ing those of Rome." It will be readily supposed that Muni-cipia were chiefly occupied by Roman inhabitants. Two cities of this description are mentioned by Richard: Verulamium (St. Alban's) and Eburacum (York.)

It was the good policy of the Romans, to plant colonies in every country successfully visited by their arms. These settlements were of different kinds, each distinct class being entitled to dissimilar rights and privileges; but we are destitute of information concerning the rank occupied by those of our own country. In regard to the general character, and beneficial tendency, of such establishments, it has been observed, "that the soldiers were thereby rendered more eager to make conquests, of which they hoped to enjoy a share: the veterans were at once rewarded for their past services at a very small expence, and engaged to perform new services in defence of the state, in order to preserve their own properties: the city of Rome, and other cities of Italy, were relieved from time to time of their superfluous inhabitants, who were dangerous at home but useful in the colonies: the Roman language, laws, manners, and arts, were introduced into the conquered countries, which were thereby improved and adorned, as well as secured and defended.”+

The first Roman colony in Britain, was fixed by Claudius at Camulodunum (Colchester;) and eight others were subsequently planted, at Richborough, London, Gloucester, Bath, Caerleon, Cambridge, Lincoln, and Chester. It will be noticed that bodies of colonized soldiery were, thus, carefully placed along the eastern and western sides of the island.

Teu cities under the Latian law are named by Richard of Cirencester. In the valuable commentary on the work of Richard, it is observed, that "the Latian law consisted of the privileges. granted to the ancient inhabitants of Latium. These are not distinctly

• Rosini Antiq. Rom. b. x. c. 23. as quoted in Hatcher's edition of the Itinerary, &c. of Richard of Cirencester.

+ Henry's Hist, of Great Britain, Vol. I. p. 341.

distinctly known; but appear principally to have been the right of following their own laws, an exemption from the edicts of the Roman Prætor, and the option of adopting the laws and customs of Rome."*

The ten cities which are said by Richard to have been favoured with the communication of the Jus Latii, are Durnomagus (Castor on Nen) Cataractonis (Catteric) Cambodunum (Slack) Coccium (Blackrode) Lugubalia (Carlisle) Ptorotone (Burghead) Victoria (Dealgin Ross) Theodosia (Dumbarton) Corinum (Cirencester) Sorbiodunum (Old Sarum.)

Stipendiary towns were such as paid their taxes in money, in contradistinction from those which gave a certain portion of the produce of the soil, and were called Vectigales.† Richard enumerates twelve stipendiary towns: Venta Silurum (Caerwent) Venta Belgarum (Winchester) Venta Icenorum (Castor, near Norwich) Segontium (Caer Segont) Maridunum (Caermarthen) Rata (Leicester) Cantiopolis (Canterbury) Durinum (Dorchester) Isca (Exeter) Bremenium (Riechester, Northumberland) Vindonum (possibly Egbury Camp, Hants) and Durobrivæ (Rochester.)

Such were the classes into which the Romans divided their towns in Britain; and the thirty-three instances of various kinds given above, are mentioned by Richard of Cirencester, as those which were most celebrated and conspicuous. But he informs us that the total number of important towns in Romanized Britain, was not less than ninety-two; and there is reason to believe that it was indeed much greater. Mr. Whitaker asserts that "Britain, from the southern sea to the firths of Forth and Cluyd, at the close of the first century, possessed a hundred and forty towns in all." Richard expressly observes that he has commemorated only such as were greatly distinguished.

• Hatcher's edit. of Richard of Cirencester, p. 68. apud Rosini.

+ Rosini, as quoted in the commentary on Richard of Cirencester, p. 69. Hist. of Manchester, Vol. I. p. 322.

The progressive advantages derived by the Britons, from this intermixture of population with their polished invaders, are unquestionable, and truly splendid; although, as a nation, they were subject to some humiliation and to many penalties. We view, indeed, the progress of mind in every step of the conquering legions; and, whilst contemplating so attractive a picture, subjugation itself loses all deformity of aspect.

Inspirited by the lessons of Roman industry, the inhabitants even of deep inland districts now placed their neglected soil under the operation of the plough; and so successful were the efforts of agricultural labour, that Britain soon exported, annually, large quantities of corn, and assisted greatly in supplying with grain the Roman armies on the continent.

