dered by ce; it is sometimes necessary to use the impersonal verb y avoir, which must be followed by the article partitive; and sometimes another turn must be given to the sentence.Ex. IT IS PRESUMPTION to anticipate triumphs; IL Y A DE LA PRÉSOMPTION de se flatter par avance du succès.

A. II. The adjectives great, little, small, or others which answer in French to the adjectives grand, petit, when they are joined to substantives, and have the article indefinite understood before them, are most generally changed into the adverbs of quantity much, little, and their comparatives greater, smaller, into more, less (the French adverbs bien, beaucoup, peu, plus, moins, govern de before the next substantive; and bien, besides the preposition de, will have the article definite).-Ex. A man of GREAT LEARNING, but still GREATER LUCK; Un homme qui a BEAUCOUP DE SAVOIR, et encore PLUS DE BONHEUR*.

Q. II. On what occasion may the preposition en (in English, in, into) be followed by the article?

A. I. The article definite is only used after en, when the words begin with a vowel, or an h not aspirated; as, en l'absence, in the absence; en l'honneur de, in honour of; elle fut changée EN L'ÉTOILE DU MATIN, she was changed INTO THE MORNING STAR: yet we say, EN LA PRÉSENCE de Dieu, IN THE PRESENCE of God; Avoir confiance EN LA MISÉRICORDE de Dieu, To trust TO THE MERCY of the Lord.

A. II. The article indefinite, is likewise generally suppressed

* Note This is certainly the general manner of expressing these adjectives; but they are subject to some irregularities with a few substantives, with which it is difficult to determine which must be used in French, the adjective or the adverb. Thus, you do not say, un homme DE PEU DE TAILLE, DE PEU DE STATURE, but DE PETITE TAILLE, DE PETITE STATURE, a man of SHORT STATURE: and, on the contrary, you should say, une chose DE PEU DE PRIX, DE PEU DE CONSÉQUENCE, DE PEU D'IMPORTANCE, and not, DE PETIT PRIX, DE PETITE CONSÉQUENCE, DE PETITE IMPORTANCE; a thing of SMALL VALUE, of SMALL CONSEQUENCE or IMPORTANCE. The adjective great sometimes admits of three constructions, une chose D'UN GRAND PRIX, DE GRAND PRIX, DE BEAUCOUP DE PRIX; a thing OF GREAT VALUE.

after en-To sit IN A CIRCLE, être assis EN CERCLE. When un is considered as a noun of number, and means one, it must always be expressed.-Ex, Rassembler EN UN VOLUME, To collect IN ONE VOLUME: it is, perhaps, by the same rule, that en is always followed by un or une before substantives which denote time; as, en un mois, en une semaine, because un, une, in the above sentences, may mean one, as well as a. Un is also used in these expressions, en un tas, en un monceau, in a heap, and perhaps a few others, which cannot be reduced into a rule. When the substantive is modified by an adjective, or followed by several words which depend upon it, the article is mostly used.-Ex. This dark sea was suddenly changed To A SEA OF FIRE; Cette mer couverte de ténébres fut tout-à-coup changée EN UNE MER DE FEU: but we say, mort EN PAYS ÉTRANGER, dead IN A FOREIGN COUNTRY; s'élever EN PENTE DOUCE, to rise BY AN EASY ASCENT; changé EN CHIEN QUI ABOIE À LA LUNF, changed INTO A DOG THAT BARKS AT THE

MOON.

A. III. If the substantive coming after en is plural, and has some understood before it in English, the article partitive des is sometimes used, or de, when an adjective precedes the substantive.-Ex. L'empire avait passé EN DES MAINS PLUS HA Biles, or, en DE PLUS HABILES MAINS; The empire was now IN MORE SKILFUL HANDS: but most commonly without it. -Ex. Il avait consumé dix ou douze ans de sa vie EN ÉTUDES PRÉLIMINAIRES de son art; He had spent ten or twelve years of his life IN PREPARATORY STUDIES of his art. I can only observe, the latter construction is the more general.

A. IV. When en signifies like, the substantive, whether alone or modified by some other word, has no article before it.-Ex. He acts LIKE A KING WHO KNOWS HOW TO REIGN, Il agit EN ROI QUI SAIT RÉGNER.

EXERCISE.

Pope Adrian, born a Roman, a man of enterprising genius, openly supported the claims of the emperor.

Servius Tullius, a foreigner, and of mean extraction, having been chosen protector of the kingdom, the patricians thought themselves aggrieved, and openly avowed their dis

content.

Security and despair are equal follies; and as it is presumption and arrogance to anticipate triumphs, it is weakness and cowardice to prognosticate miscarriages.

The fathers received us with great politeness: they showed us their forest, their gardens, their apartments, and a new chapel, which is just finished.

Their government, which is democratic, seems to have been imagined by nature as a last asylum for that divinity, without which the greatest blessings of this world are of little value.

That noble recompense was looked upon as an act of uncommon magnificence, and threw great lustre on their admi. nistration.

