coming back under the cloak of the returning darkness from his wandering in the desert, not alone, but followed by a shadowy train, overleaping the defenses which appeared impregnable to human foes, or mysteriously gliding through the very crevices of fast-barred doors, and unexpectedly appearing in their ancient haunts, which all the intervening glory and prosperity have only seemed to sweep and garnish for its repossession by its ancient master and his new confederates, under whose united usurpation and oppression the last state of that race, or society, or nation, must be worse than the first."

"It is not as the invaders of a country or besiegers of a city, that the evil spirit, with his sevenfold reinforcement, rises up before the mind's eye in terrific grandeur. It is where we see him knocking at the solitary door from which he was once driven in disgrace and anguish. The scene, though an impressive one, is easily called up. A lonely dwelling on the margin of a wilderness, cheerfully lighted as the night approaches, carefully swept and garnished, and apparently the home of plenty, peace and comfort. The winds that sweep across the desert pass it by unheeded. But, as the darkness thickens, something more than wind approaches from that quarter. What are the shadowy forms that seem to come forth from the dry places of the wilderness, and stealthily draw near the dwelling? One of the number guides the rest, and now they reach the threshold. Hark! he knocks; but only to assure himself that there is no resistance. Through the opened door we catch a glimpse of the interior, swept and garnished-swept and garnished; but for whose use ?—its rightful owner? Alas! no; for he is absent; and already has that happy home begun to ring with fiendish laughter, and to glare with hellish flames; and, if the weal or woe of any man be centered in it, the last state of that man is worse than the first."

TYLER'S BIBLE AND SOCIAL REFORM.*-This work is written in an excellent temper and with a plain and forcible exhibition of the argument which is offered in support of the author's leading position-the Scriptures as the great means of civilization. It is designed to affect common people who think and read somewhat, and seems well fitted to be useful. The facts adduced are not to be questioned, and they have been collected with fidelity and are urged with force and skill. It is a good book to place in the hands of many persons who would not read a distinctively devotional or religious work.

* The Bible and Social Reform; or, the Scriptures as a means of civilization. By R. H. TYLER, A. M., of Fulton, N. Y. Philadelphia: James Challen & Son. 1860. 12mo. pp. 366.

PHILOSOPHY.

WARDEN'S FORENSIC VIEW OF MAN AND LAW.*-This work is another indication which we are glad to welcome that in and about Columbus special attention is given by lawyers to psychological and kindred studies. The present volume might properly be entitled a lawyer's view of man, especially of those attributes of his nature which have to do with law and the administration of justice. This design leads the author over a wide range of topics, ordinarily treated of in physiology, psychology, ethics and medical jurisprudence. The contributions of the author, upon each and all of these topics, exhibit much reading, with vigorous and independent thinking. His remarks, even on points which are especially technical to any of the subjects named, are fraught with interest. They are especially valuable and timely upon all those subiects which are at all related to criminal law. In order to determine all the questions here involved, the author has gone into careful investigations in physiology, so as to establish, on tenable grounds, the relation of the morbid conditions of the bodily organism to the moral responsibility of those guilty of felonious acts. We cannot accept the author's theory of the will as a just or full statement of its relations to the thoughts and affections, but we entirely coincide with the cautious and well-considered objections which he urges against the tendency to believe in moral insanity, which is fostered by so many in the medical profession. On this subject even the physiological views of this able thinker might be profitably considered by those who are deemed so exclusively experts in their own department as to claim to give law to judges and jurors.

We shall look with much interest for the volume to which this is designed as a preparatory introduction.

CHAMPLIN'S TEXT BOOK IN INTELLECTUAL PHILOSOPHY.-This is an able outline of the generally received doctrines in the science of the

A Familiar Forensic View of Man and Law. By ROBERT B. WARDEN. Columbus: Follett, Foster & Co. 1860. 8vo. pp. 000.

+ Text-book in Intellectual Philosophy, for schools and colleges; containing an outline of the science, with an abstract of its history. By J. T CHAMPLIN, D. D., President of Waterville College. Boston: Crosby, Nichols, Lee & Co. 1860. 12mo. pp. 240.

Intellect, showing an attentive and thoughtful study of the principal English authorities and the exercise of the author's own independent judg ment. We have not had time to examine it as critically as we desired, as it came to hand at the last moment before our going to press. But as far as we have looked at it, the distinctions are more accurately and justly made, and the terminology is more precisely and rigidly adhered to than in the other compends which have been recently given to the public. The work is brief, professing to be only an outline for the teacher to explain and illustrate, and certainly it leaves room for this work from the instructor. Our own experience would leave the impression, that however plausible this view of the ideal text-book is in theory, it will not always be successful in the actual working, for the simple reason, that in teaching sciences of this kind, the prime condition of success is to awaken the philosophical spirit, or a strong and intense interest in the actual inspection of one's own mind. It is true, this interest can be aroused by the excitement of the teacher, but to sustain and feed it, he must keep within the reach of the pupil a definite and somewhat fully illustrated exhibition of the facts and relations which are the subjects of his inquiries. So far as the author of the work is concerned, the work is very creditable to his well known reputation.

