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PAPYRUS.-Pliny is in error in saying that papyrus was not used for paper before the time of Alexander the Great; for papyri of the most remote Pharaonic period are found with the same mode of writing as that of the age of Cheops. A papyrus now in Europe, of the date of Cheops, establishes the early use of written documents, and the antiquity of paper made of the byblus long before the time of Abraham. As papyrus was expensive, few documents of that material are found, and these are generally rituals, sales of estates, and official papers. Papyrus was used until about the seventh century of our era. A soldier's leave of absence has been discovered written upon a broken piece of earthenware. The use of the liber or inner bark of trees among the ancients is well known. In the "Philosophical Transactions" Sir John Clerk says, "The most ancient sort of Charta (or paper) was of the inner bark of trees, called liber in Latin, whence a book had the name of liber; but very little of this sort is now in being." Hence the term leaf was first applied to paper from leaves, especially of palms, formerly used for writing on.

INVESTMENT life insurance is attracting a very large share of attention at this time, and we assume because it has been conclusively shown that men may in this way have their lives insured for a long series of years, and at the end of the term receive all they have paid to a Company, together with a moderate rate of interest thereon. This is especially true of the Penn Mutual Life, of Philadelphia. We have seen some of the results of this form of insurance, and they would be surprising if they were not true, but they are fully vouched by the statements of the policy-holders.

SUPERSTITIONS ABOUT BABIES.-Among Vosges peasants children born at new moon are supposed to have their tongues better hung than others, while those born at the last quarter are supposed to have less tongue but better reasoning powers. A daughter born during the waxing moon is always precocious. Welsh mothers put a pair of tongs or a knife in the cradle to insure the safety of their children: the knife is also used for the same purpose in some parts of England. Roumanian mothers tie red ribbons around the ankles of their children to preserve them from harm, while Esthonian mothers attach bits of asafetida to the necks of their offspring. In Holland garlic, salt, bread, and steak are put into the cradle of the new-born babe. In Ireland a belt made of woman's hair is placed about a child to keep harm away. Upon the birth of a child in Lower Brittany the neighboring women at once take it in charge, wash it, crack its joints, and rub its head with oil to solder the cranium bones. It is then wrapped up in a tight bundle, and its lips are anointed with brandy to make it a full Breton. In modern Greece the mother, before putting the child in its cradle, turns three times around before the fire while singing her favorite song to ward off evil spirits. In Scotland it is said that to rock the empty cradle will insure the coming of other occupants for it. In London the mother places a book under the head of the new-born infant that it may be quick at reading, and puts money into the first bath to guarantee its possession in the future. In Turkey the child is loaded with amulets as soon as it is born, and a small bit of mud well steeped in hot water, prepared by previous charms, is stuck on its forehead. In Spain the child's face is swept with a pine-tree bough to bring good luck.

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MISCELLANEOUS →→→→→

DIAMONDS ADVANCING.

Within the past two months there has been an advance of over fifteen per cent. in the price of diamonds. This is ascribed to the increased expense of working the mines as they become deeper, while, at the same time, the production of fine stones fails to keep pace with the ever-growing demand for that quality.

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THE POLITICAL CYCLOPÆDIA.

If you wish to think, speak, and act intelligently upon the great questions of the day you need this work, written by the most eminent specialists of this country and Europe; e. g., DAVID A. WELLS discusses the Tariff and Tariff Legislation, from the stand-point of the free-trader, and D. H. MASON, from the point of view of the protectionist; E. L. GODKIN writes of Office-Holders; PROF. ALEXANDER JOHNSTON, the articles on the Political History of the U.S.; DORMAN B. EATON, of Civil Service Reform; PRES. D. C. GILMAN, of Universities; SIMON STERNE, of Railroads; PRES. F. A. WALKER, of Public Revenue and Wages; EDWARD ATKINSON, of Banks; JOHN J. KNOX, of the Currency, etc.; THOMAS M. COOLEY, Pres. Interstate Commerce Commission, of The Bar, Law of Corporation, etc.; HORATIO C. BURCHARD, ex-Director of the Mint, of Coinage, Gold, Silver, etc.

THE IDEAL FRENCH READER.
LA FRANCE.

Notes d'un Américain Recueillies et Mises en Ordre
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ANECDOTES NOUVELLES. Lectures faciles et amusantes et Récitations. A new and charming budget of Franco-American Tidbits excellently adapted for reading, memorizing, or class drill of any kind. Paper, 30 cents.

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ELWALL'S DICTIONARY.
English-French and French-English.
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The publishers have just prepared a 16-page pamphlet descriptive of this great work, which they will send free to any one who wishes to know all about it. It is published in three superb volumes, averaging one thousand pages each, at the following prices: Cloth, $5.00; sheep, $6.00; half morocco, $7.00; full morocco, $8.00 per volume.

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"CAN'T REMEMBER DATES?" HISTORICAL EPOCHS. With a System of Mnemonics. By E. A. FITZSIMON. A concise but comprehensive and accurate epitome of ancient, mediæval, and modern history, with a very easy and practical system of mnemonics whereby the dates of the most important events can be readily fixed in the memory. 12mo, cloth, 60 cents.

"A fair trial will satisfy the most sceptical as to its merits."-THOS. HUNTER, LL.D., Prest. Normal College, New York.

Charles E. Merrill & Co., Publishers,

743 BROADWAY, NEW YORK.

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