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notice to them of the application. This mo-, attempting to do, and therefore the permanent tion must be denied. The procedure follows writ will issue.

MAIN, C. J., and PARKER, MITCHELL,

the usual practice in this court, and the
service of the alternative writ was suffi-
cient notice of the application for a perma- j and PEMBERTON, JJ., concur.
nent writ.

[2, 3] The real question to be here determined is whether or not section 830, Rem. Comp. Stat. is applicable. The section reads:

BARR v. COWLITZ COUNTY. (No. 18122.) (Supreme Court of Washington. Oct. 30, 1923.)

1. Bridges 10(1)-Acquisition by county with city, of bridge within city limits, was not illegal, in so far as county's contribution of funds toward purchase price was concerned.

"The court may relieve a tenant against a forfeiture of a lease and restore him to his former estate, as in other cases provided by law, where application for such relief is made with. in thirty days after the forfeiture is declared by the judgment of the court, as provided in this chapter. The application may be made by a tenant or subtenant, or a mortgagee of the term, or any person interested in the con- Where a county, under Rem. Comp. Stat. tinuance of the term. It must be made upon 6516 (Laws 1901, p. 120, as amended by petition, setting forth the facts upon which the Laws 1909, p. 229), authorizing a county to relief is sought, and be verified by the appli- join with a city in paying for the construction cant. Notice of the application, with a copy of a bridge, joined with a city in the acquisition of the petition, must be served on the plain- of a bridge wholly within the city limits, such tiff in the judgment, who may appear and con- acquisition was not illegal in so far as the test the application. In no case shall the ap-county's contribution of funds toward the purplication be granted except on condition that chase price of the bridge was concerned. full payment of rent due, or full performance of conditions of covenants stipulated, so far as the same is practicable, be first made."

2. Bridges 29-Statute authorizes cities and counties jointly to acquire, maintain, and control bridges, as well as jointly to contribute toward purchase.

This section is a part of the act on forcible By Rem. Comp. Stat. §§ 6524-6539 (Laws entry and detainer, and by its terms is ap- 1913, p. 168), and particularly sections 6524, plicable only in cases where the forfeiture of 6535, the Legislature conferred upon cities and a lease is declared by the judgment of a court counties joint power, not only to contribute entered in a forcible entry and detained ac- funds toward the acquisition of a bridge wholly tion. The action of Robertson v. Waterman within the limits of a city, but also the power was purely and solely an action for dam-jointly to control, operate, and maintain them. The question of the forfeiture of the 3. Bridges 37-Liability of county or mu

ages.
lease or tenancy was not in issue, and the
judgment directed by this court was one for
nominal damages only, and when the supe-
rior court attempted by its judgment to di-
rect the forfeiture of the lease and tenancy,
it acted in excess of its authority and at-
tempted to do that which this court did not
authorize it to do; hence the judgment to that
extent was a nullity. But whether so or not,
the statute which we have already quoted
can have no application to any other than an
action in forcible entry and detainer, and the
superior court was without jurisdiction to
proceed thereunder.

[4, 5] Some contention is made that relator has an adequate remedy by appeal, or should have sought relief by writ of review. Since the superior court was without jurisdiction to proceed, there seems no good reason why relator should be put to the expense, trouble, and delay of defending against the petition in the superior court and appealing from a final judgment; nor would a writ of review be any more adequate to raise the question of jurisdiction than the means employed. The office of a writ of prohibition is to prohibit an inferior tribunal from proceeding in excess of its jurisdiction which it was here

nicipality for injuries resulting from negligent maintenance of bridge not affected by irregularity in acquiring it.

The regularity of a county's or municipalinot affect the county's or municipality's liabilty's acquisition or maintenance of a bridge does ity for injuries resulting from the negligent maintenance of such bridge.

4. Bridges 39(1)-County's physical maintenance and control of bridge in city limits as part of public highway held sufficient basis for liability for injury resulting from Its collapse.

Conceding that a county's acquisition, under Rem. Comp. Stat. § 6516 (Laws 1901, p. 120, as amended by Laws 1909, p. 229), of a bridge within the limits of a city, and its subsequent reconstruction and maintenance under that statute was irregular and its power to do those things doubtful, the county nevertheless had such power after the passage of Rem. Comp. Stat. §§ 6524-6539 (Laws 1913, p. 168), and where, from the time of the physical acquisition of the bridge in 1909, the county physically maintained and controlled it as a part of the public highway up to its collapse in 1923, that was enough to render it liable for injuries arising from the collapse, notwithstanding sections 4056, 6413-6416, 6521, 9127. Mitchell and Holcomb, JJ., dissenting.

