Modern American Lathe Practice: A New Complete and Practical Work on the ... - Charles Oscar Eugene Perrigo - Google книги

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CONTENTS

HISTORY OF THE LATHE UP TO THE INTRODUCTION OF SCREW

Tracing early history. - The lathe was the first machine tool. · The

- An old definition of turning.

origin of the lathe.

record of turning operations. Another old-time definition of

turning. - English classification of lathes.

of the lathe proper, or the old "Tree Lathe."

turner. The "Spring-pole" lathe.

The earliest form

The Asiatic wood

The "Fiddle-bow" lathe.

The essential features of a lathe. - The balance-wheel applied

to a lathe. The crank, connecting rod and treadle, applied to a

lathe. — Origin of the term "Pitman." - A foot lathe built by

the Author. A foot lathe with the balance-wheel located over-

head. The friction clutch for foot-power machines .

THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE LATHE SINCE THE INTRODUCTION

OF SCREW THREADS

Origin of the screw thread. - Ancient boring tools. Suggestions of

the screw form. - The "Worm Gimlet." - Making the first nuts.

- An old device for cutting threads in wood. - Archimedes and

his helical device for raising water. Jacques Berson's French

Joseph Moxan's English lathes. The French lathe of

1772. John Maudsley's English lathes. Maudsley's slide-rest.

- Another French lathe. The use of a "master screw."

A form of slide-rest. - An old-time worm and worm-gear.

Simple method of developing the screw thread. Anthony Robin-

son's triple-threaded screw. The many uses of the early lathes.

Cutting left-hand threads. - Crown

An old "chain lathe."

gear and "lantern pinion" for operating the lead screw. - Tran-

sition from wooden to iron lathe beds.

1836. The Freeland lathe of 1853. - Various classes of lathes

to be illustrated and described

35

CLASSIFICATION OF LATHES

The essential elements of a lathe. The bed.

The tail-stock. -The carriage. The apron. The turning and

supporting rests. - The countershaft. - Taper attachments.

Classification applied to materials, labor ac-

counts, and the handling of parts in the manufacture of lathes.

– The four general classes of lathes. The eighteen sub-divisions

of these classes. - The first class: hand lathes, polishing lathes,

pattern lathes, spinning lathes, and chucking lathes. The sec-

ond class: engine lathes without thread-cutting mechanism, Fox

brass lathes, forge lathes, and roughing lathes. - The third class:

complete engine lathes with thread-cutting mechanism, precision

lathes, rapid reduction lathes and gap lathes. The fourth class:

forming lathes, pulley lathes, shafting lathes, turret lathes, and

multiple spindle lathes. Rapid change gear devices. Ban-

croft and Sellers device. - The Norton device. — Lathe bed sup-

ports. The precision lathe. The rapid production lathe.-

The gap lathe. Special lathes. - Forming lathes. — Pulley

lathes. Shafting lathes. Turret lathes. Screw machines.

Multiple spindle lathes. Variety of special lathes

LATHE DESIGN: THE BED AND ITS SUPPORTS

The designer of lathes. The manufacturer's view of a lathe. The

proper medium. - Causes of failure. The visionary designer.

Conscientious efforts to improve in design.

Design of the lathe

Professor Sweet's observations.

bed. Elementary design.

The parabolic form of lathe beds. The Author's design. --

Form of the tracks. — Bed of the old chain lathe. — The English

method of stating lathe capacity. Method of increasing the

swing of the lathe. The Lodge & Shipley lathe bed. - Uniform

thickness of metal in beds. Ideal form of bed. - Cross-ties,

or bars. - Four V's. - Flat surfaces. Lathe bed supports.

Height of lathe centers. Wooden legs for lathe beds. An

early form of braced, cast iron legs. Cabinets or cupboard

bases.- Old style cast iron leg still in use. - Form of cabinets.

-Principles of the design of cabinets.- Cabinets for small lathes.

The Lodge & Shipley cabinet. - The Hendey-Norton cabinet

69

LATHE DESIGN: THE HEAD-STOCK CASTING, THE SPINDLE AND

THE SPINDLE CONE

Design of head-stock for wooden bed lathes.

Early design for use

on a cast iron bed. - An old New Haven head-stock. - The arch

form of the bottom plate. —Providing for reversing gears. — The

Hendey-Norton head-stock. The Schumacher & Boye head-

stock. The Le Blond head-stock. - The New Haven head-

stock. The arch tie brace of the new Hendey-Norton design. -

Generalities in describing a lathe spindle. - Designing a spindle.

-Governing conditions. The nose of the spindle. - Spindle

collars. Proper proportions for lathe spindles. Large versus

long bearings. Design of the spindle cone

LATHE DESIGN: THE SPINDLE BEARINGS, THE BACK GEARS

AND THE TRIPLE GEAR MECHANISM

Designing spindle bearings and boxes.-Thrust bearings. The

Lodge & Shipley form. - Ball bearings. Proper metal for boxes.

- The cast iron box. Early form of boxes. The cylindrical

form. Thrust bearings for a light lathe. Experiments with

different metals on high speeds. - Curved journals. The in-

volute curve. - The Schiele curve. Conical bearings. — Adjust-

ments to take up wear.

