ghar, and Thaja, new fortresses built submitted. Amongst these, fear natuby Abd-el-Kader; had taken Mascara: rally spread, and they repaired to had driven away the flocks, and destroyed General Lamoricière and supplicated the crops of the hostile tribes, and had him to assist them. He answered that by his agents occasioned many defec- they must defend themselves, and that tions in the ranks of the Emir. In the he had more important work in seeking following campaign in 1842, he placed to disperse the remnant of the army General Lamoricière in occupation of which was still faithful to the Emir. Mascara, who having fortified it, sallied Engaged in this, the two armies met from thence on every side. The enemy almost accidentally at Isna, in Novemwas reduced to the defensive, and in ber, 1842, and Abd-el-Kader was again the speech from the throne in the same defeated with great loss, and narrowly year, Algeria was pronounced to be escaped being taken captive, the very "henceforth and for ever a territory of horse which he rode falling into the France." hands of the French.

and the Emir, they chose the former. This, diverting the attention of the senAbd-er-Rhaman, the Emperor, had for tinels and alarming the whole camp, Abd-el-Kader few feelings of love, but gave time for the rapid approach and on the contrary, plenty of hatred, defi- charge of the Emir. But however sucance, and distrust. Although of that cessful he might be in his stratagem, faith which obliges all its believers to the attack failed, he was overpowered fight against the Christians till they are by numbers, and after fighting bravely exterminated, the two had no one other he was obliged to recross the river bond between them. Abd-er-Rhaman Malonina, on the banks of which the had an empire to lose; Abd-el-Kader Emperor had encamped, and to seek one to conquer. One was safely seated safety in the plains of Triffna. Placing on his throne, the other had just been the wives and children of his comdriven from it; nay, even if the Em- panions in the midst of his devoted peror had wished to carry on the war, band, the Emir succeeded in making all the glory would have redounded to the passage without losing a mule, the man who was equally with himself passed over to the territory of the descended from the Prophet, and who had for so long a time borne a reputation as a saint not inferior to his fame as a leader.

French, and followed by what few of his men remained, sought safety with a remnant of the friendly tribe of BéniSnassen, which alone remained faithful to his cause.

He remained with this tribe for a

the South, but the vigilance of General Lamoricière prevented him. The General thus relates the capture of the celebrated Arab Chief.

"I had been informed that the Emir had gained the country of the BéniSnassen, and that he was desirous of escaping thence, for the faction of the tribe the best disposed towards him, was precisely that whose territory approached nearest to our own. The pass which opens on the plain of the BéniSnassen, has its issue about a league and a half from the frontier. I de

Under these circumstances it is not to be wondered at, that a misunderstanding soon arose between Abd-er- short time, and thence hoped to gain Rhaman and his guest, and the latter endeavoured, first by negotiation and then by force, to accomplish one of those revolutions, which are not unfrequent amongst the Mahommedans, and which would dethrone the Emperor, and place himself at the head of the Moors. Thus, alone and without resources, in the midst of a hostile people, in open quarrel with the recognised head of his religion, wandering from place to place, like a lion tracked by hunters, with no seat but his horse, no shelter but his tent, no kingdom but the desert, the indomitable Emir yet inspired terror intermined to watch his passage, and I the hearts of his enemies, and obliged was decided in this by a letter from the them to keep on foot an army of 24,000 brother of the Kaid d'Ouchda, which men for the sole purpose of watching him. He resolved upon a night attack upon the Emperor of Morocco, which he trusted would at once overthrow him, and leave the throne vacant for himself. Having gathered together the remains of his shattered army, he laid his plans and waited for the night. His intention being to throw the camp of the Emperor into confusion, he made use of the following cruel but ingenious stratagem. He caused some horses to be covered over with pitch and to be loaded with tow, dry grass, and other combustible materials. They were then led, on the night of the 11th of December, 1843, to the camp of the Emperor by picked men, who had been well paid for the enterprise beforehand. The tow, &c., was then fired, and the frightened and tortured animals driven into the camp.

had been written that very evening to tell us to keep close watch in that direction, for by it the Emir would, without doubt, endeavour to pass. It was necessary to take this step quietly, so as not to awaken the suspicions of the tribes who were encamped on the route.

"For this end, two detachments of picked spahis, clothed in white bournous, were sent forward. The first took up its position at the pass itself, the second, at one intermediate point between that and our camp.' "*

Besides taking these precautions, Lamoricière had the whole of his men under arms at two o'clock in the morning, and having calculated the probable route of the Emir, held the troops in readiness to march on the frontier. These precau

* Moniteur. 2 January, 1848.

K

tions were successful. Abd-el-Kader, 1848, he was transferred from Pau to finding that escape was impossible, sent the Chateau d'Amboise, near Blois. forward two of his most devoted adher- His family and himself were treated ents to apprise the general that he would with great attention, but the Desert submit to him. The lieutenant who Chieftain was evidently sinking under commanded the first detachment of his confinement, when he was released spahis, spoke with the Emir himself, by the present Emperor of France, when who delivered to him a piece of paper President, on his return from a tour with his seal attached to it, but the through France, in October of last year. wind, the rain, and the darkness of the night had prevented him from writing anything upon it. He demanded a letter of safe conduct from the General, for himself and for his companions, but the reasons which prevented the Emir from writing also prevented Lamoricière, the General therefore sent him his sabre and a seal, as a token that his request was granted.

