to A verses (types 29 and 30). Type 39: þœt ic| @nigra | mē, 40: was him | Beowulfes | sid. But such verses are very rare in Beowulf. They appear to occur more often in Heliand; cp. tho sagda he| waldande | thank Hel. 475. The B verses occur about twice as often in the second half-line as in the first.

§ 72. Types 41-50 (Sievers' D2).

-X

In the types 41-50 (Sievers' D2) the first member is a strongly stressed word, which therefore alliterates, of the form or ux or -x. Since the disyllabic word with a short root-syllable cannot be looked on simply as a 'resolved stress' (for a long syllable), but lies in the middle between _ and __(monosyllabic words, and disyllabic words with a long root-syllable), these three forms inust be kept apart in arranging the subforms: (blad, pegn, fyrst, word types 41, 44, 46, 49), u× (flota, atol, werod, medo 42, 45, 47, 50) and _x (grētte, leoda 43, 48).

-X

The last two types (43: grētte | Geata | leod and 48: leoda | land-geweorc) occur only in the first half-line. Sievers calls them 'extended D verses' and assumes 'five members' for them (§ 37), but it is easy to see that the strong 'filling' of the first member makes as little alteration in the verserhythm, as in the case of A types 4 and 10 in comparison with the normal types 1-3 and 5-9. A word of the form x, therefore, in the D2

types 43 and 48, as in A verses 4 and 10, must be counted as only one member of the verse.

The middle foot of two members in D2 verses, as in B verses, consists generally of a simple word of the form -> or ʊux (types 41-43: blad wide sprang, flota stille bād, grētte Geata leod). A prefix may follow this, but only rarely an independent monosyllabic word (44, 45: þegn nytte beheold, atol yda geswing). The middle foot may consist of a monosyllabic word with a following prefix (46-48: first ford gewāt, werod eall ārās, lēoda land-geweorc).

§ 73. Types 49, 50.

Types 49 and 50 (word-hord on leac and medo-| stig gemæt), which Sievers includes among E verses, stand by themselves. Here the compound with two members (as well as in types 89, 90) has 'level stress' (cp. Studien zum germ. Alliterationsvers 1, § 43), whilst in E verses the first three members are united to form one foot with the chief stress on the first syllable. A new foot (hord on-, stīg ge-) begins with the second part of the compound. This foot is in no way different from the middle foot of types 46-48 (ford ge-, eall ā-, land-ge-). The second alliterating sound cannot, of course, be in the second part of the compound, but falls on the next independent word, viz. on the fourth member: medo-stig gemæt. But the verse laguland gefeol Exodus 482 shows the normal position of double alliteration in D2 verses,

§ 74. Types 51-60 (Sievers' E).

The E verses have the same masculine verse ending (or uu) as B and D2 verses, but the first member of the verse is somewhat more strongly stressed than that of D2 verses and, with the following foot of two members, makes up a single foot of three members (§ 63). This foot may be a simple word of the form or _x (type 52: murnende mod, 53: ædelinges fær), but it is generally a compound _l_x or uul_x (type 55: weordmyndum pah, 56: wlite-beorhtne wang). In each case a prefix or an unstressed monosyllable may follow (type 57: Welandes geweorc, 58: ædelinga gedriht, 59: an-fealdne gepōht, 60: worold-are forgeaf).

Verses, which begin with a simple word of three members with a long vowel in the middle syllable, are put separately (type 51: egsōde eorl), since the originally long vowel had perhaps become short and similar verb-forms are used also in A verses as feet of two members (type 29: weardōde hwile, 30: tryddōde tīr-fæst). The so-called 'shortened' E verses, the first foot of which is a compound of the form lux, also compose a separate group (type 54: bēag-hroden cwēn). They are found rarely and only in the second half-line. Thus they are distinct from those A verses, which are limited to the first half-line and, as the first foot of two members, have a compound of the form (12: folc-stede frætwan, 19: nÿd-wracu nīđ-grim).

Quite rarely we find also a compound of the form _xl_x, as the first foot of three members of an E verse, e.g. iren-bendum fæst Beow. 998, middan-geardes weard Andr. 82. We might class them as 'extended' E verses, corresponding to the 'extended' D2 and D1 verses (§ 72, 77); but they are so rare as not to need separate classification.

§ 75. C. Verses with Gliding Ending: 1+3 or 1+(1+2), Types 61-90 (Sievers' C, D1). In types 61-90 the last three members of the verse are united to form a foot of three members. This may be a simple word of the form -× or ʊʊ_x (types 61–63, 71–76) or a compound _lux (64, 77—79), ×1_× (65, 80—82) oruul_x (69, 83—85). Or this foot may be composed of two words, closely connected grammatically, which in quantity correspond to these compounds (types 67, 86-90; 68; 69, 70).

=

In the first foot of one member there are one or two (seldom more) weakly stressed words, which, therefore, do not alliterate (types 61-70 Sievers' C). There may be one strongly stressed word of the form -, ux or -x, which alliterates (types 71-90 Sievers' D1). The C verses stand in the same relation to D1 verses as the B verses (types 31-40) to the D2 verses (types 41-50). In C verses the alliteration is on the second member or on the second and third, in the D1 verses on the first member or on the first and second.

§ 76. Types 61-70 (Sievers' C).

The first member of C verses shows as much variety as that of B verses, e.g. ge-, swā, on, ofer, him sẽ, hù pā, pæt us, also pas pe him, bat hit wearp, pa hine æt, ne hyrde ic etc.

The last foot (of three members) of C verses is constructed like that of E verses 51-53 by a simple word with a long middle syllable (type 61: swā rīxōde, 62: him sẽ yldesta, 63: hū þã æđelingas) or (E 54-56) by a compound lux, xl_x or uul_x (type 64: in gear-dagum, 65: ofer hron-rāde, 66: ofer lagu-strate). But two independent words, closely connected grammatically, may be united to form a foot of three members. These may be a monosyllable with a disyllable x (type 67: on bearm scipes), or × with _× (68: þone god sende) or a disyllable x with -- or vux (69: on fæder bearme, 70: to brimes farođe).

NOTE. Sievers (see § 32) divides C verses into C1 = normal C verses (types 62, 65, 68), C2 = C verses with two short syllables in the second member (63, 66, 69, 70) and C3 'shortened' C verses, with a short syllable in the third member (61, 64, 67). But the gradation of the three members, in Sievers' C1 ofer hron-rāde, C2 ofer lagu-strāte, C3 in gear-dagum remains the same. The first part of the compound is always more strongly stressed than the root-syllable of the second part, and the latter more strongly stressed than the final syllable. There is, therefore, no alteration in the verse-rhythm caused by the difference in quantity. On the other hand it is not a matter of indifference whether the foot of three members in type C is composed of a simple word, a compound or two inde