For other cases see same topic and KEY-NUMBER in all Key-Numbered Digests and Indexes

En Banc.

Appeal from Superior Court. County; Reynolds, Judge.

(220 P.)

Action by Kate M. Barr, as administratrix of the estate of Benjamin N. Barr, deceased, against Cowlitz County. From a judgment of dismissal, plaintiff appeals. Reversed and remanded, with directions.

Miller, Wilkinson & Miller, of Vancouver, and W. F. Magill, of Portland, Or., for appellant.

nected with certain streets of the city of Kelso Cowlitz on the east and on the west side of said river, and at either end formed connections with imlines of travel beginning at the city limits of proved public roads constructed along main said city of Kelso, a trade center, and extending in northerly, easterly, southerly, and westerly directions, and formed the only means of travel across said river within said city of between the southerly portions of said Cowlitz Kelso, and formed the only road connection county lying west of the Cowlitz river and the part on the east side of said river in the vicinity of Kelso; that the county of Cowlitz paid as its share of the purchase price of said bridge the sum of $22,500, and the city of Kelso paid as its share the sum of $2,500, and the said bridge thereupon became the property of and was jointly owned by these defendants, and it was so understood and intended, and with the consent and by agreement with said city of Kelso, the legal title of said bridge was taken by and in the name of said Cowlitz county, and said county thereupon assumed ownership and control thereof, and has continued to ex

Hite Imus and A. H. Imus, both of Kalama, Fisk & McCarthy, of Kelso, and Hayden, Langhome & Metzger, of Tacoma, for respondent.

PARKER, J. The plaintiff, Mrs. Barr, as administratrix of the estate of her deceased husband, seeks recovery of damages from Cowlitz county and the city of Kelso for his death, alleged to have resulted from the negligence of the county and city in the maintenance of a defective bridge over the Cow-ercise ownership and control thereof from said litz river, within that county and city, which bridge collapsed while her husband was driving over it in an automobile, thereby causing his death. The county demurred to Mrs. Barr's amended complaint upon the ground that no cause of action was stated therein as against the county, and especially upon the ground, in substance, that the bridge was situated wholly within the city, and there-pair, and continuously and until its collapse as fore was completely beyond the legal power or duty of the county to have part in its acquisition, maintenance, or control so as to render the county liable for any injuries resulting from its collapse. The demurrer was sustained by the superior court, and Mrs. Barr electing to stand upon her amended complaint and not plead further, judgment of dismissal was rendered against her and in favor of the county, from which she has appealed to this court.

date of purchase until its collapse on January
3, A. D. 1923; that immediately upon its pur-\
chase the county took possession and control of
said bridge and thereafter continuously until
its collapse on January 3, A. D. 1923, said
county operated and maintained said bridge as
a public bridge, open to the public as a public
highway, and from time to time expended pub-
lic funds thereon for its maintenance and re-

herein alleged, maintained on said bridge employees to attend and operate the lift or draw span of said bridge, and exercised control and ownership of said bridge in the same manner and to the same extent as over bridges located limits of the city of Kelso; that, at the time within said Cowlitz county outside of the city said bridge was purchased by said Cowlitz county and the city of Kelso, the city of Kelso agreed with Cowlitz county that Cowlitz county and the city of Kelso should acquire and jointly own said bridge, and that the same After alleging the appointment and qual- should be maintained, controlled, and operated ification of Mrs. Barr as administratrix of by Cowlitz county, and the said city of Kelso her husband's estate, and the corporate exhas continuously and until. its collapse on the istence of the city of Kelso as a city of the 3d day of January, A. D. 1923, concurred and third class in Cowlitz county, the complainted by Cowlitz county and the city of Kelso agreed that said bridge should be jointly own

continues:

"That prior to the 9th day of September, A. D. 1909, a private corporation had constructed and was maintaining within the city limits of Kelso, Cowlitz county, Wash., a bridge across the Cowlitz river, said bridge connecting on the east approach with Allen street in said city of Kelso and extending westerly across the Cowlitz river, a navigable stream, said street on the west side of the river connecting with other streets of the city of Kelso, and said streets connecting at the city limits of said city with improved public roads constructed along main lines of travel beginning at said city of Kelso, a trade center, and extending to the northerly, southerly, and westerly portions of Cowlitz county; that on said 9th day of September, A. D. 1909, the defendant, Cowlitz county, acting jointly with the city of Kelso, purchased said bridge, at which time it con

