Charles and his courtiers there playing your archers from Finsbury, and during at mall: the demonstration "mall" evi-, high market let them shoot at butts in dently being derived from the mallet or wooden hammer used by the players. STOOL-BALL is another ball-game, frequently mentioned by writers in the last century, but without any description of the game. Dr. Johnson describes it as a play, where balls are driven from stool to stool, but does not say in what manner, or to what purpose. FOOT-BALL, which forms the subject of our cut, was formerly much in vogue, though of late years it has fallen into disrepute, and is little practised. Mr. Strutt was unable to discover any trace of this game prior to the reign of Edward III. and then it was prohibited by a public edict; not, perhaps, from any particular objection to the sport itself, but because it cooperated, with other favourite amusements, to impede the progress of archery. When a match at foot-ball is made, two parties, each containing an equal number of competitors, take the field, and stand between two goals, placed at the distance of eighty yards one from the other; the ball, which is commonly made of a blown bladder, and cased with leather, is delivered in the midst of the ground, and the object of either party is to drive it through the goal of their antagonists, which being achieved, the game is won. The abilities of the performers are best displayed in attacking and defending the goals; when the exercise becomes exceedingly violent, the players kick each other's shins without the least ceremony, and some of them are overthrown at the hazard of their limbs. The goal is usually made with two sticks, driven into the ground, about two or three feet apart. The danger attending this game occasioned James I. to say, "From this court I debarre all rough and violent exercises, as foot-ball, meeter for lameing than makeing able the uses thereof." Rough and boisterous as this amusement unquestionably was, it used formerly to be played in the streets of London. Sir William Davenant, in a letter to a friend, in the reign of Charles II. containing a satirical description of the city, says, "I would now make a safe retreat, but that methinks I am stopped by one of your heroic games, called foot-ball, which I conceive (under, your favour) not very conveniently civil in the streets, especially in such irregular and narrow roads as Crooked-lane. Yet it argues your courage much like your military pastime of throwing at cocks; but your metal would be much magnified (since you have long allowed these two valiant exercises in the streets,) to draw Cheapside." The citizens ("under fa- The boys made use of a blown bladder without the covering of leather, by way of foot-ball, putting peas and horse-beans inside, which occasioned a rattling noise as it was kicked about : "And nowe in winter, when men kill the fat swine, They get the bladder and blow it great and thin, With many beans and peas are put within It rattleth, soundeth, and shineth cleare and fayre While it is thrown and cast up in the ayre, Each one contendeth and hath a grete delight With foot and with hand the bladder for to smite; If it fall to ground they lift it up again, And this waye to labour they count for no payne." It is in this innocent form the game is now played at some of our public schools, especially at the Royal Military Academy, where we have seen the cadets amusing themselves with this harmless projectile. Most of the ancient ball-games have been superseded by the noble game of cricket, which is now frequently played in the vicinity of London, especially at Kennington, where on the common, in the summer season, may be seen, sometimes, a dozen parties at once. ENTOMOLOGY. WE are induced to make a few observations on a study that has, as yet, in this country, been pursued quietly and in secrecy by a few; we are well aware that the number of its votaries has increased within the last four or five years, from the works that have been published on the subject, and which has sufficiently; shown the importance and interest attached to this department of science. It would appear not a little surprising that the generality of persons should be so completely ignorant on this subject, although extremely well-informed on other; ENTOMOLOGY. topics; but it is no less strange than true, that Zoology in this country has been most grievously neglected; so much so, that circumstances of every-day occur rence are frequently noticed in our daily journals as objects of wonder, of admiration, and of surprise. We will advert at once to the notice of the appearance of butterflies during the winter months; this circumstance we often see mentioned as an extraordinary occurrence, and as something very peculiar. Now it is a fact, well known to all entomologists, that there are many insects that make their appearance in their perfect state late in the autumn, and, for the most part, live through the winter, but in a torpid state; of these, the genus Goneptreya and Vunessa are peculiar, besides a host of Zor trices, &c.; and it is by no means uncommon to see these beautiful insects flying in the vicinity of woods on fine and mild days during the noonday sun, throughout the winter. We know also, by experience, that many of the rarer species of insects of this country, may be found even in the severest weather in their hybernal retreats, secreted under the bark of trees, clods of earth, in bark, decayed wood, banks, &c. It is also certain that those in the larva state, which live on the roots of plants, decayed wood, &c., retire deeper on the approach of cold and severe frost. It is a fact, and we believe but little known, that the larva or caterpillars of many of our most beautiful lepidopterous insects live all the winter, amongst these many of the Geometra larva which, from the peculiar mode in which they attach themselves to the sprays of trees, the protuberances with which their bodies are covered, and the uniformity of colour with the back, often give them