This prince, we are told, had promised the Marquis of Londonderry that he would at an early period liberate the ex-Emir, and had actually said to him, "Tôt ou tard, je le mettrai en liberté ;" he kept his word. The Moniteur of Oct. 17th, 1852, thus records the act:

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The Prince has marked the end of his tour by an act of justice and natural generosity, he has restored Abd-el-Kader to liberty. In returning to Paris, the Prince stopped at the Chateau d'Amboise, and having seen Abd-el-Kader, informed him of the end of his captivity in the following terms:—

Such is the account of the surrender of Abd-el-Kader, from the general who effected his capture. On the 23rd of December, the Emir personally yielded himself and family to the "generosity of France." On the 24th he was re- "Abd-el-Kader,-I come to inform ceived at the Marabout of Sidi Brahim, | you of your liberation. You are to be by Colonel Montauban, who was soon taken to Broussa, in the states of the afterwards joined by the Generals La- Sultan, as soon as the necessary premoricière and Cavaignac. He was then parations shall have been made, and taken to Djemma-Gazouat, where he you will receive there, from the French was presented to the Governor-general government, an allowance worthy of your of Algeria, the Duc d'Aumale. The former rank. You are aware that for a Governor-general ratified the promise length of time your captivity has caused of safe conduct given him by Lamori- me real affliction, for it incessantly recière; a promise which declared that minded me that the government which Abd-el-Kader should be conducted to preceded me had not observed the Alexandria or to St. Jean d'Acre, "with engagements entered into towards an the firm hope that the French Govern unfortunate enemy, and nothing in my ment would sanction that promise." eyes is more humiliating for the governOn the 25th of February, Abd-el-Kader ment of a great nation than to misunembarked at Oran; from Oran he pro- derstand its force to such a point as to ceeded on board a French ship of war fail in its promise. Generosity is always to Toulon, where he arrived on the 29th the best counsellor, and I am convinced with his family and suite. On his ar- that your residence in Turkey will not rival at Toulon, the pain of captivity prove injurious to the tranquillity of was increased by being kept for some our possessions in Africa. Your religion, time in quarantine. When landed he was like ours, enjoins submission to the transferred to Fort Lamalgue, whence he decrees of Providence. But if France was sent for some time (with his suite) is mistress of Algeria, the reason is, to the castle of Pau, and although he that God willed it to be so, and the supplicated the Government to remem- French nation will never give up that ber the promise of the Duc d'Aumale, conquest. You have been the enemy he was confined without hope of release. of France, but I am not the less willing On the revolution of February he re- to do justice to your courage, your chaminded the new Government of the racter, and to your resignation in mispromise made at the time of his sub- fortune. This is the reason why I mission, and of the conditions upon consider it a point of honour to put an which he did so; but the answer he re-end to your captivity, having full conceived was, that all they could do at the fidence in your word. time was to make his captivity as little "These noble words deeply moved rigorous as possible. November, the Emir. After having expressed to

Beginning of Redjib, year 1267. "This is written according to my intentions,

"ABD-EL-KADER BEN MAKHI EDDIN." The above will give some idea of the style of the Emir's conversation, which, like that of all those of Eastern origin, is ornamented, and abounds in imagery, parable, and metaphorical expressions. You perhaps suffer from cold?" said the prefect who received him. "Oh no," said the Emir, "the warmth of your friendship has dispersed the cold."

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his Highness his respectful and eternal May God reward you! and also his gratitude, he swore on the Koran that happy Lordship, the President of the he never would attempt to disturb our Republic, and his Lordship the Minisrule in Africa, and that he would sub-ter of War, whose generosity procured mit, without any ulterior design, to the me the honour of your visit and the will of France. Abd-el-Kader added, favour of your letter. that it would be quite to mistake the spirit and the letter of the law of the Prophet, to imagine that it allowed any violation of engagements towards Christians, and he pointed out to the prince a verse in the Koran which formally condemns, without any exception or reservation, who ever violates sworn faith, even with unbelievers. In the opinion of all intelligent Arabs, the conquest of Africa is a fait accompli; they see in the constant superiority of our arms a marked manifestation of the will of God. A royal and generous policy is the only one that befits a great nation, and France will be thankful to the prince for having followed it. Abdel-Kader will remain at the Chateau d'Amboise until all the necessary measures have been taken connected with his removal, and his residence at Broussa." The liberation of Abd-el-Kader pleased the French nation, and not less so because the President had, by his secrecy, rendered it almost another coup d'état. It was only a few moments before the interview at Amboise that Louis Napoleon had communicated to General St. Arnaud, minister of war, that he was going to set Abd-el Kader at liberty on the spot. The long confinement of the Emir had aroused sympathy in England, and one noble Marquis had often pleaded with the President for his liberation.