and should be controlled, maintained, and operated by Cowlitz county, and said Cowlitz county acquired joint ownership of said bridge and has assumed to maintain, control, and operate the same, and did maintain, control, and operate the same until its collapse on the 3d day of January, A. D. 1923, and has continued to jointly own said bridge and has assumed the control and management and the obligation to keep the bridge in proper state of repair and has been in active and actual control of the same; that during the year 1917 said bridge, by reason of its age and use by the public, had become weak and unsafe for public use, and the defendant Cowlitz county reconstructed said bridge, expending therefor large sums of public funds; that in the reconstruction of the bridge the old piling forming the piers and supports of the bridge were used and not replaced by new piling and new supports; that

at said time the piling had been in use since | 1907 and had become old, rotten, and of insufficient strength to support the new bridge as rebuilt by the defendant, Cowlitz county, and, further, that in the reconstruction of the said bridge said Cowlitz county used the old anchorage cables which had been in place and in the ground since 1905, covered by the earth and unprotected from corrosion, and had become corroded, weak, and of insufficient strength, and in such reconstruction the said defendant Cowlitz county permitted said anchorage cables to remain unprotected from corrosion and permitted the cables to continue to deteriorate, corrode, and become weak and of insufficient strength to support and carry the load and weight of the bridge, until they broke, causing said bridge to collapse on the 3d day of January, A. D. 1923."

Then follow further detailed allegations of negligence on the part of the county in the maintenance and reconstruction of the bridge; the collapse of the bridge as the result of the county's negligence in such maintenance and construction; the death of Mr. Barr in the collapse of the bridge, while driving across it in January, 1923; and the damages resulting to Mrs. Barr, his widow, and their minor son. Since the contentions here made by respective counsel in behalf of Mrs. Barr and the county have to do only with the question of the powers and duties of the county with respect to the proper and safe maintenance of the bridge and the question of the county's liability for injuries resulting from its unsafe maintenance of the bridge to persons using it as a highway, a further review of the facts alleged in the complaint is unnecessary.

body, and the state of Washington, or any two of such bodies, be, and they are hereby authorized to join in paying for the construction of any bridge, trestle, or any structure which crosses any stream or body of water, when such bridge is a connection between any street or county road, or is a connection between any streets that form connections with county roads, when such stream or body of water is within or partly within such city or town."

[2] This was the law when the county joined with the city in acquiring the bridge, and seems to us to leave little room for arguing that such acquisition by the county was illegal in so far as it contributed funds to aid in paying the purchase price of the bridge. This particular act of 1909 may leave some doubt as to the county's power and duty with reference to the maintenance and control of the bridge after its acquisition, but that is a matter which we think is set at rest by still later legislation. In 1913, the Legislature passed

tion, maintenance, control and operation of "An act relating to the purchase, construcbridges in this state and between this state and adjoining states, counties, cities and towns, and providing for the co-operation of the said counties, cities and towns in this state with each other and with the United States, or adjoining states or the counties, cities or towns therein, in the purchase, construction, maintenance, control and operation of the same;" being chapter 56, Laws of 1913, and sections 6524-6539, inclusive, Rem. Comp. Stat. The first section of that act, being section 6524, Rem. Comp. Stat., reads:

"The state of Washington and all counties, cities and towns within the state are hereby other or to aid the state of Washington, the authorized and empowered to join with each federal government, or any adjoining county, city or town in this state, or to jointly or separately join with any adjoining state, county, city or town in the purchase, construction, control, operation and maintenance of any bridge or bridges over or across any river, stream or body of water being within or constituting the boundary line of the state or of any county therein."

[1] It is contended by counsel for the county, and the learned trial judge seemingly agrees with them, in substance, that because the bridge was wholly within the city, the alleged assumption of the powers and duties of the county with reference to its acquisition, reconstruction, and maintenance was wholly ultra vires and so far beyond the legal powers and duties of the county that it cannot be held liable for any negligence resulting from the collapse of the bridge and the death of Mr. Barr, even though the negliWe italicize the words to be particularly gence causing such result be of persons who noticed. Counsel for the county seem to were the county's legal agents with respect view this law as having application only to to the acquisition and maintenance by the strictly interstate, intercounty, intercity, or county of highways and bridges. Some of intercity and county bridges; that is, bridges the early statutes of the territory and state over streams consisting of state, county or do seem to lend support to this contention; city boundary lines, and not to bridges wholbut it seems to us that counsel for the coun-ly within a city, or wholly within a county ty and the learned trial judge have overlook-outside the corporate limits of a city therein. ed the full force and effect of more recent legislation upon this subject. Section 6516, Rem. Comp. Stat., being chapter 70 of the Laws of 1901, as amended by chapter 96 of the Laws of 1909, provides:

"Any county within the state of Washington, by and through its county commissioners, and any city or town, by and through its legislative

We think the above-quoted language negatives any such narrow meaning of the section, as is further evidenced by the language of section 6535, reading as follows:

"That whenever it is deemed advisable by the common council of any city or town and the county commissioners of any county in this state to purchase or construct a bridge

(220 P.)

within or partly within such city or town, the council and commissioners are authorized and empowered to enter into an agreement for the construction of such bridge, upon such terms as may be mutually agreed upon, each contributing such sum toward the purchase or construction of the same as may be determined to be just and proper, and enter into contract for the construction of such bridge and to spend public funds thereon."