more the appearance of young shoots than of an animal, and thus easily escape the eye of the most vigilant collector, and is, no doubt, a mark supplied by the all-wise PROVIDENCE to protect those to all appearance unprotected from the insectivorous birds. Of the latter we shall give an interesting fact, and which, we have no doubt, will be useful to some of our entomological friends, and which, we trust, will lead to farther observation. In the autumn of 1822, Mr. John Chant, a most indefatigable and industrious entomologist, met with the larva of Geometra Ro boraria of Hübner, and Haworth, ou oak trees, in the new forest of Hampshire; it kept feeding until very late in the season, so late, indeed, that the winter was far advanced, and no more oak in leaf could be procured for it; it, however, did not seem to require it, as it shrunk consider ably in bulk, but still kept itself attached 179 to the stem of the oak, in its usual position when not eating; in this state it remained motionless, and without food, during the winter; early in the spring it exhibited signs of returning animation; it, however, was weak, and much wrinkled, being reduced in substance; as soon as the slightest movement was observed the earliest shrub was procured, which was whitethorn, and just beginning to bud, this it readily eat, but did not confine itself to the buds alone, but fed also on the bark of the younger shoots: it now throve ra pidly, young branches of oak were introduced, on which it likewise fed, but it confined itself to the youngest, and apparently, the most tender shoots. Long before the oak-trees were in leaf the insect had acquired its full size, and had retired to the pupa state; it reappeared in its last and imago, or perfect state, in June, the usual time of its appearance in a state of nature. It is generally supposed by the farmer and agriculturist that severe frosts destroy insects; it is also, we believe, no uncommon practice to manure the ground with injured turnips, and various other decayed vegetable substances, which, no doubt, contain frequently the eggs and pupa of the very insects that will, in all probability, tend to destroy the next year's crop this certainly shows an ignorance for which they very frequently suffer severely, and which might, in a great measure, be avoided by a better acquaintance with our subject. We might, indeed, adduce numerous instances of the inconvenience arising from the want of a proper knowledge of Entomology to the agriculturist, the traveller, we might also say, the military, naval, and medical man, whose opportunities are frequently very great in forming collections in the countries they may visit; there are, however, some few who have directed their attention to this very laudable purpose, and who have equally distinguished themselves in their professions, as well as by their scientific researches; they have also, by this means, added many valuable facts to natural history that have been a source of credit and honour to their country, whilst it has afforded them a pleasant and rational recreation from their more laborious duties. Unfortunately for natural history, it is not in this country considered as a branch of education, otherwise we should not be so far behind our continental neighbours ; we are, however, happy to observe no lack either in good will or inclination by many whose occupations lead them to distant climes, but who will ever regret the want of that outline of Zoology, which could have been given, had it stood in a higher estimation with Englishmen; it is with regret we say it, but we cannot be silent when we see a nation who has had better opportunities than, perhaps, any other on the face of the globe, so far in the back ground: The seeds, however, we trust, are sown by a few zealous individuals, and we hope, ere long, should the harvest not be so rich as we could wish, yet it will, no doubt, lead to a farther cultivation of one of the noblest studies of man the WORKS CREATOR. Review and Analysis. OF HIS TRAVELS IN SOUTH AMERICA DURING THE YEARS 1819-20-21; CONTAINING AN ACCOUNT OF BRAZIL, BUENOS AYRES AND CHILE. BY ALEX. CALDCLEUGH, ESQ., 2 VOLS. 8vo. LONDON, MUPRAY. THE decisive victory on the plains of Guamanquilla has placed beyond the power of chance the independence of South America, and we may now speculate with certainty on the influence this event will have on the future interests of Europe. Under the jealous and ignorant government of Old Spain, the trans-atlantic states formed little more than an immense territorial waste, shut out from all the advantages it might have derived from European intellect, energy, and industry. Commerce and agriculture, mines, manufactures, laws, education, in short, every pursuit was withheld from the benefits of modern improvements and discoveries. The effect of removing these obstacles must be prodigious. To Great Britain, in particular, it must open a boundless and exhaustless field of activity and enterprise; and the changes which must be effected in a few years, by British capital, machinery, manufacturing skill, and mechanical ingenuity are incal culable. England is already in a state of unexampled prosperity, but the new markets about to be opened to our commerce must tend still further to augment it. At present our manufactures are but imperfectly known in South America; even in those states with which we have maintained a commercial intercourse for years, they have scarcely penetrated beyond the great towns and sea-coast: how greatly, then, must the demand for them be increased when they become available to the interior population-when our hardwares, cottons, and linens are not confined to the capitals of Brazil, Buenos Ayres, or Columbia, but find their way into the re cesses of Chile, Peru, and Mexico. There appears no obstacle to this result; internal tranquillity will now be firmly established; and from the apparently enlightened characters of the new governments of South America, it is probable every facility and encouragement will be offered