. Abstraction of capital not necessarily a national loss CHAPTER VII. On the Probable Futurity of the Labouring Classes. 2. The future well-being of the labouring classes principally dependent on their own mental cultivation 3. Probable effects of improved intelligence in causing a 4. Tendency of society towards the disuse of the relation of 5. Examples of the association of labourers with capitalists. CHAPTER I. Of the Functions of Government in general. CHAPTER II. Of the General Principles of Taxation. § 1. Four fundamental rules of taxation 2. Grounds of the principle of Equality of Taxation 4. Should the same percentage be levied on perpetual and on 390 6. A land tax, in some cases, not taxation, but a rent-charge 7. Taxes falling on capital, not necessarily objectionable. 412 CHAPTER III. Of Direct Taxes. § 1. A Tax on all Commodities would fall on profits 4. 2. Not desirable to redeem a national debt by a general 3. In what cases desirable to maintain a surplus revenue for CHAPTER VIII. Of the Ordinary Functions of Govern- ment considered as to their Economical Effects. § 1. Effects of imperfect security of person and property Page 487 3. Attempts to regulate the prices of commodities. 5. Laws against Combination of Workmen 6. Restraints on opinion or on its publication 530 CHAPTER XI. Of the Grounds and Limits of the Laisser- faire or Non-Interference Principle. § 1. Governmental intervention distinguished into authorita- . . 561 2. Objections to government intervention-the compulsory Cases in which the but liable to large exceptions. consumer is an incompetent judge of the commodity. 9. Case of persons exercising power over others. Protec- 12. Cases in which public intervention may be necessary to give effect to the wishes of the persons interested. Examples: hours of labour; disposal of colonial lands. 588 13. Case of acts done for the benefit of others than the |