We italicize the words to be particularly noticed. These considerations, it seems to us, show a legislative intent to confer upon cities and counties joint power, not only to contribute funds toward the acquisition of a bridge of the nature here in question, wholly within the limits of a city, but also a legislative intent to confer power upon cities and counties jointly to "join with each other in the control, operation and maintenance" of any such bridge. Observations made in our decision in Rands v. Clarke County, 79 Wash. 152, 139 Pac. 1090, lend some support to this conclusion,

*

*

*

[3, 4] Contention is made in behalf of the county rested upon alleged irregularities and want of proper procedure on the part of the county in acquiring an interest in the bridge, and also upon the alleged want of power by the county in doing more than merely contributing towards the purchase price of the bridge at the time of the acquisition of the bridge by the city and county; it being pointed out that by the provisions of section 6516, above quoted, the county was not, in terms, given power beyond that of merely contributing funds towards the acquisition of such a bridge. In this connection let us be reminded that the county had physical possession of the bridge and was physically maintaining and controlling it at the time it was given the power so to do in 1913 by the Legislature, as provided in sections 6524, 6535, above quoted. Now let us concede, for argument's sake, that the county's power of acquiring a controlling interest in the bridge in 1909, beyond its mere contribution of funds, was then doubtful under the provisions of section 6516 then in force, in that, by the terms of that section, the county was authorized seemingly, in terms, only to join in paying for the acquisition of the bridge; and let us also concede for argument's sake that when the act of 1913 was passed, from which sections 6524 and 6535 are quoted above, the county's then and thereafter assumption of an interest in and control of the bridge was irregular, and not done by prescribed legal methods. Still the fact remains that the county did physically acquire the bridge in 1909, before the passage of the act of 1913, and has ever since then continuously physically maintained and controlled it as a part of the public highways of the county for the benefit of the people of the whole county. It has become well-settled law in this state that the question of the

regularity of a county's or municipality's acquisition or maintenance of a highway or bridge, is foreign to the question of the county's or municipality's liability for injuries resulting to persons from the negligent maintenance of such highway or bridge. In the comparatively early case of Taake v. Seattle, 16 Wash. 90, 47 Pac. 220, the city sought to avoid liability for injuries resulting from a defective street maintained by it as such, upon the theory that it had not legally acquired the right to maintain such street at the place in question. Answering this contention, Judge Dunbar, speaking for the court, said:

"It is not a defense to this action, even if it

be conceded that the city had no authority to lay out this street. The right of the party injured to obtain redress does not depend upon the technical rights of a city to maintain a street. If, as a matter of fact, this street was laid out by the city of Seattle, was used by it as a street, and the public were invited to use it as such, it becomes its duty to maintain it in proper repair, and to protect the life and limb of those whom it invites to travel upon it, and the ordinary traveler is not called upon to examine the technical legality of the proceedings of the city in opening or laying out the street; so that the question in this case is, Was there testimony tending to show the user by the public, at the instance or invitation of the city, of the street at the place where this hole was left unguarded, and where the alleged injuries were sustained?”

In Wendel v. Spokane County, 27 Wash. 121, 67 Pac. 576, 91 Am. St. Rep. 825, a similar claim was made in behalf of the county seeking to avoid its liability for personal injuries caused by work which was being carried on by the county in connection with the improvement of one of its highways; the particular act causing the injury being claimed to be exercised without legal authority. Judge Dunbar again in answering such contention, speaking for the court, said:

"In discussing the liability of municipal corporations for acts committed by their officers which are defended on the ground of the same being ultra vires, we must not lose sight of the distinction which exists between acts which are absolutely ultra vires by reason of the corporation having no authority to act on the subject-matter-it being wholly beyond the scope of its powers-and those acts which in a sense are termed ultra vires, where the body has jurisdiction of the subject-matter, but, in the execution of its authority, trespasses upon the rights of others. In the first instance it is conceded by all authority that the corporation is not liable, and in the second, by almost universal modern authority, that it is; that the wrongful act may be the foundation of an action for damages against the corporation, and that such action will lie against the corporation either when the act is done by its officers under its authority or has been ratified by it. Keeping these distinctions in view, it is not difficult to determine that the action

will lie in this case if the allegations of the complaint are true; for the action of the county in this respect was not in reference to a matter which was entirely without its authority and scope. On the contrary, it was acting upon a subject especially relegated to its management and control by the laws of the state."

