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deception right as to the real facts of the case. Of course, he will not go so far as to assert that there is any fraud in reprinting a work, though the first publication might have been in a magazine. If the bookseller chooses to speculate upon a twice-told tale, it is the public only who are justified in reprehending him, and if he has done unworthily, they will do it effectually by leaving his shelves more burthened by the unsold copies than ever his conscience will be with the idea of "an unworthy deception." The work was begun as a romantic biography, and consisted, up to a certain point, of facts but thinly disguised. It was then felt by the author, that his first intention could not be carried into effect; that he ought not to bring the recital of events to a date too recent ; and, when he found that he could not proceed without involving living characters in his details, he ceased writing "The Life of a Sub-Editor" in the magazine altogether, thus stopping short, by many years, of the period when he commenced his avowed literary career. He then, at the instigation of his publisher, finished in fiction what he began in fact-certainly no great crime. Now, as to the deception of the title: Mr. Bentley could not have called these three volumes by the title of a "Life of a Sub-Editor," because not one word of a sub-editor is mentioned throughout. But still more strongly to repel the charge of deception, we have only to call the reader's attention to the advertisement of the first volume, in which all this is briefly stated. We, therefore, think, that, in respect of the charge of "deception," the author is rather hardly dealt with by the reviewer. Had not this animadversion appeared in a publication, the reputation and circulation of which ought to make its conductors commensurately careful, we should have passed by the accusation. When they damn with sneering praise, hint a fault, or openly scourge an author, with so much honest candour that they have no room for courtesy, the patient will show his sense by his silence; but when they charge him with fraud, he ought to prove to the public, if he can, his innocence and their

A Summer in Spain; being the Narrative of a Tour made in the Summer of 1835.

Whilst this protracted and sanguinary struggle between the Christinos and the Carlists, so disgraceful to those engaged in it, and so little creditable to the European powers that permit it, exists, it is a matter of much interest to collect every information possible, as to the actual state of the feeling of the Spanish population upon the question of the pretended rights of either party. Conservative as we are,-and we are bound to state what follows, because we are conservative,--we assert, that, whilst any children male or female exist, the offspring of the late king, Carlos has not the shadow of a right to the crown. Legitimacy, and even that delicate pretension, divine right, are on the side of Isabella. This is the fact. A Frenchman, a foreigner to the Spaniards, but little more than a century ago, himself deriving the crown of Spain through a woman-this Philip the Fifth, without the consent of the nation by its representatives, arbitrarily establishes the Salic law. This, our conservative brethren must concede, looks very like an innovation. And who shall deny that Ferdinand VII., with the consent of the nation, expressed through the Cortes, had not a right to nullify this innovation? The upholding the cause of Don Carlos is, therefore, not advocating the cause of legitimacy. Let us defend him, if it so seem good to us, on the plea that he would make a monarch the best suited to the Spaniards, but not attempt to bolster him up by fallacies.

The author of the work before us, landed, in the first instance, at

Barcelona, and travelled thence to Madrid, where he remained about a fortnight, and afterward proceeded through Saragossa, over the Pyrenees to France. His travels have produced a very amusing volume. He has observed well, and judged candidly. The style of his narrative is lively, and very pleasing. Altogether, it is a work that almost deserves the title of charming, notwithstanding the defect of its ultraliberal tone, which, however, is not often obtruded upon the reader. The perusal of this book will furnish a very fair estimate of the Spanish character. We must do the author the justice to give an extract of the conclusions to which he has come from his observations; that he has already proved a false prophet, ought not to be any disparagement to the acumen of his judgment, for in the affairs of this "best of all possible world of ours," uncertainty seems to rule the ascendant.

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My impressions on entering, and on leaving Spain, were very different. Before arriving at Barcelona, I had just traversed Italy and Sicily,countries, where priesteraft and tyranny have done their utmost, and where, accordingly, honesty and independence have all but disappeared. Something very similar I expected to find in Spain; but in this, I was most agreeably disappointed, for, misruled and priest-ridden though they have been, I almost invariably found the people disinterested, honest, and hospitable. With the country, 1 confess, I was disappointed, both with regard to natural resources and scenery.

