Manual of Political EconomyMacmillan and Company, 1876 - 631 стор. |
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Adam Smith advantage agricultural produce American civil war amongst annually Australia bank notes Bank of England bills of exchange BOOK branch of industry cause cent chapter circulating capital circulation circumstances classes coal commodities consequently considerable considered cooperative cotton creased cultivation demand depreciation diminished duction duty effect employed employers England English exerted export farm farmer fertile foreign France greater important improvements income income-tax increased India individual influence instance invested iron labour and capital land landlord less levied loan machinery manufactured ment metayer nation obtained paid particular pauperism political economy population portion possess precious metals principle production of wealth proprietors purchase quantity raised rate of interest rate of profit realised regard remarked remuneration rent revenue rise sacks of wheat saved secure society sumer supply supposed taxation tenant tion trade value of gold wage-fund wages workmen
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Сторінка 521 - The subjects of every state ought to contribute towards the support of the government, as nearly as possible, in proportion to their respective abilities ; that is, in proportion to the revenue which they respectively enjoy under the protection of the state.
Сторінка 521 - The tax which each individual is bound to pay ought to be certain, and not arbitrary. The time of payment, the manner of payment, the quantity to be paid, ought all to be clear and plain to the contributor, and to every other person.
Сторінка 522 - Thirdly, by the forfeitures and other penalties which those unfortunate individuals incur who attempt unsuccessfully to evade the tax, it may frequently ruin them, and thereby put an end to the benefit which the community might have received from the employment of their capitals.
Сторінка 184 - Give a man the secure possession of a bleak rock, and he will turn it into a garden ; give him a nine years lease of a garden, and he will convert it into a desert.
Сторінка 553 - Every tax ought to be levied at the time, or in the manner in which it is most likely to be convenient for the contributor to pay it.
Сторінка 144 - The elephant is reckoned the slowest breeder of all known animals, and I have taken some pains to estimate its probable minimum rate of natural increase; it will be...
Сторінка 554 - Every tax ought to be so contrived as both to take out and to keep out of the pockets of the people as Little as possible, over and above what it brings into the public treasury of the state.
Сторінка 151 - Fifthly, the wages of labour in different employments vary according to the probability or improbability of success in them. The probability that any particular person shall ever be qualified for the employment to which he is educated is very different in different occupations. In the greater part of mechanic trades, success is almost certain; but very uncertain in the liberal professions. Put your son apprentice to a shoemaker...
Сторінка 521 - ... when it is most likely to be convenient for the contributor to pay ; or when he is most likely to have wherewithal to pay. Taxes upon such consumable goods as are articles of luxury, are all finally paid by the consumer, and generally in a manner that is very convenient to him.
Сторінка 151 - In the greater part of manufactures, a journeyman may be pretty sure of employment almost every day in the year that he is able to work. A mason or bricklayer, on the contrary, can work neither in hard frost nor in foul weather, and his employment at all other times depends upon the occasional calls of his customers. He is liable, in consequence, to be frequently without any. What he earns, therefore, while he is employed, must not only maintain him while he is idle, but make him some compensation...