to British industry. The United States, which have hitherto formed the chief estuary for our surplus population and industry can, in future, only expect to share it with her South American neighbours; the tide of emigration and commercial enterprise has found a new outlet; and in a few years the capitals of Lima, Santiago, and Bogota will be as familiar to our ears, as New York, Boston, and Baltimore. Under this view of the subject every thing connected with South America becomes of great interest and importance; and we are desirous of laying before our readers all the information we can procure. Mr. Caldcleugh is not exactly so intelligent and informing a traveller as we could wish; his observations are seldom remarkable for acuteness or originality, and his details and descriptions are too few and general to afford an accurate view of his subject. Nevertheless, his work contains a great deal of valuable information on the natural history, the geology, and statistics of South America, and these, we believe, form the topics of paramount interest in this country. Mr. Caldeleugh went to America in the suit of Mr. Thornton, the British minister at Rio de Janeiro, where he arrived, after a pleasant voyage of only forty-five days. In the passage, after a severe gale of wind, the ship's deck and rigging were covered with numbers of butterflies and moths blown from the shore, which, at the period, was distant upwards of a hundred miles. When they had reached 4 of latitude, it was determined to try for soundings, with a weight of six hundred pounds attached to the rope, which at first ran out with considerable velocity, but afterwards sluggishly; and when two thousand fathoms were expended it was determined to recall it when about onefourth of the line was recovered, it gave way, to the great disappointment of those who imagined that with a sufficiency of line a bottom might be found. From Rio de Janeiro Mr. Caldcleugh's travels extended to Buenos Ayres, then across the continent to Santiago, the capital of Chile. From Chile Mr. C. proceeded to Lima-returns to Santiago and Buenos Ayres-sails to Rio de Janeiro-and, after visiting the gold mine, and other objects of interest in Brazil, returns to England. Without accompanying our traveller through the different stages of his progress, we will : TRAVELS IN SOUTH AMERICA. 181 select those details and descriptions which part by an aqueduct of many arches, exappear most interesting. RIO DE JANEIRO. The streets of Rio de Janeiro are, in general, straight, but narrow and confined. The squares are by no means numerous, and, as the houses are not regularly built, there is nothing to admire in them. The palace, facing the landing-place, is neither handsome nor convenient; and, excepting the addition of the convent of the Carmelites, it remains the same as when it was inhabited by a viceroy. The interior, either for apartments or furniture, is little worthy of remark. Adjoining is the Royal Chapel, on which all the skill of natives and foreigners has been lavished, and not in vain. There are three or four churches of an Italian style of architecture, such as San Francisco de Paul and the Candelaria, particularly neat. The convents, either for men or women, are not very numerous. The monastery of the rich order of the Benedictines is well worthy of a visit: the chapel is imposing, but dark from luxuriance of ornament. The Carmelites now occupy the former college of the Lapa, and the old college of the Jesuits has become a military hospital. The convent of the Portuguese saint, San Antonio, who until lately held the rank of lieutenant-general in the service, his pay and allowances being regularly drawn by the monks of his order, is built on an eminence, and from its terrace a very excellent idea may be formed of the extent and direction of the capital. The convent of the nuns of Santa Teresa stands on an eminence behind the town, and forms a pretty object from the bay. The other convent, which has served as a temporary burying-place for the royal family, is in the Rua da Ajuda, and is far from being an ugly building. The theatre of St. John, in part supported by an annual lottery, is built in the square called the Rocio, and both externally and internally is well decorated. Behind it is the Mint and Treasury, a large building generally visited by strangers, to see the process of cutting and polishing a certain proportion of the diamonds which come down the country, the larger quantity being sent to Europe in the rough state. The Museum, in the Campo San Anna, may be also classed among the public buildings. One of the streets is filled with the warehouses for slaves, where the unhappy negro is prepared for sale. It is crowded with planters and merchants, soon after the arrival of any slave ship. There are several fountains in different parts of the town, with police officers attending to preserve order. They are supplied for the most tending from near the summit of the Corcovado, the highest peak round the bay, being by barometrical measurement upwards of 2100 English feet. The houses in the city are built either of stone brought from the numerous quarries in the immediate neighbourhood, or of brick work plastered with shell lime. The rooms are generally large, with little furniture, and that, in most cases, of the commonest description. The houses in the vicinity of Rio de Janeiro, upon which all the skill of the architect has been expended, are mostly surrounded by verandas, which contribute much to their coolness. The Exchange, a neat building, was opened in 1820. The pavement of the streets is very indifferent; and the roads, extending only a short distance round the town, are purposely kept soft to spare the feet of the blacks. The markets in Rio de Janeiro present little worthy of note. The fish market, indeed, is distinguished for the great variety exposed, caught principally, if not entirely, within the harbour. Fruit is sold in every corner and square. The meat shambles are very properly confined to particular