"Perhaps I cannot pay a higher compliment to the people, than by saying that I saw fewer beggars in Spain than in other continental country I have visited,-not excepting France; and considering that the poor are supported merely by voluntary contributions, this circumstance says more perhaps for the independent character of the people, than anything else that could be said in their favour. Indeed, with all due deference to Mr. O'Connell, I believe the Spanish peasantry to be the finest in Europe. In outward appearance, they certainly are, for amongst them I have seen more handsome men than in any other class in Spain.

"The Spanish nobility are poor, generally speaking, though a few of them still retain, what would, even in England, be termed large revenues. The richest of them has an income, it is said, of 80,000l. per annum.

"But the great want in Spain appears to be, that there is no middle class; where, in other countries, society has generally found its most useful members. This arises undoubtedly from the want of industry and intelligence, the two elements which in free countries have formed that useful class, whose duty it is to hold the balance between anarchy and despotism. From the want of this wholesome check, the Spaniards are inclined to run into extremes, and ever will be, until the government, by educating the people, and by judicious laws, encouraging industry and commerce, spreads intelligence and wealth over the nation. If it is true that governments make men, and that the destinies of nations are frequently in the hands of individuals, the present Spanish minister surely holds a station of tremendous responsibility.

"Spain, like every other country in Europe, is, at present, divided into two great parties, the one wishing to go forward, the other to stand still. The movement party comprises all her wealthiest and most intelligent citizens, many of whom have suffered everything but death for their principles. Of the other party I can say nothing, from my own observation, as I never heard any one in Spain speak in favour of Don Carlos, or his cause: but if we may judge of him by his companions,Moreno, the executioner of Torrijos, and suchlike men,-we may conclude that they are composed of adventurers who have little besides their lives to lose. The inhabitants of the insurgent provinces have, I believe, been basely misled, and will, I have no doubt, be as basely betrayed, whenever it shall suit the convenience or safety of the Pretender. The rest of the party is composed of all those who are interested in upholding despotism,-the employés of the late government who have lost their places, the monks, the priests, and the priest-ridden. Indeed, it would be difficult to name any man of acknowledged abilities, at present, on the Pretender's side.

"In all probability, however, the war will be brought to a conclusion in the course of the ensuing summer. Ever since the death of Zumalacarregui, the Carlists appear to have been without a head,-their movements are isolated, and made, seemingly, without a co-operation or design, and their credit is at the lowest ebb.

Meanwhile, the Spanish government has gained all the advantages lost by its opponents, its credit is rapidly increasing, and its troops are augmented, both in numbers and confidence. The British auxiliaries are now perfectly disciplined, and the new levies will be available by the commencement of summer. The united forces will form an army sufficient to subject and occupy the insurgent provinces, and though the Basques may make a vigorous resistance, there can be no doubt as to the result. In the end, Don Carlos will, probably, throw himself, either upon the hospitality of the autocrat of Sardinia, or proceed to Rome, where he may have the pleasure of attending mass with the ex-usurper of Portugal,—a most exemplary observer of all such ceremonies."

The summer that was to have ended this disastrous struggle, is now well advanced, and confusion seems more confounded in this suffering country, the combatants of which seem to be brutifying fast, and verging towards a state of Indian barbarity. This ferocity will not only demoralize the Spaniards themselves, but, we fear, will have a bad effect upon the morals of the soldiers of other nations. When these contending armies are disbanded, if they do not contrive to annihilate each other, an idle, a vagabond, and a blood-thirsty banditti, will spread over Europe; and those that escape hanging, will find their way into the ranks of the armies of other countries. To suppose that either a Chapelgoris, or a Carlist brigand, will settle down hereafter into an honest and a peaceable citizen, would be quite as absurd as to think that this civil war can be terminated without foreign, friendly or hostile, interference. There have been cases that have called for it less strenuously than this, which have been eagerly acted upon, and triumphantly justified.