INTERNATIONAL LAW.

WOOLSEY'S INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY OF INTERNATIONAL LAW.* -We are pleased to see a new work on international law from President Woolsey, of Yale College. In the instruction which he has given, for a series of years, to the college classes under his charge, in history and in the principles of law, he has found no book answering all the requirements of a text-book, and this work is the result of his study and his experience as a teacher. The whole subject of public and private international law is treated under the following general heads: The rights and obligations of states as independent sovereigns; the right of property and rights over territory belonging to states; the rights and duties of intercourse, with the relations of foreigners with the territory to the state; the forms and agents of intercourse between the states themselves; the right of treaty; the

* Introduction to the Study of International Law, designed as an aid in teaching and in historical studies. By THEODORE D. WOOLSEY, President of Yale College. Boston: James Munroe & Co. 1860. 12mo. pp. 500.

state of war as affecting the belligerents, and as bearing on the rights and obligations of neutrals. The general plan and aim of the author has been, as he himself says, not to write for lawyers, but to introduce students, especially students of history, into a science which has very close relations to the history of Christian states, and in general to that of civilization. Hence, throughout, there has been an aim to show historically the progress of the science, and to expound positive international law by itself, as it is received through Christendom, without forgetting to place a standard of justice, separate from it, by its side, which may serve to test its enactments.

The advantage of presenting this science historically, is proved by the execution of this work, and will be obvious to every one who examines it. We have been particularly pleased with the chronological list of the important treaties since the commencement of the sixteenth century, in which is embodied a statement of the main features of each treaty. We think the chapter on the relations between belligerents and neutrals especially full and satisfactory. We should have been pleased with a more thorough discussion of some other important questions, such as the rights of authors and patentees, so as to develop the reasons on which the existing law is based, or which require its modification. While the author leaves us in no doubt as to his own opinions, a more full exposition of his views might be of service to those for whom the book is mainly designed, without detracting too much from its elementary character. We desire in this connection to say something of the importance of this branch of study to our American youth.

It is a remark of Aristotle, that "jurisprudence is the principal and most perfect branch of ethics," and the learned commentator on the common law of England, Sir William Blackstone, in his introductory lecture, describes law as "that science which distinguishes the criterions of right and wrong; which teaches to establish the one and prevent, punish or redress the other; which employs in its theory the noblest faculties of the soul and exerts in its practice the cardinal virtues of the heart; a science which is universal in its use and extent, accommodated to each individual yet comprehending all." Such a science should form a part of the intellectual and moral training of every educated man, for the principles on which the laws of Christian communities rest are found in the will of the Creator, who formed man to live in society, and so brought him into relations

more or less intimate with his fellow men, and under obligations of greater or less force.

What is true of individual men in society, is true of individual states in the great community of nations, and the obligations which arise from the relations they sustain to each other, involve the most important ethical principles. As the individual citizen in a state exhibits his inward character in his intercourse with his fellow citizens, so the individual state in its relations to other states makes outward manifestation of that interior life which is derived from its institutions and its laws. Hence it follows that as the history of the development of the municipal law of a state is a criterion of the mental and moral progress of that state, so the history of the growth of the principles of international law is an index of the progress of the world in civilization and Christianity.

The progress of this science has been very great within the past fifty years. The growth of the principles of freedom, and the increased security which has been given to the rights of the people, have modified the law of nations. The only valid sanction which such law can have, is to be found in the enlightened public sentiment of the world, and this has been strengthened, and is more powerfully felt than at any former period, and in those states especially where the intelligence of the people is the greatest, and their power the strongest. Early in the last century the abbé Montesquieu said, "the passions of sovereigns and the forbearance of the people have corrupted all the principles of public law. Its present use is to show princes how far they can violate justice without injury to their interests." Exaggerated as was this statement, even when it was written, the truth which underlies it is the want of sanction to international law, for at that period the sovereigns of the world had too much of the education and habit of despotic power to feel the influence of public opinion. We think that the establishment under our own form of government of free principles in advance of other nations, and the increase of the power of the people in all civilized countries, has done much to improve the laws which regulate the mutual intercourse of nations. The influence of our institutions has been felt especially in procuring greater freedom of the seas, and in the removal of restrictions upon commerce, in the prohibition of the African slave trade, and the enlarged privileges of neutral nations, in time of war. Much remains for us to accomplish, and we have peculiar advantages with those half civilized nations which are now beginning to contribute