In the Indian Rhinoceros the panniculus carnosus is more discontinuous than in other Perissodactyles, but where it exists is of unusual thickness. One sheet at the side of the thorax sends its fascia into

the interstice of the dermal fold in front of the fore limbs. A similar portion behind is inserted into the posterior fold of the skin, suggesting that such permanent folds served the purpose of affording a firmer insertion to the aponeuroses of the cutaneous muscles than a plane surface could have done. Two sheets of panniculus rise, broad and thick, one on each side of the anterior part of the abdomen from the superficial fascia, and, passing backward, terminate in aponeuroses covering knee-joint. As the patellæ are higher than the line of the abdomen, in the erect

position of the animal, the preceding muscles afford additional support to that bulky part, some of the weight thus being transferred to the hind-legs, which, reciprocally, are by these muscles drawn forward in locomotion.'

§ 198. Muscles of Artiodactyla.-In the Ruminant division of the Artiodactyle Ungulates the panniculus carnosus' is better developed than in the non-ruminant group, e. g. the hog and the hippopotamus. The fixed points from which, in the ox, the well-developed sheets of dermal carneous fibres act on the skin are the scapula, mandible, ilium, pubis, and patella: a

1 v". p. 36.

16

number of subvertical lamellæ, fig. 17, 3, with which interdigitate corresponding lamellæ, ib. 17, from the periosteum of the ungual phalanx: the first are called the horny lamellæ,' the second the vascular' or sensitive lamellæ.' At the interspace between the inflected parts or prongs of the wall' projects the mass of elastic subcorneous tissue called by the French farriers 'fourche,' and misnamed by the English frog.' In the horizontal section of the hoof, fig. 16, in which a part, 2, is reflected back, the 'frog,' 3, is seen to extend to the centre of the sole: its exposed outer surface is the hardest and most horny; but this tissue is not so thick as some farriers, misapplying the paring-knife, suppose: it gradually passes into elastic tissue: it is impressed at its middle part by the 'cleft of the frog,' and is reflected upon the internal wall.' In fig. 16, 2, 6, is the section of the wall;' 3, the upper surface of the frog;' 4, 4, are the parts of the wall' called the heels;' 5, parts of the sole called the bars; 7-11 indicate the boundaries of the space lodging the frog; 12, are the vascular lamellæ.' The horny matter of the sole possesses more elasticity than that of the wall: the sole is slightly concave toward 42 the ground, abutting by its lower circumference against the wall: it is cleft to its centre by the triangular space through which the frog projects.

Horse.

6

In fig. 17, 1 is the skin reflected; 2, soft elastic tissue, with oil, forming a cushion behind the metacarpo-phalangial joint; 3, wall' of the hoof turned back, showing the horny lamella; 4, section of front part of the 'wall;' 5, 6, ligamentous parts of metacarpo-phalangial joint; 7, tendon of common extensor;' 8, 9, 10, those of the deep and superficial flexors; 15, expansion of the great anterior cartilage of the hoof; 16, the coronary frog-band' reflected; 17, the vascular lamella;' 18, elastic portion of the 'frog;' the coronary venous plexus' is shown at 5.

In the Indian Rhinoceros the panniculus carnosus is more discontinuous than in other Perissodactyles, but where it exists is of unusual thickness. One sheet at the side of the thorax sends its fascia into

the interstice of the dermal fold in front of the fore limbs. A similar portion behind is inserted into the posterior fold of the skin, suggesting

that such permanent folds served the purpose of affording a firmer insertion to the aponeuroses of the cutaneous muscles than a plane surface could have done. Two sheets of panniculus rise, broad and thick, one on each side of the anterior part of the abdomen from the superficial fascia, and, passing backward, terminate in aponeuroses covering knee-joint. As the patellæ are higher than the line of the abdomen, in the erect

Dissection of the digit forming the Horse's foot. III".

position of the animal, the preceding muscles afford additional support to that bulky part, some of the weight thus being transferred to the hind-legs, which, reciprocally, are by these muscles drawn forward in locomotion.'

§ 198. Muscles of Artiodactyla.-In the Ruminant division. of the Artiodactyle Ungulates the panniculus carnosus' is better developed than in the non-ruminant group, e. g. the hog and the hippopotamus. The fixed points from which, in the ox, the well-developed sheets of dermal carneous fibres act on the skin are the scapula, mandible, ilium, pubis, and patella: a

1 v". p. 36.

subjacent layer of fascia allows the play of the 'panniculus' independently of the main masses of the muscular system, fig. 18. To the sheet of carneous fibres spreading from the scapular fascia over the neck the term 'cutaneus colli' is applied: to a thinner layer extending from the fore part of the neck over the forehead and cheeks to the lips, that of cutaneus faciei.' The thick layer expanding from the supra-scapular attachment over the shoulder and part of the fore-limb is the cutaneus humeri ;' that which extends from the iliac and pubic fascia lata, and from the patella, forward, expanding upon the abdomen, is the cutaneus abdominis: the musculus preputialis,' in the Bull, is a derivation from the foregoing dermal muscle.

6

6

The trapezius,' fig. 18, 10, 11, answers to the scapular division of that muscle in Man; it arises in the Ox from the neural spines of the anterior half of the thorax, and from the ligamentum nucha.' In the Giraffe it is in two portions: one arises from the

transverse processes of the fifth and sixth cervical vertebræ, its fleshy part is thick and strong but expands as it passes downward and backward and finally is lost in a strong fascia overspreading the shoulder-joint; the second portion is thin and broad, arises from the ligamentum nuchæ, and is inserted into the fascia covering the scapula.' The masto-humeralis,' fig. 18, 8, 8, may represent the cleidal' part of the trapezius in claviculate Ungulates it arises by an aponeurosis from the ligamentum nuchæ, and, by a tendon, from the paroccipital; the chief and more superficial portion is inserted into the humerus, the deeper portion into the sternum. The latissimus dorsi,' fig. 18, 12, in

xevir. p. 234.

the Ox, as in the Horse, is a comparatively small muscle, and acts upon both humerus and antibrachium. The rhomboideus,' fig. 19, 9, is not single, as in the Horse and Giraffe, but consists in the Ox of pre- and post-rhomboid portions: the former rises from the nuchal ligament, as far forward as its occipital insertion: the latter from the spines of the two or three anterior dorsals; both converge to be inserted into the base of the scapula.

6

The 'splenius capitis,' fig. 19, 7, arises from the anterior dorsal and posterior cervical spines; the fibres diverge to a flat tendon inserted into the paroccipital and the ridge rising therefrom. In the Sheep an insertion of a small fasciculus into the diapophysis of the atlas represents the splenius colli.' The scaleni' form three strong muscles in the Camelida, in the Giraffe four, which rise from the fourth to the seventh cervical vertebræ and are inserted into the manubrium sterni and first rib. The scalenus anticus' in the Cow is shown at 12, fig. 19. The sterno-maxillaris' arises from the manubrium and divides, at 9, fig. 18, to be inserted into the paroccipital and mandibular angle.

The levator anguli scapula,' fig. 19, 8, arises from the pleurapophyses of the third and fourth cervical vertebræ, and is inserted into the anterior angle of the scapula: it seems part of the following muscle.

The serratus magnus,' fig. 19, 10, has an extensive origin from the pleurapophyses of the anterior half or two-thirds of the dorsal series, forward, to that of the fifth cervical inclusive, by 'dentations,' or an angular strip from each: the fibres converge, ascending beneath the scapula, to be inserted into the cartilaginous suprascapula. Thus, as the fore-part of the trunk is, as it were, slung upon the two great serrate muscles which principally support