A Theory of Natural Philosophy, on Mechanical Principles, divested of all Immaterial Chemical Properties, showing for the first time the Physical Cause of Continuous Motion. By T. H. PASLEY.

Who can understand this title? To us, it is a mystery and a puzzle ; but we thought, on reading the work that is appended to it, that we should be enlightened; but every page increased our mystification, and made the puzzle more perplexing. We honour the fearless manner in which the author comes forward to establish what he conceives to be a new truth. He may have made an important discovery: if he thought so, laudable are his exertions to promulgate it: it may really exist; but as yet, it appears to us, that words, phrases, and sentences, do not convey the same ideas to the rest of the world, as they bear in the sensorium of Mr. Pasley. Until he have discovered the art of conveying his meaning, mankind must necessarily remain ignorant whether he have, in what he has written, any meaning at all. From the little that we can make out, it would appear that he wishes to establish a contradiction, a material sort of Berkeleyism. He denies the existence of all chemical agencies; there are no acids, no heat, (this is the blessed 4th of July,) no combustion, no magnetism, no attraction, no gravitation; there is only one simple actuating principle in nature, which keeps the universe in order, directs the comet in its trackless paths, causes the trees to grow, animals to be born, live and die, and Mr. Pasley to write, and this is-PRESSURE. Of course, it would not be fair to ask him to define a first principle, or to dissect an abstract idea; but we should really like to know what this pressure is; or if this be a longing after too much, we should like to know whence it originates, and in what direction it acts. We rather think that the author, by this word, means necessity.' Now we will give, in his own words, the application of this pressure principle upon

motion.

"A body while at rest being sated with minus-pressure matter, and partially deelectrised when in motion, and from its motion being on the decline from the beginning, it follows that the decline and total cessation of motion are in consequence of the body, during its motion through the air, acquiring gradually its natural quantity of minus-pressure matter, which as gradually displaces from the rear all excess of the medium of space or pressure, so when sated equally on all sides the equilibrium of pressure is restored and the body ceases to be moved. It is the impelling cause gradually lessening, makes motion on the decline from the instant the previous impulse has ceased, not resistance of the atmosphere. According to the medium through which a body is impelled, it acquires the displacing minus-pressure matter in its rear more or less rapidly, and in the same time is deprived of the impelling medium in the like proportion.

"On the foregoing principle it is manifest impulse is as constant as motion: the maximum of velocity is during the maximum of the previous impulse, and the cessation of motion is owing to the cessation of impulse,

"Descending motion being accelerated while motion in every other direction is retarded, and from a body being unable of itself to fall, much less give increased im pulse to itself, it would appear, that the impelling cause is in motion in the direction of what it accelerates; which is also inferible from its being much more difficult to move or lift the same body from the ground than put it into motion horizontally.

Equable horizontal impulse of moderate force and however long continued, being unproductive of accelerated motion, and as a body at every height commences its fall at the minimum of motion, it is not altogether to the impelling means we are to look for the cause of accelerated effects, but also to the de-electrising of the body in its rear more and more during it being precipitated. Horizontal motion is retarded from the beginning in consequence of returning minus-pressure matter displacing the impelling cause; hence it is inferible that in descending motion the contrary procedure, or, de-electrisation, takes place the whole of the descent, by which minuspressure matter is constantly vacating and additional increments of the medium of space are continually entering the rear of the body, the increasing force of which latter makes the velocity be accelerated. Not only is descending motion accele rated, and the only which is so, but it indicates that impulse is in the direction tending towards the earth's centre. Premising then, that, every physical effect deducible from pressure, motion and position not only arises out of the general order but is subservient to its continuance, the following may be advanced as the probable cause of descending motion and various other phenomena.

HYPOTHESIS, CENTRIPETAL FLOW.

"In consequence of the several different motions of the earth, the pressure of the medium of space is less at the axis or centre of motion than on the surface of the globe; which is productive of the flow of the medium of space along the axis to and from the poles and a consequent centripetal influx of the same medium through the atmosphere and surface of the earth to the axis.

