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Fig. 3. Residence under Consideration, Designed for George A. Jones, Ridgedale, Missouri Courtesy of Frank A. Bourne, Architect, Boston, Massachusetts

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given here with regard to the same precautions on the part of the owner and of the contractor.

Study of Plans and Specifications of Value to Owner. It will be to the interest of the owner, if he will take the time and trouble while the drawings are yet being made, to consider, with the help of the architect, the various details of construction and furnishing, and to become familiar with the drawings, that he may clearly understand just what they are intended to represent. By comparing sizes of rooms, doors, stairs, and other fixtures, as drawn, with houses already built, he will be able to satisfy himself that the house, when finished, will be according to his wish. The specifications may to good advantage be examined at home, that he may receive suggestions from the various

members of his family, and modifications can then be readily made to meet individual preferences and tastes. Careful study of this kind will be of great value to the owner, and will often avoid later expense in altering work which, in the absence of particular instruction, would have been carried out in the usual way; and the architect will find that time spent in helping the owner, and also the contractor, to a thorough understanding of his drawings, will enable him to carry out the work with greater satisfaction to himself and to all concerned. With a complete and accurate set of drawings and specifications, a fair and equitable contract, and a thorough understanding of these instruments on the part of all the parties interested, we are well equipped to begin operations at once.

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Fig. 6. Batter Boards

Staking Out. Upon the signing of the contract, arrangements are usually made for the architect and the contractor to meet upon the ground and lay out the building. The contractor for our house is required by the specifications to employ a civil engineer to lay. out the work and set the batter boards. These consist of boards. 6 or 8 feet long, as the case may require, securely nailed to joists which are firmly set in the ground at the corners of the cellar, Fig. 6.

Two boards are needed for each angle, and they are set 4 or 5 feet away from the line of the wall so as not to interfere with the excavation or with the laying of the cellar wall. Before proceeding to erect the batters, the position of the house will have been fixed by the engineer, by setting a stake at each corner, into the head of which is driven a nail marking the exact corner as indicated by the figured plans. This is often omitted but it is advisable as it gives a figure which corresponds to the dimensions printed on the plans, and any error can be more easily detected than when the lines for the walls are drawn. As soon as the corners of the house have been definitely located, the stakes for the batter boards are

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of the board to hold and mark the place where the string belongs. If the stakes first put down were to represent the outside line of the sill, as is often the case, we must measure out and make a second set of notches for the underpinning, and back from this line measure the thickness of the wall, Fig. 7. It is often the custom to drive nails into the top of the batter boards, to which the lines are tied, but this is not a good practice, as the nails are likely to be pulled out of the board before the walls are finished, and are very likely to be driven in again in the wrong place. In addition to setting the batter boards at a given level, it is always well to establish in some permanent place, as upon the top of a neighboring ledge or on a stake firmly set and well out of the way of all building operations, a datum level or “bench mark”, as it is commonly called, from which, at any time, the levels of the work may be given.

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