Lubrication of spindle bearings. The plain brass oil cup.

The use of a wick. — Oil reservoirs.

Loose ring oilers.

oilers. Lodge & Shipley oil rings. Neglect of proper lubrica-

tion. Back gearing. - Varying the spindle speeds. - Triple

gearing. Theory of back gearing. Back gear calculations. -

Triple gear calculations. - Diagram of spindle speeds. Faulty

designing of back gears and triple gears. Four examples. — A

14-inch swing lathe. A 19-inch swing lathe.A 17-inch swing

lathe. A 30-inch swing triple-geared lathe. Explanation of

the back gear diagrams. Essential parts of the triple gear

mechanism. "Guesswork" in lathe designing. - Wasted oppor-

tunities. Designing the head-stock. - Cone diameters.

homely proportion. The modern tendency in cone design.

Proportions of back gears. Driving the feeding mechanism.-

Reversing the feed. Variable feed devices. Rapid change

LATHE DESIGN: THE TAIL-STOCK, THE CARRIAGE, THE

Functions of the tail-stock. Requisites in its construction. The

Pratt & Whitney tail-stock. - The Reed tail-stock.

& Shipley tail-stock. The Blaisdell tail-stock.

Norton tail-stock. - The New Haven tail-stock.

tail-stock. The Schumacher & Boye tail-stock.

tail-stock. The American Watch Tool tail-stock.

tail-stock for heavy lathes. New Haven tail-stock for heavy

lathes. The Schumacher & Boye tail-stock for heavy lathes. -

The Bridgford tail-stock for heavy lathes. The Le Blond tail-

stock. The lever tail-stock. The lathe carriage. — Requisites

for a good design. - Description of a proper form. A New

Haven carriage for a 24-inch lathe. The Hendey-Norton car-

riage. The Blaisdell carriage. The New Haven carriage for

a 60-inch lathe. — Criticisms of a practical machinist on carriage

and compound rest construction. Turning tapers. The taper

attachment. Failures of taper attachments. - The Reed taper

attachment. - The Le Blond attachment taper. The Lodge &

Shipley taper attachment. - The Hamilton taper attachment.

The Hendey-Norton taper attachment. - The New Haven taper

attachment. The Bradford taper attachment

-

-

-

LATHE DESIGN: TURNING RESTS, SUPPORTING RESTS, SHAFT

STRAIGHTENERS, ETC.

Holding a lathe tool. The old slide-rest. The Reed compound

rest. The Lodge & Shipley compound rest. The Hamilton

compound rest. - The Hendey-Norton open side tool-posts. -

Quick-elevating tool-rest. The Homan patent tool-rest. The

Le Blond elevating tool-rest. — The Lipe elevating tool-rest. ·

Revolving tool holder. - The full swing rest. The Le Blond

three-tool rest. - The New Haven three-tool shafting rest.

The Hendey cone pulley turning rest. Steady rests. - Follow

rests. - The usual center rest. -The New Haven follow rest.

The Hendey follow rest. The Reed follow rest. The Lodge &

Shipley follow rest. Their friction roll follow rest. Shaft

straighteners. The Springfield shaft straightener. - New Haven

shaft straightener. — Lathe countershafts. The two-speed coun-

tershaft. Geared countershafts. - The Reed countershaft.

Friction pulleys. - Tight and loose pulleys. - Self-oiling boxes. -

and convex surfaces.

LATHE ATTACHMENTS

Special forms of turned work. Attachment for machining concave

Attachment for forming semicircular

grooves in rolling mill rolls. Device for turning balls or spherical

work. - Turning curved rolls. A German device for machining

concave surfaces. A similar device for convex surfaces. — Mak-

ing milling cutters. - Backing-off or relieving attachment. -

Cross-feed stop for lathes. — Grinding attachments. — The "home-

made" attachment. Electrically driven grinding attachment. -

Center grinding attachment. Large grinding attachment.

Rivett-Dock thread-cutting attachment

RAPID CHANGE GEAR MECHANISMS

What a rapid change gear device is. The old pin wheel and lantern

pinion device. The first patent for a rapid change gear device.

The inventors' claims. Classification of rapid change gear

devices. - The inventors of rapid change gear devices. Paulson's

originality."Change gear devices" by the Author. — Le Blond's

quick change gear device. — The Springfield rapid change gear

attachment. The Bradford rapid change gear device. - Judd's

quick change gear device. Newton's quick change gear device.

-Flather quick change gear device.

LATHE TOOLS, HIGH-SPEED STEEL, SPEEDS AND FEEDS, POWER

FOR CUTTING-TOOLS, ETC.

A set of regular tools.

Lathe tools in general.

Materials and their characteristics. Their relation to the proper

form of tools. Behavior of metals when being machined.

The four requisites for a tool. — The strength of the tool.

form of the tool. - Degree of angles. - Roughing and finishing

tools. Spring tools. - Tool-holders. Grinding tools for tool

holders. Dimensions of tools for tool-holders. The Armstrong

tool-holders. - Economy of the use of tool-holders. High speed

steel. A practical machinist's views on high-speed steel tools.

Conditions of its use. - Preparing the tool. - Testing the tool.

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