"To a flow of this kind the following phenomena may be referred-the atmosphere having weight and being retained to the earth during the whole of the va rious motions of the earth. Bodies being ponderable, their fall centripetal, and their motion accelerated. Horizontal and vertical motion, from being opposed by the centripetal flow, retarded. Electric matter productive of minus-pressure visual effects forcibly escaping boreales-like at the poles. The direction of the compassneedle indicative of the polar efflux of the centripetal flow."

Now, we really wish to do this author justice, and we therefore ask the reader to re-peruse this extract; when he has done so, let him understand that this pressure is the primum mobile of light and darkness, vegetation and animal life, and were it not, annihilation must be ; and then let him consider what a vast quantity of this same pressure must have been required to produce so wonderful a book; but yet, we will not allow this pressure to be all-powerful; for we do not think that any degree of it will be sufficient to make this volume generally read.

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A Treatise on the Physiology and Pathology of the Ear, containing a Comparative View of its Structure, Functions, and Various Diseases; Observations on the Derangement of the Ganglionic Plexus of Nerves as the Cause of many Obscure Diseases of the Ear, together with Remarks on the Deaf and Dumb. By JOHN HARRISON CURTIS, ESQ., Aurist in Ordinary to his Majesty, &c., Surgeon to the Royal Dispensary for the Diseases of the Ear, &c. &c.

When a work has attained a sixth edition, as this excellent treatise has, to notice it might seem superfluous, and to praise it, a work of supererogation. Yet it would be unjust on our parts to withhold our tribute of approbation, because the world at large are so eager to pay theirs. That Mr. Curtis's is the best treatise on the Ear extant, is not only known wherever the English language is spoken, but it obtains a just precedence in foreign nations, through the means of multiplied translations. To call the attention of the faculty to it would be needless; they know its worth, and have adopted it as their text-book on all matters connected with the ear. But, the diseases of this important organ are insidious; their approaches are slow, and hardly apparent; we speak from melancholy self-experience, and, when the progress of these disorders have been fully ascertained by the medical practitioner, and, at length, unwillingly allowed by the sufferer, that progress can no longer be arrested; the disease has gained the ascendancy over the powers of medicine, and ultimately triumphs in the complete deafness of the procrastinating patient. Therefore, this work should be in every house, and, when any unusual sensation connected with hearing is experienced, it should be immediately consulted. We cannot be doing a greater service to the public, than by making this universally known. To enter a little into detail of the work itself, we inform those of our readers who have not yet seen it, that it has at its commencement an accurate and highly finished engraving, showing the organs of sensation, and the distribution of the nerves. The non-medical reader, can, by this, with but little trouble, trace the ramifications of the nerves, and convince himself, that when he is abusing his stomach by an excess, he is planting the seeds that may cost him, in the sequel, his hearing. The doctrinal part of the work is ushered in by a lucid and well-written introduction, in which he loudly warns the world against inattention to the early symptoms of aural diseases. After this, he proceeds to discuss the structure and uses of the different parts of the ear, in a manner at once familiar and scientific. In this section of the work, the reader will find much general and curious information, and some very interesting anecdotes. We next come to the melancholy catalogue of the diseases of the ear, a catalogue almost as long as the pension list, and infinitely more frightful. When the scientific writer has described all these, and the methods of treatment for each, he devotes a portion of his volume to a consideration of the present state of the deaf and dumb generally, and of this vast metropolis particularly. On this all-important subject, we wish we had space to descant. The blind, the halt, and the maimed, have all their asylums; but as yet, British philanthropy has founded none for the deaf and dumb, in which a curative system should be combined with education and protection. All who have a fellow-feeling with the suffering, should at tentively read the plan submitted to the governors of the Deaf and Dumb Asylum, by Mr. Curtis, which will be found in this volume. In another chapter it will be seen, that the author has been engaged mechanically, as well as mentally and morally, for the relief of the deaf, and most successfully too, by the invention of various acoustic instruments. The volume concludes with a recital of many curious and important cases.

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