continued in a tortuous and somewhat spiral course to the preputium clitoridis, to one side of which it is adherent: the extremity of the preputium forms a conical prominence external to the anterior margin of the urogenital canal. The plexus retiformis'

forms two large bodies.

In the Pigmy Musks or Chevrotains (Tragulus) the ovaria are smooth oblong bodies with a somewhat angular contour. The oviducts pursue a scalloped course along the edge of the broad ligament, and terminate in an expanded elongated pavilion at the outer part of the circumference of the capsula ovarii. I found the cornua of the uterus are unequal in size; the right was the largest in the specimen examined; its inner surface was smooth, the utricular pores generally diffused, without any appearance of cotyledonal processes, implying an uniform and stunted villosity of the fœtal chorion, as in the Camel tribe. The inner surface of the vagina has many parallel longitudinal folds, the abrupt termination of which indicates the beginning of the uterus, there being no os tincæ. The vulva is close to the vent.

In horned Ruminants the lining of the cornua uteri shows smooth prominences, devoid of utricular pores, called 'caruncles' or cotyledonal processes, fig. 546, e, e, increasing in number with the size of the species. In Cervus rufus and C. capreolus there may be from four to six in each cornu, longitudinally disposed: in the Giraffe there may be eighty. In the Cameline group we have seen that the greater part of the capsula ovarii is formed by the expanded fimbriated aperture of the oviduct itself, which is of very large size. In Deer, Antelopes, Bovines, and Ovines the ovarium, ib. k, is lodged in a depression or sacculus of the broad ligament, which is more or less deep, and has its apertures more or less contracted in different species. In the Giraffe this sacculus is wide and deep, and incloses almost the whole of the ovary. The fimbriated extremity of each oviduct is expanded upon the outer margin of the ovarian capsule, as in fig. 546, i, i; the inner surface of the pavilion is beset with numerous fine oblique striæ, and is further increased by narrow folds of lamina converging toward the contracted opening of the duct. The oviduct forms three or four wavy folds, and is then continued along the walls of the wide ovarian capsule to the extremity of the uterine horn, which makes an abrupt curve to meet it. Each cornu becomes bent in a spiral form when distended with fluid: four longitudinal rows of compressed caruncles project from the inner surface. The cervix of the uterus is occupied by two circular series of close-set,

1 ccxxxvI. vol. ii. p. 135, Note,

longitudinal lamellar processes, with their free margins converging to the centre of the canal. Above these the inner membrane of the uterus sends off several thicker processes similarly arranged. The os tincæ' is a large transversely oval prominence, having the orifice of the uterus in the centre, and marked by numerous fine ruga, which radiate from this orifice. The vulva or 'peak' in the Giraffe resembles that of the Deer, and the other horned Ruminants, in coming to a point below, within which is the clitoris. From the vulva to the orifice of the urethra, the passage is five inches long in the Giraffe: the proper vagina is lined with a smooth and polished membrane, which is disposed in numerous fine and small longitudinal rugæ.

In the Bison (Bison Americanus) the ovaria are smaller than in the Giraffe, and the peritoneal sacculi, or capsules, are deeper, and have a more contracted aperture; they are situated wholly external to the ovary, with their apertures turned toward those bodies. The fimbriated pavilion is extended along the external border of the opening of the ovarian sac. The smooth caruncles of the uterus are softer, thicker, and more obtuse than in the Giraffe, and are less regularly disposed. Series of longitudinal laminæ are disposed on transverse folds in the cervix uteri; the uppermost are narrower and longer; other series of shorter, broader, and thicker folds intervene between them and the plicated os tincæ. The longitudinal folds of the vagina are also more developed than in the Giraffe.

In the Rein-deer (Cervus Tarandus), the ovaria are small, simple, smooth, ovate bodies, with the larger end attached to the fimbriated aperture of the oviduct; this is situated external to the ovary, between which and the rest of the oviduct the peritoneum is developed into a wide but shallow sac. The oviduct, after a few slight folds at its commencement, is continued straight to the uterus. The cornua are unconnected with each other for the first half of their extent: the first of the cotyledonal processes commences near the orifice of the oviduct, is in the form of a compressed elongated fold of the lining membrane, and extends in the direction of the cornu, with its lower extremity projecting free for the extent of half an inch; the succeeding caruncle, which begins where the other ends, is also elongated and flattened, but is shorter and broader; the third is much shorter, but thicker and broader; the fourth, which is at the commencement of the common uterus, is the smallest. The caruncles of three other rows have similar proportions. In the cervix uteri the lining membrane is produced into numerous

close-set longitudinal laminæ, supported on six successively larger transverse processes, the two last of which project into the vagina, and form the os tincæ. The vagina exhibits at its commencement some longitudinal rugæ ; but the rest of its inner surface is almost smooth.