This view of the liability of a county or city under such circumstances, is adhered to in Collensworth v. New Whatcom, 16 Wash. 224, 47 Pac. 439, and Davis v. Wenatchee, 86 Wash. 13, 149 Pac. 337.

cited, that is foreign to the question of the county being rendered liable for injuries resulting from its negligence in, the actual maintenance and control of this bridge as a part of the public highway system of the county for the benefit of all of the people of the county. In its last analysis, this is not a question of the regularity of the procedure by which the county either acquired, reconstructed, or maintained this bridge. The fact remains that the county physically acquired it and has for years immediately preceding its collapse causing Mr. Barr's death physically maintained and controlled it. The county, we think, clearly had power to do all of this, in any event after the passage of the act of 1913, after which the negligence alleged to be the real cause of Mr. Barr's death occurred. This is enough to render the county liable. We hold therefore, that the allegations of Mrs. Barr's complaint state a cause of action as against the county, and that the trial court fell into error in sustaining the county's demurrer to her complaint.

We have not overlooked section 6521, Rem. Comp. Stat., giving to county commissioners power to make rules and regulations looking to the protection of bridges within their several counties, but providing that such power shall not be construed to extend to bridges located within the limits of an incorporated town, which was enacted in 1860. It seems to us easy to see that the later legislation above quoted modifies that section to the extent of allowing cities and counties joint control over bridges such as is here drawn in question. Nor have we overlooked section 4056, Rem. Comp. Stat., specifying generally the powers of county commissioners with respect to roads and highways, and seemingly in general terms limiting their powers to roads and highways outside the limits of cities and towns, which section was enacted before and became embodied in the Code of 1881. Again, we say it is easy to see that the more recent legislation above quoted modifies those provisions in so far as the joint acquiring, management, and control of bridges such as is here drawn in questioning). We are unable to concur in the opinion

are concerned. Nor have we overlooked section 9127, Rem. Comp. Stat., relating to the general powers of cities of the third class, to which class Kelso belongs, enacted in 1915, in which we find nothing that militates against. the giving of full force and effect to the act of 1913 above quoted, especially empowering cities and counties to jointly acquire, maintain, and control bridges such as is here drawn in question. Nor have we overlooked sections 6413 to 6416, inclusive, enacted in 1915 and 1917, relating to the levy and expenditure of revenues for the construction and maintenance of roads and bridges, and providing for the apportionment of such revenues in a measure to cities and towns to be expended by them instead of by the county, in which we see nothing persuasive as against the giving of full force and effect to the provisions of the statute above quoted, especially conferring upon cities and counties the power to jointly acquire, maintain, and control bridges such as is here drawn in question. These last-noticed sections might possibly be invoked to show some

irregularity on the part of the county in the financing of the reconstruction or maintenance of the bridge in question, yet, under the rule of the decisions above quoted and

The judgment of dismissal is reversed, and the cause remanded to the superior court, with directions to overrule the county's demurrer, and for such further proceedings as shall be consistent with the views herein expressed.

ΜΑΙΝ, C.

J.,

and

FULLERTON,

BRIDGES, TOLMAN, and PEMBERTON,
JJ.,

concur.

MITCHELL and HOLCOMB, JJ. (dissent

and judgment of the court. Any action whatever on the part of the county, by attempted contract with the city, by continued practice, or for any other show of reason to maintain or operate the bridge, was altogether beyond its power.

In such cases the rule is well

stated in that portion of Wendel v. Spokane County, 27 Wash. 121, 67 Pac. 576, 91 Am. St. Rep. 825, quoted in the majority opinion, which we take occasion to repeat, as fol

lows:

"In discussing the liability of municipal corporations for acts committed by their officers, which are defended on the ground of the same being ultra vires, we must not lose sight of the distinction which exists between acts which are absolutely ultra vires by reason of the corporation having no authority to act on the subject-matter-it being wholly beyond the scope of its powers-and those acts which in a sense are termed ultra vires, where the body has jurisdiction of the subject-matter, but in the execution of its authority, trespasses upon the rights of others. In the first instance it is conceded by all authority that the corporation is not liable, and in the second, by almost uni

versal modern authority, that it is.

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See, also, Dillon, Municipal Corporations (5th Ed.) vol. 4, p. 2868.

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