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the Santa Fé expedition and during the Mexican War. He took the field with our troops, and his letters descriptive of the battles in that republic were among the first of the kind in this country. They were excellent, and some of them very graphic. The enterprise was new to American journalism, and was indulged in at that time only by the New York Herald, and New Orleans Picayune and Delta. Kendall's letters, with their "plunging fire," were copied every where, and made the reputation of many a gallant officer and soldier, whose name and fame would have been smothered in the musty reports of the War Department. When peace came he conceived the idea of publishing his war correspondence in a book, and for this purpose he made two or three visits to Paris to have the illustrations properly executed. They were elegant specimens of battle scenesHorace Vernets on paper. Kendall spent large sums of money in having them truthfully and artistically done.

The great military reputation which Jefferson Davis and Braxton Bragg enjoyed with the people came from the war correspondents of the Picayune, and Herald, and Delta in the Mexican War. The repulse of a tremendous charge of Mexicans at Buena Vista by the Mississippi Rifle Regiment, commanded by Colonel Davis, which he did by suddenly placing his regiment in the form of a V, brought his name prominently and favorably before the public. This piece of tactics on the field of battle was previously and successfully performed in India by Sir Colin Campbell. Who would have ever known Braxton Bragg beyond and above hundreds of other deserving and meritorious officers but for the phrase put into the mouth of General Taylor on the approach of a large mass of Mexicans near Bragg's Battery? "A little more grape, Captain Bragg," is as famous a command in military annals as "Up! guards, and at them," of Wellington at Waterloo, and neither ever appeared in official reports.

Kendall purchased an extensive plantation in Texas, and became a landed proprietor on a princely scale-a farmer, a planter, a cattlefancier, a stock-raiser, not in small numbers, but in herds whose tramp across the fields would make Texas tremble. There he passed many of the later years of his life with the admiration of a Rosa Bonheur for his fine animals and splendid flocks. He died a few years ago, and the pleasant recollections of the man, and what he did for journalism in the Southwest, are all that remain for the public and for those who knew him in those days of sunshine.

One of the encouraging features of the Newspaper Press is its architecture. In every city in the Union some of the handsomest and most costly buildings are those erected by journalists for their business purposes. Of the first to put up such an edifice were the

proprietors of the Picayune. In 1850 their old establishment was destroyed by fire. In the same year they had a new, four-story granite building erected, a description of which occupied two columns of the paper. They were proud of it, just as the Sun, Times, Herald, Ledger, Post, Advertiser, Journal, Transcript, are proud of their still grander edifices erected twenty years later in several Northern cities.

Several excellent newspapers have been published in Mobile. It is not a very large city in population. The last census gives her thirty-two thousand inhabitants. This number will not afford a very liberal support to many papers, but three or four daily newspapers have been published there at the same time. Mobile is an important market for the transhipment of cotton, and this fact aids the Press there. The first paper appeared shortly after the evacuation of the place by the Spaniards, about 1814. We are ignorant of its name. There was a paper called the Gazette issued in that city in July, 1817.

The Register is now the oldest paper. It was established in December, 1821. It has lately been published by W. D. Mann, and edited by John Forsyth. The latter started a penny paper in Mobile, on the cash system, in January, 1842, the first of that class in that city. It was named the Ledger, and was selected to publish the laws of the United States in March of the same year. Forsyth afterwards, in 1850, edited the Columbus (Georgia) Times. There were two old-class papers published there then, the Register, Democratic, by Sanford & Wilson, and the Advertiser, Whig, by C. C. Langdon, once mayor of the city. The Register has lately been published every morning except Monday, and every evening except Sunday. Early in 1872 the establishment was modernized, and is now published by an association.

The father of the present chief editor, John Forsyth, Sr., of Georgia, was once minister to Spain. After his return from Madrid he was made Secretary of State in 1834, in the cabinet of General Jackson. The editor, John Forsyth, Jr., was one of the Peace Commissioners sent to Washington on the eve of the late rebellion.

The Advertiser, mentioned above, was established in 1833. It issued, in November, 1852, an afternoon edition, called the Evening News. Another paper, named the Tribune, was founded in 1842, and still another, a State Rights organ, with the title of Mercury flying at its head, was established on the 12th of August, 1857. There was a penny paper, the Transcript, published for a time.

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CHAPTER XXX.

FEMALE JOURNALISTS.

THE LADIES' MAGAZINE.-THE LOWELL OFFERING.-EARLY FEMALE PERIODICAL WRITErs.—Sarah JosEPHA HALE.—THE WOMAN'S RIGHTS MOVEMENT. THE REVOLUTION.—THE SOROSIS.-WOMAN'S JOURNAL.-WOODHULL & CLAFLIN'S WEEKLY.-THE TRUE WOMAN.-FREE LOVE. - FEMALE SUFFRAGE-THE TROUBLES OF THE REFORMERS.

THE first daily newspaper printed in the English language was published by a woman. Elizabeth Mallet began the publication of the Daily Courant in London in March, 1702, and it was issued to "spare the public at least half the impertinences which the ordinary papers contain." But the Courant was not intended as a woman's paper.