spots. The public garden, some years ago so much frequented, and consequently kept in excellent order, is now much neglected and fast going to decay. It may be remarked, in concluding this account of Rio de Janeiro, that the eye on every side discovers the most majestic scenery, covered with all the luxuriance of a tropical vegetation; and however soured the European may sometimes be, with the want of comfort, or the heat, yet he will generally acknowledge, that this spot has not been surpassed, if equalled, by any other that has fallen under his observation. The regular land and sea breeze prevails at Rio, and its value can only be appreciated by those who have resided in a tropical country. The summer commences in the month of October, and lasts until March or April. The climate of Brazil, Mr. Caldcleugh thinks, is decidedly healthier than that of the United States, notwithstanding the superior cleanliness and cleared state of the latter country. tent required. It the wood be virgin, that is, never disturbed before, the flight of reptiles, birds, and insects from the conflagration is an object of surprise and dread to those engaged in the undertaking. Many hundreds of a large bird, called seriema, unawed by the explosions caused by the bursting of the bamboos, follow the progress of the flames, and feed on the scorched insects. The appearance of the land, after the flames have subsided, is singular. The fire passes too rapidly to consume the trunks of the larger trees, which remain scattered over the waste, standing like dismal monuments of the vegetable grandeur which so lately pervaded the spot. No trouble is exerted to remove them in one season, unprotected by leaves or bark, they soon mingle with the soil. The ground being_now very rancid, or, as it is called by the Portuguese, bravo, is only suited to the cultivation of maize, or Indian corn, which becomes the first crop. The operation of burning is scarcely finished, before the rains take place, and the sowing of the maize is commenced. The harvest often yields a hundred and twenty for one. The sugar cane is one of the early crops. The whole apparatus of the sugar-house is humble. None of those large machines which embellish our West India islands are met with. The work is carried on by day only, and much, therefore, of that severity, said to prevail in our possessions, is avoided. The largest portion of the sugar is clayed. The coffee plantations are now considered the most lucrative of any, and some foreigners have dedicated themselves to the cultivation of it with considerable success. No wheat, barley, or oats grow in the district of Rio de Janeiro; but there is a species of cytisus (cajan) which affords another means of subsistence, and is held in considerable estimation. The manufactures in this part of Brazil are scarcely worthy of notice. Some very coarse cottons, and hammocks, and some articles of saddlery come down from the interior. From the province of the mines, .cheese and bacon are received. It is not easy to learn with accuracy the produce of the diamond mines, as they are worked by government, and strictly monopolized: much smuggling consequently prevails. In some years the quantity discovered by government has amounted to as much as 4000 octavas of eighteen carats, but these are years of rare occurrence: taking the average, how ever, of some years, the number of octavas would come to near 1200. In this quantity there would be, of course, many of arge size, adding immensely to the value. . It is calculated that about the same quantity is smuggled; and there are strong reasons to suppose, that if no difficulties were thrown in the way, owing to the facility with which they are obtained, the produce of Brazil diamonds, in every way as fine as the oriental, would have considerable effect on the demand. With respect to the quantity of gold which comes from the mines, it is immersed in a certain degree of obscurity. The one-fifth due to government is the principal cause that I never could ascertain, in each mine which I visited, its exact produce. I shall have another oppor tunity of saying more on this head, and explaining why the produce of the gold mines is on the decrease, which I certainly conceive to be the case. Knowing the amount of the workings at the commencement of the centy, and from information I collected in Rio de Janeiro, and in the mines, and making allowances for that exaggeration so common in Brazil, and all new countries, I consider the annual value of gold certainly does not exceed 900,0007., including the contraband. No silver is produced in Brazil. As there is lead, it would be too much to affirm that none exists, but probably the quantity would be trifling. The silver coin is mostly Spanish dollars, restamped into three patack pieces, by which a considerable profit is obtained on each. MANNERS, MARRIAGES, AND FUNERALS. It is on Sundays and on feast-days that all the wealth and magnificence of a Bra zilian family is exhibited. At an early hour the household prepares for church, and marches, almost without exception, in the following order: first, the master, with cocked hat, white trowsers, blue linen jacket, shoes and buckles, and a gold headed cane; next follows the mistress, in white muslin, with jewels, a large white fan in her hand, white shoes and stockings; flowers ornament the dark hair: then follow the sons and daughters; afterwards a favourite mulatto girl of the lady, with white shoes and stockings, perhaps two or three of the same rank; next, a black mordomo, or steward, with cocked hat, breeches, and buckles; next, blacks of both sexes, with shoes, and no stockings, and several others without either; and two or three black boys, little encumbered with clothes, bring up the rear. Marriages, at least such as I had an opportunity of witnessing, were attended by few. The bride first went into the confessional, and then approached the altar, where the intended husband was waiting for her. Their right hands being then bound firmly together by a gold |