The manufacturing arts accompanied the cultivation of the British soil; and commerce received a new and powerful impulse. Fresh ports were opened; and the Briton, aroused from the slumber of sylvan inactivity, was instructed in the natural wealth and mercantile capacities of his country.

Induced, by precept and example, to prefer social interchange to sullen and ferocious seclusion, he quitted by slow degrees his gloomy embowered retreat, and entered on the joys and confidence of busy congregation. The city arose on the site of dark woodland huts; and the Briton was courted, even by his conquerors, to become its inmate.

The motive which suggested this persuasion towards urbanity, might be merely political and selfish; but its instruments of action were noble, for they consisted in a communication of such arts as dignify life, and render society desirable, by exhibiting its courtesies.

The Roman language, and its stores of literary treasure, were imparted to the rude natives of Britain with sedulous care; and thus, with an abruptness almost unprecedented in the annals of nations, a profound ignorance of letters received, at once, the illumination of the highest efforts of philosophy and correct taste. With the literature of Italy was introduced a relish for the elegant indolence

indolence of the portico and the bath; a fondness for delicate at tire; and a love of those social parties in which eloquence, classical learning, and the graces of personal deportment, obtained opportunities of exercise and distinction.

A transition so speedy resembles the change of scenery in his trionic exhibition. The Britons, indeed, by their quick adop tion of the refined notions of their conquerors, would appear to have avoided the tedious process of many stages usual with the cultivation of the human mind; and to have passed, at once, from the gloom of barbarous life to a familiarity with that standard mass of lettered intelligence, which forms the proudest acquisition of the scholar at the present day.

These rapid improvements in art and science, were necessarily productive of a striking change in the general face of the country. Large tracts were cleared of their unprofitable burthen of thickly matted trees; and the increasing towns and villages were rendered easy of communication by lines of solid road, formed in attention to the principle of those great military highways, which, under the guidance of the Romans, intersected the island in various directions, and which will shortly meet with particular notice, as the most distinguished vestiges of this important era. It will be readily supposed that the domestic architecture introduced by the Romans communicated hints for improvement in the British style of building; whilst public edifices for legislative purposes now first adorned the cities of the Britons.

With the familiar customs of the Romans was adopted, by a great part of the conquered inhabitants of this island, their system of theology; and the vast circular temple, placed deeply in the mysterious sanctity of thick woods, was now abandoned for temples of hewn stone, situated in the midst of towns, and decorated with sculptured devices. This first remove from an extreme rudeness of divine worship, was quickly succeeded by the introduction of Christianity. The enlightening beams of this beneficent religion were communicated to Britain, according to the opinions of those who have most attentively considered the subject,

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subject, before the close of the first century. Their diffusion, however, was gradual; and the poverty of the early Christians debarred them from adorning the country with edifices proportioned in splendour to their religious zeal. The chief, or, perhaps, the only tangible religious relics of this era, which have descended to the present day, are connected with the votive piety of heathen Rome.

ROMAN ANTIQUITIES IN BRITAIN.*

ROMAN STATIONS, AND CAMPS OF VARIOUS KINDS.-Independant of a consideration of their roads, the most important vestiges

* The contents of the map which accompanies this section of our work, are briefly explained by a table of references. In that table it is shewn that each of the Roman roads mentioned in the Itinerary of Richard of Cirencester, together with numerous recent discoveries of roads not noticed either by Richard or Antonine, are laid down, and expressed by lines of a different character and colour. A reference is, also, afforded to such STATIONS as are mentioned by Richard; and to many stations, and camps, not noticed by that useful writer. The whole is the result of actual investigation, chiefly made by the Rev. Thomas Leman, to whom this work is indebted for a contribution of the original drawing, containing such discoveries as have been made since the appearance of Mr. Hatcher's edition of Richard of Ciren

cester.

It is confidently presumed that a satisfactory view is thus presented of such vestiges of Romanized Britain, as have been ascertained to exist, at the present day, by positive local examination.

In addition to the explanation contained in the table of reference, it is necessary to present an enumeration of the stations laid down in the map; and to attach to each its Roman name, according to the opinion of the antiquary by whom the design for the map is contributed.

I first enumerate the stations mentioned by Richard of Cirencester; and subsequently, present an enumeration of such stations and camps as are not mentioned by Richard ;-prefixing to each the figure by which it is correspondently denoted in the body of the map. But it will be observed (as is explained in the table of reference) that the stations mentioned by Richard are marked, in the map, with Italic figure; whilst those not mentioned by Richard