Tuition Tax Credits: Hearings Before the Subcommittee on Taxation and Debt Management of the Committee on Finance, United States Senate, Ninety-seventh Congress, First Session, Частина 2U.S. Government Printing Office, 1981 |
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AFL-CIO Amendment American argument assistance Association attend benefit BEOG billion budget Catholic schools Chairman child choice Christian schools church church-related Clause Coleman Committee Congress constitutional cost Debt Management deductions desegregation dollars economic effect elementary and secondary enrollment Establishment Clause expenditure expenses federal government freedom funds grant high school higher education Hispanic income families increase inner city institutions Jewish Justice minority students National nonpublic schools Nyquist opportunity parochial schools percent private education private schools programs public education public policy public school system public schools Rabbi racial racial segregation religion revenue scholarships school parents school students secondary schools secular segregation Senator MOYNIHAN Senator PACKWOOD send their children separation of church Society of Sisters statement Subcommittee on Taxation subsidy Supreme Court tax credit legislation tax relief Taxation and Debt taxpayers teachers testimony Thank tion tuition tax credits VITULLO-MARTIN York
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Сторінка 438 - In these days, it is doubtful that any child may reasonably be expected to succeed in life if he is denied the opportunity of an education. Such an opportunity, where the state has undertaken to provide it, is a right which must be made available to all on equal terms. We come then to the question presented: Does segregation of children in public schools solely on the basis of race, even though the physical facilities and other "tangible" factors may be equal, deprive the children of the minority...
Сторінка 313 - The fundamental theory of liberty upon which all governments in this Union repose excludes any general power of the State to standardize its children by forcing them to accept instruction from public teachers only. The child is not the mere creature of the State; those who nurture him and direct his destiny have the right, coupled with the high duty, to recognize and prepare him for additional obligations.
Сторінка 243 - Every tax ought to be so contrived as both to take out and to keep out of the pockets of the people as Little as possible, over and above what it brings into the public treasury of the state.
Сторінка 448 - It is unnecessary to consider now whether legislation which restricts those political processes which can ordinarily be expected to bring about repeal of undesirable legislation, is to be subjected to more exacting judicial scrutiny under the general prohibitions of the Fourteenth Amendment than are most other types of legislation.
Сторінка 568 - I do not think the United States would come to an end if we lost our power to declare an Act of Congress void. I do think the Union would be imperiled if we could not make that declaration as to the laws of the several States.
Сторінка 562 - We are a religious people whose institutions presuppose a Supreme Being. . . . When the state encourages religious instruction or cooperates with religious authorities by adjusting the schedule of public events to sectarian needs, it follows the best of our traditions.
Сторінка 177 - The test may be stated as follows: what are the purpose and the primary effect of the enactment? If either is the advancement or inhibition of religion then the enactment exceeds the scope of legislative power as circumscribed by the Constitution. That is to say that to withstand the strictures of the Establishment Clause there must be a secular legislative purpose and a primary effect that neither advances nor inhibits religion.
Сторінка 448 - ... Nor need we enquire whether similar considerations enter into the review of statutes directed at particular religious, . . . , or national, . . . , or racial minorities . . . whether prejudice against discrete and insular minorities may be a special condition, which tends seriously to curtail the operation of those political processes ordinarily to be relied upon to protect minorities, and which may call for a correspondingly more searching judicial inquiry.
Сторінка 562 - First, the statute must have a secular legislative purpose: second, its principal or primary effect must be one that neither advances nor inhibits religion: , , , finally, the statute must not foster "an excessive government entanglement with religion...
Сторінка 469 - Neither a state nor the Federal Government can set up a church. Neither can pass laws which aid one religion, aid all religions, or prefer one religion over another.