The following is the copy of a letter addressed by Abd-el-Kader to the Marquis of Londonderry, who had interested himself particularly in endeavouring to obtain his release.

After his release from Amboise, and pending the negotiations which were to transfer him to the dominions of the Sultan, he visited Paris, where his presence created quite a furore. The ladies of Paris, as we learn from the newspapers, vied with each other in sending to the Arab chief, various little presents and billets doux. He visited the opera, saw many reviews got up in his honour, received presents from the Emperor elect, and was the lion of the day. In return for his liberation he acted a somewhat theatrical part in claiming the right to vote, and in throwing his 'oui," into the electoral urn. Probably some thought the part was too ridiculous and dramatic, but Abd-el-Kader, an absolute monarch himself, would certainly look upon the acts of the present Emperor with a very different eye than we do. In him, with his peculiar notions of French manners and customs, the act should perhaps be regarded as a token of gratitude. Be it as it may, it clashed with preconceived opinions

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of the stern desert chieftain.

He is now forty-five years of age, and in personal appearance is somewhat reHis countenance is pale, and of a handsome regularity of feature, and is habitually clothed with a grave and melancholy aspect. The dark "I have received a copy of the letter stain which he wears upon the edges written to you by his happy Lordship, of his eye-lids, gives his eyes an expresthe source of good, his Lordship the sion of fatigue and suffering. Small and President, chief of the French Republic, thin moustaches, and a black beard, orand also a copy of that which you for-nament his face, which is surrounded merly wrote to him.

"PRAISE TO THE ONLY GOD. "To his Lordship the Cid, General Mar-markable. quis of Londonderry! Irishman by birth, dwelling in England,-greeting!

"Our brother, the Cid Captain Boissonet, has also communicated to me the letter which transmitted your greetings.

by a silken veil depending from his turban, which is made of a large kerchief rolled, and twisted three times round his head. His outward garment is a

long kaik of brown serge, which allows his bare arms to be visible.

The zmala (family and suite) of the Emir, on his arrival in France, numbered ninety-six persons, that is thirtyfour men, thirty-two women, and thirty children. The whole suite had to observe the greatest economy, having but their own clothes and a few livres. The Emir brought with him into France a few thousand francs, the produce of the sale of his horses. Yet from this small sum he gave on quitting Pau three hundred francs to be distributed amongst the poor of the town. Each day at three o'clock, his suite and himself performed their devotions in common, the prayer is followed by a portion of the Koran being read aloud. The

chieftain passed the rest of the time in reading or in meditation.

Such is Abd-el Kader. In releasing him Louis Napoleon acted wisely. He drew a marked contrast, which the nation felt, between the conduct of the English towards Napoleon, and his own towards his captive. Set at liberty in the manner he has been, and arrived in Broussa, on friendly terms with the Sultan, he may probably forward the designs of the Emperor, or he may lead the armies of the Sultan against Russia, should a disturbance between those

powers ensue. But these are mere spe-
culations; certain it is, that he is less
dangerous when free and on parole,
than when incarcerated at Amboise.
F.

COLA DI RIENZO.

In the earlier half of the fourteenth cen- | both interested and vindictive, than by tury the condition of Italy presented genuine patriotic feeling, we need not one of those anomalous phenomena marvel that the whole country became which sometimes arise in the history of a prey to all the horrors of intestine nations. While it was the wealthiest, warfare. So much was this the case, the most commercial, and the most en- that the roads and rivers throughout lightened of all the kingdoms of Europe, the entire peninsula were impassable it was at the same time the most dis- to travellers who should venture to traturbed and the most distracted, inter- verse them without a powerful military nally, of any. A prey to two contend- escort. The castles of the powerful ing factions, the Guelphs and the barons who fought on either side, inGhibellines (terms Italianized from the stead of being garrisoned by disciplined German words "Wolf," and "Waiblin- soldiers, in regular pay, were in the gen,") it had become the arena of every hands of a savage banditti, who as the species of dissension and violence. The sole recompense for their services in Guelphs, in some degree, zealous for the war, were permitted to levy contribuindependence of their country, fought tions upon all, of whatever party or prounder the papal standard, while the fession, who were so unfortunate as to Ghibellines flocked round the German fall into their hands. Violence, rapine, eagle, the imperialists having usurped and murder passed unpunished and the titles and prerogatives of the empire unjudged, unless indeed the victim of of Charlemagne, which the French, outrage had friends or partisans suffithrough their weakness and pusillani- ciently powerful to avenge his wrongs, mity, had been unable to retain. Per- because both the judicial and executive haps, had the patriotism of either party powers were at the disposal of the very been sincere, the conflict would have parties against whom they ought in been brought to a decisive issue, and the justice to have been directed. Even in power of the various states might have Rome itself the barons had fortified been permanently consolidated under all the strong places and castles of the one rule-whether papal or imperial it ecclesiastical states, and had taken forwould have signified but little to the cible possession of all the palaces beharassed population. As it is plain, how-longing to the popes. The papal court, ever, that the adverse factions were sway- it will be remembered, was, by Clement ed infinitely more by personal motives, the fifth, removed to Avignon in 1309,