After having given the necessary orders, he took the field with an army as numerous as well disciplined.

Those games which were exhibited in honour of the gods lasted three days and three nights. They were attended with great pomp, and drew a vast concourse of people from the most distant provinces.

I am happy in the friend whom I have found in the absence of my mother; but who can ever supply the place of a person who is dearer to me than my life?

Apollo was going to catch her in his arms, when the gods, who pitied her fate, changed her into a laurel.

What would be the astonishment of Marius, Sylla, Cæsar, and Pompey, if they were to rise from the dead? They would find the ancient senators transformed to abbots, and the order of knights to a bevy of monks.

Young ladies would be guilty of a great error, if they were to comply indiscriminately with those maxims of charity and benevolence which are so much recommended to them. Libe rality is certainly a virtue; but in a town like London, it must be practised with discretion, or else it would degenerate into a very great abuse.

My father having left me a very small income, I was forced to use the most strict economy; and now I find that my affairs are in as good a state as those of my neighbours who are blessed with plentiful fortunes.

He has wasted the prime of his life in fruitless attempts to attain various sciences; but he consoles himself for the loss of that time by the reflection, that he has acquired a taste for reading, which was odious to him before.

It would be happy for mankind, if this unlimited power was always placed in as equitable hands as those of the

Margrave of Baden, who employs it entirely for the good of his subjects.

The Captain, like a well-bred man, had always given up his opinion to that of his wife.

A man always has one or more qualities which may make him useful, and which nature never fails of pointing out; but he makes himself ridiculous, when he affects to excel in characters for which he is not fit.

That lady is never herself but at church. There she is so fervent in her devotions, that she often prays herself out of breath: yet she finds means to enjoy all the diversions of the world, with a constant declaration that they are very insipid. There are Spaniards who have sense; but their books are absolutely destitute of it. See one of their libraries, and you will say that it has been collected by a secret enemy to human understanding.

This young man, full of ambition, courage, wit, and activity, wished to be a soldier and a minister at the same time.

The wife is not to expect a contiuual course of adulation. Let her dispose herself to obey in her turn with a good grace; a science very difficult to attain, but absolutely necessary to insure her happiness.

The husband was a shepherd, and the wife a shepherdess : but their earnings were so little, that they could hardly procure bread; and a morsel of meat once a week was the highest pitch of their luxury.

Sculpture and painting are liberal arts, because it is impossible to excel in them without having a lively and strong imagination. It is not the case of music, though it obtains the preference in your country; a sure proof of its decline.

Whether we consider her behaviour as a queen, as a wife, or as a mother, she is justly entitled to the high encomiums which have been bestowed on her.

Calvin was certainly a great man; but he was a man. He "had, moreover, all the pride of a man of genius, who, being conscious of his superiority, feels indignant at those who refuse to acknowledge it.

She answered that her name was Astorgas; that her father, who was a knight of the order of St. James, had fallen in the last battle between the Spaniards and the Moors.

To become a skilful orator, it is necessary to consult able

masters, to read with great attention the ancients and the moderns, and make a peculiar study of one's own language.

Virgil, who was undoubtedly as great a cabalist as Homer, has elegantly delineated that transaction; but he has expressed himself in terms so mysterious, that philosophers alone can understand all the particulars of it.

RULE V.

Q. I. May the article be suppressed in French, when several substantives are enumerated; as it is sometimes in English, to give greater emphasis to the sentence ?-Ex. Nobody was satisfied, FATHER, UNCLES, AND BROTHERS, all thought themselves postponed; instead of the father, the uncles, &c.

A. This suppression is no less emphatical in French than in English; and the last substantive needs not be preceded in French by the conjunction et.-Ex. Personne ne fut satisfait, PÈRE, ONCLES, FRÈRES, tous se crurent négligés. It often takes place after ne que, in the sense of nothing but.-Ex. I have traversed those desolate countries, and have beheld nothing but SOLITUDE and DESERTION; J'ai parcouru ces provinces, ruinèes, et je n'ai vu QU'ABANDON et QUE SOLITUDE, or rather QU'ABANDON ET SOLITUDE: as I think que should only be repeated before substantives which are not joined by the conjunction et.

Q. II. On what occasion are common names used without any article in French as well as in English?

4. I. Nouns in the vocative have no article in both languages; as, FRIENDS, let us fly to glory; AMIs, volons à la gloire. But, in familiar discourse, they are subject to irregularities which practice alone can teach: thus we say without the article, Ecoutez, GARÇON! Hark ye, MY LAD! and with the article, Ecoutez, LA FILLE! Hark, ye, MY GIRL! calling to a man who sells rabbits in the street, you may say, Marchand de lapins, L'homme aux lapins, &c.

A. II. Those which serve to express the matter, species, kind, of another noun; as, The best school for PHILOSOPHY, La meilleure école DE PHILOSOPHIE. The article indefinite,

*Note. It will certainly be no easy task for young beginners to discriminate whether a substantive is used to express the matter or species of another, or whether it is the thing it