Mrs. Sarah Josepha Hale was probably the first to establish a magazine in this country wholly devoted to the tastes and interests of women. It was not a newspaper in any sense. It was a magazine. It can scarcely, therefore, come within the scope of a compilation like this. But, as Mrs. Hale was the first of female periodical writers, it is fair to begin with her enterprise. In 1827, in connection with a Boston publisher, she established the Ladies' Magazine in that city. It was afterwards united with Godey's Lady's Book of Philadelphia, of which Mrs. Hale became the editor, and is still the editor in 1872, although in her 85th year, 45 of which have been devoted to that periodical. Mrs. Hale has, therefore, long been before the public. She wrote Northwood, Woman's Record, and Household Receipt-books. The publication of the Ladies' Magazine led to others, such as the Ladies' Companion, issued in New York by W. W. Snowden, Graham's Magazine, in Philadelphia, by C. R. Graham, the Artist, Peterson's Magazine, the Gem, the Passion Flower, by the accomplished daughters of Captain Samuel G. Reid, and numerous others. These were illustrated with steel and colored engravings and fashion plates, some of which were very creditably executed. This art, indeed, received its first important impulse in America from these publications. Since then, however, our national banking institutions and the national government have given it an impulse beyond all others in furnishing choice historical engravings, some of the finest specimens the world has ever seen, for millions of greenbacks and National Bank bills. But the first impulse and encouragement came from these magazines.

The Lowell Offering, originating with the factory girls of Lowell in 1840, was another development of female writers in the United States in periodical literature. It was filled with the productions of factory girls or "female operatives" exclusively. This was before the foreign element crowded the native talent out of the mills at Lowell and elsewhere. Madame Demorest's Magazine, on the plan of le Mode, le Follet, and the Bazar, was established several years ago in New York, and is almost entirely absorbed with the fashions for ladies at home and abroad, with handsome colored plates and engravings. But, as we have said, these were not strictly newspapers some gave the latest news of the fashions; they were, however, literary and fashionable publications of the light, gossamer order; they led ultimately, however, to newspapers and periodicals more devoted to the wants, desires, interests, dreams, eccentricities, and æsthetics generally of women here and around the world.

The more modern class of publications for women are above fashion, above the small-talk of the ballroom, or the gossip and envy of the reception-rooms of the modistes. Some of these papers are edited by strong-minded women, seeking a higher sphere for female labor, and the right of women to vote, to buy and sell stocks in Wall Street, to fulminate from the pulpit, to visit sick-rooms as physicians as well as nurses, to a right to surrender their seats in railway cars to tired old gentlemen, to labor on farms, in digging canals, in grading railroad beds, in running locomotives, to serve in the army and navy, in Congress, on school committees, to run with the fire-engines, to be newspaper carriers, governors of states, policemen, diplomats, hod-carriers, ward politicians, and drivers of garbagecarts. There is now the Woman's Journal and the Revolution to urge these social changes on the world. They have taken the place of the old lecturers, and talk to the millions. They are active and persistent workers, full of poetry and poverty, boldness and beauty, independence and impudence, pouts and persuasiveness, in pushing their plan of reform before the monster public.

Women, under peculiar circumstances, have managed newspapers long before our day. Mrs. Franklin, for instance, carried on the Newport Mercury for a while in the middle of the last century, and Mrs. Holt managed the New York Gazette some time after the death of her husband. When Lynde M. Walter, of the Boston Transcript, departed this life in 1842, his sister, Miss Cornelia M. Walter, supplied his place as editor of that paper. Mrs. M. Elizabeth Green has managed the Quincy (Mass.) Patriot since the death of her husband. Miss Piney W. Forsythe succeeded her father as proprietor and editor of the Liberty (Miss.) Advocate in 1868. She is assisted by two sisters who were brought up as practical printers. She lately

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declined to attend a convention of Mississippi editors for fear her male contemporaries would stare at her. Mrs. Jane G. Swishelm, of Pittsburg, Pennsylvania, one of the oldest of female journalists, is still attached to a newspaper in that smoky place, and has made no little noise in the world; and is not Fanny Wright known to fame as a political newspaper writer and lecturer in New York, with the Tammany Hall leaders of 1829-'30-'31? Who has forgotten Mrs. Bloomer? Over the world, wherever short petticoats were worn by one sex and admired by the other, her name is enshrined; and that agreeable and affable Polish woman, Madame Ernestine Rose, became well known several years ago as a spirited contributor to the Press.

There are now quite a number of female managers and publishers of newspapers in the United States. They do not push themselves forward or make themselves very conspicuous in their profession. They are not propagandists; they are simply getting a living, and making what money they can without ostentation. Iowa has three lady editors: Mrs. Mary L. Morey, of the Jefferson Era, Mrs. Mary Hartshorn, of the Corydon Monitor, and Mrs. Mary Reed, of the Wright County Register. But, apart from these, the modern female journalists are smart and demonstrative. They start for the amelioration of woman. All else must subserve that point. Woman is a wretched slave, with nothing to wear. The Revolution was established for her emancipation, and edited, for some time, by Susan B. Anthony. In May, 1870, she disposed of her interest to Laura C. Bullard, of Brooklyn, who then became its editor. The paper is owned in shares. Theodore Tilton, of the Golden Age, it is said, is one of the shareholders. The Revolution has been the leading organ of the Sorosis, or Woman's Rights Party, from its inception. Some idea of the scope of its principles and doctrines may be gathered from the following neatly-worded extract from that paper:

Multitudes of our noblest girls are perishing for something to do. The hope of marriage, all we offer girls, is not enough to feed an immortal mind; and if that goal is never reached, what then? The more fire and genius a girl has, with no outlets for her powers, the more complete is her misery when all these forces are turned back upon herself. The pent-up fires, that might have glowed with living words of eloquence in courts of justice, in the pulpit, or on the stage, are to-day consuming their victims in idiot and insane asylums, in domestic discontent and disgust, in peevish wailings about, in the vain pursuit of pleasure and fashion, longing for that peace that is found only in action.

Another paper was issued in New York in 1869 by the female bankers and brokers of Broad Street. It is called Woodhull & Claflin's Weekly. It was a sixteen-page paper, and dealt in finance and fashion, stock-jobbing and strong-minded women, sporting and sorosis, politics and president-making, supporting a woman even for the executive mansion. This periodical is edited by Victoria C.