5. Examination of the influence of speculators, and in particu-

lar of corn dealers, .

PAGE

285

CHAPTER III. Influence of the Progress of Industry and

Population on Rents, Profits, and Wages.

1. First case; population increasing, capital stationary,
2. Second case; capital increasing, population stationary,

3. Third case; population and capital increasing equally, the

arts of production stationary,

4. Fourth case; the arts of production progressive, capital and

population stationary,

5. Fifth case; all the three elements progressive,

290

294

295

296

303

CHAPTER IV. Of the Tendency of Profits to a Minimum.

1. Doctrine of Adam Smith on the competition of capital,

2. Doctrine of Mr. Wakefield respecting the field of employ-

ment,

3. What determines the minimum rate of profit,

308

310

312

.

4. In opulent countries, profits habitually near to the minimum, 315

prevented from reaching it by commercial revulsions,

by improvements in production,

5.

-

6.

7.

by the importation of cheap necessaries and instruments,

by the emigration of capital,

CHAPTER V. Consequences of the Tendency of Profits to a

Minimum.

§ 1. Abstraction of capital not necessarily a national loss,

2. In opulent countries, the extension of machinery not detri-
mental but beneficial to labourers,

327

330

CHAPTER VI. Of the Stationary State.

§ 1. Stationary state of wealth and population, dreaded and

CHAPTER VII. On the probable Futurity of the Labouring

Classes.

1. The theory of dependence and protection no longer appli-

cable to the condition of modern society,.

2. The future well-being of the labouring classes principally

dependent on their own mental cultivation,

3. Probable effects of improved intelligence in causing a better

adjustment of population-Would be promoted by the

social independence of women,

4. Tendency of society towards the disuse of the relation of

hiring and service,

5. Examples of the association of labourers with capitalists,

of the association of labourers among themselves,

7. Competition not pernicious, but useful and indispensable,

6.

-

PAGE

841

346

348

349

353

357

378

BOOK V.

OF THE INFLUENCE OF GOVERNMENT.

CHAPTER I. Of the Functions of Government in general.

§ 1. Necessary and optional functions of government distin-

guished,

2. Multifarious character of the necessary functions of govern-

ment,

bject,.

3. Division of the subject,.

CHAPTER II. Of the General Principles of Taxation.

§ 1. Four fundamental rules of taxation,

2. Grounds of the principle of Equality of Taxation,

385

386

392

394

896

3. Should the same percentage be levied on all amounts of in-

come?

4. Should the same percentage be levied on perpetual and on

terminable incomes?

5. The increase of the rent of land from natural causes a fit
subject of peculiar taxation,

6. A land tax, in some cases, not taxation, but a rent-charge in

favour of the public,.

7. Taxes falling on capital, not necessarily objectionable, .

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CHAPTER III. Of Direct Taxes.

§ 1. Direct taxes either on income or on expenditure,.

2. Taxes on rent,

3. on profits,

PAGE

418

419

420

423

425

429

CHAPTER IV. Of Taxes on Commodities.

§ 1. A Tax on all Commodities would fall on profits, .

2. Taxes on particular commodities fall on the consumer,.

3. Peculiar effects of taxes on necessaries,

4.

-

451

- how modified by the tendency of profits to a minimum,

5. Effects of discriminating duties,

6. Effects produced on international exchange by duties on ex-

ports and on imports,

CHAPTER VII. Of a National Debt.

1. Is it desirable to defray extraordinary public expenses by

468

473

475

loans?

479

2. Not desirable to redeem a national debt by a general con-

tribution, .

3. In what cases desirable to maintain a surplus revenue for the

redemption of debt, .

485

CHAPTER VIII. Of the Ordinary Functions of Govern-

ment considered as to their Economical Effects.

.

PAGE

489

491

493

§ 1. Effects of imperfect security of person and property,

2. Effects of over-taxation,

3. Effects of imperfection in the system of the laws, and in the

administration of justice, .

6. Partnerships with limited liability. Chartered Companies,. 512

7. Partnerships en commandite,.

8. Laws relating to Insolvency,

516

523

CHAPTER X. Of Interferences of Government grounded on

Erroneous Theories.

§ 1. Doctrine of Protection to Native Industry,

2. Usury Laws,.

3. Attempts to regulate the prices of commodities,

4. Monopolies,

Laws against Combination of Workmen,

6. Restraints on opinion or on its publication,

CHAPTER XI. Of the Grounds and Limits of the Laisser-

faire or Non-Interference Principle.

1. Governmental intervention distinguished into authoritative

and unauthoritative,

2. Objections to government intervention—the compulsory

character of the intervention itself, or of the levy of

funds to support it,..

比

558

560

PAGE

superior efficiency of private agency, owing to stronger

interest in the work,

importance of cultivating habits of collective action in

the people,

7. Laisser faire the general rule,

565

566

569

but liable to large exceptions. Cases in which the con-

sumer is an incompetent judge of the commodity. Edu-

cation,

573

577

581

582

9. Case of persons exercising power over others. Protection
of children and young persons; of the lower animals.
Case of women not analogous,

10. Case of contracts in perpetuity, .
11. Cases of delegated management,.
12. Cases in which public intervention may be necessary to
give effect to the wishes of the persons interested. Ex-
amples: hours of labour; disposal of colonial lands,

13. Case of acts done for the benefit of others than the persons

concerned. Poor Laws,.

Colonization, .

14.

-

15. - other miscellaneous examples,

16.

-

- Government intervention may be necessary in default of

private agency, in cases where private agency would be

more suitable, .