brought through the sill to the inside, where a sideways movement opens or closes the sash or blind. Another pattern is set on the top of the sill and works entirely in sight, the lower rail of the screen being made wide enough so that it can be cut out to fit over the pivot, Fig. 107.

Doors. The last of the interior fittings to be installed are usually the doors. They are of two classes-stock doors and doors made to order.

Fig. 106. Device for Opening
Casement Windows

Stock Doors. These are made in certain regular sizes, are generally of pine, whitewood, or cypress, and may be obtained at all times from the dealers. They are of three grades, A, B, and C, the first of which may be used for the cheaper portions of good houses; but, because they have been stored for a greater or less time, stock doors are generally not thoroughly dry and will shrink and twist when subjected to furnace heat. Stock doors of the second and third qualities are very inferior articles and should be used only for the poorest kind of work.

Doors of excellent quality and design are now made with builtup cores, and specially sawed veneers producing large plain panels or a wholly plain surface, Fig. 108. These doors are held "ready to ship" in a great variety of styles in birch or oak, and are manufactured to order in any other wood. They also come with a full length mirror on one side such as is often used in bedrooms or dressingrooms. If these are installed, it is well to place them where they will be in least danger of breakage when not in use, and also where there will be room to stand far enough away from the glass to allow a good view.

Fig. 107. Device for Opening Casement
Windows

Custom-Made Doors. The doors of the principal rooms should be built to order. If of pine or whitewood they may be made solid but must be of kiln-dried stock and kept perfectly dry. The tenons should be made, as specified, with haunches, Fig. 109, and the panels

put in without bradding or gluing, so that they may swell and shrink without cracking. Hardwood doors are veneered upon a core of well-seasoned pine and should be examined upon delivery to see that this is done and that the veneers are of the proper thickness. The veneers should be inch on the face and at least inch on the edges, to allow for fitting. If the panels are of great width they also should be veneered, with the grain of the core running at right angles to the grain of the veneer. Doors which are to show hardwood on one side and a painted finish on the other should be veneered on both sides to prevent warping, which may occur if one side only is veneered. In the design and selection of doors care must be taken that the panels are so divided that the lock in its normal position will not cut off the tenon of the rail but will come opposite a panel, Fig. 110. The rails of a door are always tenoned into the outside stiles, and if there is a middle stile, that is tenoned into the rails, Fig. 111, so that the tenon at A is an important factor in the strength of the door and should not be weakened or destroyed by being cut for the lock.

Hardware for Doors. The hanging and fitting of the doors is a matter of great nicety and should be intrusted only to careful workmen. The hardware for an ordinary door will consist of the hinges, or butts, the lock, knobs, and escutcheon plates. Double doors will need in addition bolts for the standing part. Sliding doors will be hung on a hanger, and the fittings must necessarily be flush to allow the door to slide into the wall. The specification of hardware for doors is often made a matter of an allowance-either a certain price is fixed per door, or a sum is named to cover all the

hardware of the doors, the selection being left to the architect or owner. The latter method has been adopted for our house and the architect's knowledge becomes necessary in guiding the owner to a proper choice at the dealer's rather than in inspecting the hardware at the building.

Hinges. In the selection of hinges the choice of material will be principally between solid bronze or brass, and plated, japanned, or lacquered iron or steel. If of solid metal the best quality only should be used with steel washers and bear

ings, as the soft metal will other

wise wear out from the swinging of the door. Modern door hinges

Fig. 109. Door Tenon

HAUNCH

are invariably made in parts, to allow the door to be removed without unscrewing the hinge, and this is accomplished by two methods, the loose-joint butt and the loose-pin

butt. The former consists of a hinge made in two parts, Fig. 112, the section containing

A

Fig. 110. Proper
Location for Latch
and Lock

Fig. 111. Diagram of Door
Showing Location of Lock to
Avoid Weakening Door
Tenon

the pin being screwed to the door frame and the other section screwed to the door; this permits the door with its half of the hinge to be

lifted off if desired. With the loose-pin butt, Fig. 113, the door is removed by drawing out the pin and slipping the hinges apart. Loose-pin butts are coming into more general use than formerly and possess some advantages. In the first place, the bearing surfaces are multiplied, and since the pin is separate from the leaves, it can be made of harder metal. Again, as either leaf can be fastened to the door or jamb, the same hinge can be used for a right-hand or a left-hand door, and the fact that the pin can be withdrawn makes it possible to open the door even when locked. This may sometimes be a disadvantage, however, and that fact should be borne in mind

Fig. 112. Loose-Joint Butt

Fig. 113.

Loose-Pin Butt

in planning doors which open out of a room that must be made

secure.

Locks. The variety of door locks is so great that mention can be made of only some of the distinguishing features. According to their construction, locks are generally either tumbler locks or cylinder locks, and according to their position on the door, they are either rim locks or mortise locks. Tumbler locks are the ordinary kind of lock operated by a long key, Fig. 114, and depend upon tumblers or levers which are raised by the key to an exact position before the bolt can be thrown. Cylinder locks consist of two cylinders, a small one rotating inside of a larger one and turning only when a key of the proper shape and size is inserted, Fig. 115. Cylinder locks are not so easy to pick as tumbler locks, and there is less danger of an accidental exchange of keys, so that they are recommended for outside doors or wherever special security is desired.

Rim and mortise locks differ only in the form of the case, rim locks being made to screw on the face of the door, Fig. 116, and mortise locks being let into the edge of the door, Figs. 114 and 115, the inside construction of both being the same. For ordinary house use, a three-lever lock with brass or bronze face is good enough, but a cylinder lock may be used to advantage for the outside doors. The latch and lock will generally be found in combination and may be used with a long plate covering both knob and keyhole, or with a separate treatment of the keyhole by means of an escutcheon, Fig. 117.

Knobs. Whatever treatment of escutcheon plate is adopted, the knobs and spindle will be the same and may be selected from a variety of materials and shapes. The cheapest knobs are of composition and are commonly called mineral, jet, or porcelain knobs. Wood finished in natural color is used to some extent, and glass as well. All of these are sold with bronze shanks and escutcheons. A better class of knob, and perhaps the most satisfactory of any, is one of brass or bronze, either wrought or cast and in a wide variety of shapes and finish.

Bolts. Of greater protection than locks on a door are bolts, which, being operated from one side only, are secure against picking. The simplest and least noticeable of these are the mortise bolts, which set in a hole bored in the edge of the door and are operated by a knob or key on the face. Chain bolts are a protection in localities infested by tramps or other intruders. These bolts consist of a strong chain which is secured to the frame and hooks into a slotted plate on the door. The door can be opened only to the length of the chain, and not until it is closed can the chain be again dislodged, Fig. 118.