The cornua uteri in the Goat and Sheep, fig. 546, g, are relatively longer, more tortuous, and expand more gradually from the ends of the oviducts than in the Deer and Cow; their point of confluence is marked by the style f The structure of the corpus and cervix uteri resembles that in the Bison. The groups of lamina there present the appearance of a number

of successive ora tincæ, ib. c, b. In the virgin Ewe a filamentary band, crossing the constriction between the urogenital canal and vagina represents the hymen.' The canals of Malpighi open into the urogenital passage, near that constriction. The crura clitoridis are embraced by erectores:' the glans projects just within the peak' of the vulva.

6

§ 392. In Carnivora.-In the Seal (Phoca vitulina) the ovaria

are inclosed in the peritoneal capsules, situated close to the ends of the cornua uteri. The orifice of the capsule is chiefly formed by the fimbriate pavilion. The cornua continue distinct some way after they are externally joined together, the actual 'corpus uteri,' or common cavity, being very short. The inner surface of the cornua is beset with thick soft eminences, chiefly in the longitudinal direction, which fall into longitudinal ridges as they approach the corpus uteri. This part opens into the vagina on a well-developed round os tincæ. The vagina is lined by a loose usually longitudinally plicated membrane: it is separated, at the immature period, by a well-marked constriction from the urogenital canal. The urethra opens into the beginning of this canal upon a mammillary prominence. The clitoris projects from a small semilunar depression, just within the verge of the anterior part of the urethro-sexual canal: it has an ossicle. The rectum terminates close to the opposite side of the vulva, and a common cloacal sphincter muscle embraces both apertures.

In the White Bear (Ursus maritimus) the ovaria are completely inclosed in a reflected capsule of the peritoneal membrane, like the testes in the tunica vaginalis: a small opening, however, leads into the ovarian capsule at the part next the horn of the uterus. The fimbriated orifices of the oviducts are situated close to this aperture: the ducts pass round the capsule in a tortuous course to the uterus. The two cornua uteri communicate with a short and wide corpus uteri, between which and the vagina there appears to be no very distinct boundary: a broad transverse rugous projection of the lining membrane holds the place of the os tincæ. The vagina is separated from the urogenital canal by two transverse semilunar folds, continued one from each side of the longitudinal eminence upon which the urethra opens. The lining membrane of the urogenital canal is chiefly remarkable for its dark colour and sharply defined ruga, which are mostly longitudinal, but in some places have an oblique or penniform arrangement. The clitoris lies concealed in a deep preputial cavity, attached through its whole length to the anterior or under part of the urethro-sexual canal: it has an ossicle. In Ursus labiatus the inner surface of the cornua uteri is marked by obtuse, depressed, irregular processes, on which are utricular pores. The body of the uterus offers a very contracted area; it terminates by a small circular papillose ridge in a short but wider canal, which traverses a similar but much larger prominence, or os tincæ: these valvular projections are minutely plicated. The lining membrane of the vagina presents many

small, irregular, transverse rugæ at its commencement, but these gradually pass into the longitudinal direction at its termination in the urogenital canal, which is by a corrugated valvular fold.

In the Ratel (Ratelus mellivorus) the lining substance of the uterine horns is disposed in thick longitudinal and oblique folds. The os tincæ is a double circular prominence. The beginning of the vagina is beset with numerous minute obtuse rugæ, which become larger and more longitudinal as they approach the urogenital canal: into this the vagina opens by a bilobed valvular fold. The inner surface of the urogenital passage is smooth.

In the Bitch the capacious capsules of the ovaria have a small aperture at the part nearest the uterus. The fimbriated beginning of the oviduct is attached to the exterior boundary of this aperture opposite the ovarium; the tube itself passes in a wavy course round the anterior part of the capsule to the uterus. The cornua are long, slender, compressed tubes, with numerous flat eminences on the inner surface: they are joined together externally for nearly two inches before they communicate with the body of the uterus. The interior of this part presents a few smooth, longitudinal elevations of the lining membrane. The os tinca is a smooth, thick, simple prominence. The true vagina is of considerable length, with longitudinal ruga: the urethra opens between a small transverse fold and the triangular flattened clitoris, beyond which is a second transverse crescentic fold with its concavity opposite that of the preceding.

In the Civet (Viverra Civetta) the ovaria approach nearer to the globular form than usual. They are situated in shallow capsules, on one side of which the oviduct commences by a large elongated aperture. The cornua uteri are long, slender, compressed, straight canals. The corpus uteri is equally simple, but very short; the vagina is long, with a longitudinally rugous inner surface. The urogenital canal opens externally on a prominent vulva, above which there is a semilunar cutaneous depression, which receives the ducts of two large scent-glands.

In the Leopard (Felis Leopardus) the ovaria present an elongated, elliptical, flattened form, and are attached by one edge to the ovarian ligament: the peritoneal pouch is large and wide, with an opening extending its whole length. In the Hyæna the ovaria have a more compact oval form, and are more completely inclosed in the peritoneal capsules. The fimbriated aperture of the oviduct is extended in the Leopard along one side of the margin of the pouch; the ovary itself forms the opposite boundary. In the Hyæna the pavilion forms a smaller proportion of the