nished with something which she cannot see with will testify every symptom of alarm on the firing of into the field, and perceiving a stranger, is unwilout aversion. Her tea is never of the right sort; the fowling-piece; will, perhaps, run home, and be ling to acknowledge his authority: the mode and the figures on the China give her disgust. Where with difficulty brought again to the field. When manner of my friend, too, are different from mine, there are children, she hates the gabble of brats; this occurs, I consider it a very unfortunate circum- and, consequently, unlike that which the dog has where there are none, she cannot bear a place with- stance, as it will frequently require no ordinary been accustomed to; in fact, the sportsman and the out some cheerfulness and rattle If many servants pains to free the dog from this unnecessary fear. dog do not perfectly understand each other, and a are kept in a house, she never fails to tell how lord There is no better mode of effectually remedying quarrel ensues: the sportsman succeeds, perhaps, in Lavish was ruined by a numerous retinue; if few, the evil, than by convincing the animal that the reducing the dog to obedience; but the latter reshe relates the story of a miser that made his com- discharge of the fowling-piece is intended for a turns home, in some measure, a different animal: pany wait on themselves. She quarrelled with one very different purpose than to create alarm. He he has committed various mistakes in the course of family, because she had an unpleasant view from must, therefore, be brought back, and compelled to the day, perhaps, and, on next going into the field, their windows; with another, because the squirrel remain in company with the sportsman; he must, his own master will not fail to perceive that his dog leaped within two yards of her, and with a third, in fact, be led in a cord, to prevent his running is not the same, but requires, in some degree, trainbecause she could not bear the noise of the parrot. away again; and if an attendant be not in the field, ing anew. Of milliners and mantua-makers she is the pro- the sportsman may tie the cord round his own body. The less a dog is spoken, or whistled to, the betverbial torment. She compels them to alter their A few birds should be killed over him as quickly as ter. Whenever a wave of the hand or a motion work, then to unmake it, and contrive it after ano- possible, which should be shown to him, and he will answer the purpose, the silent signal is to be ther fashion; then changes her mind, and likes it should be allowed to mouth them, if he appears in- preferred to noise; and those who are well acquaintbetter as it was at first; then will have a small im-clined to do se: if a bird happen to be winged, he ed with grouse-shooting will feel the force and proprovement. Thus she proceeds till no profit can should be coaxed to foot it; thus he will very soon priety of this remark. I have often been surprised recompense the vexation; they at last leave the comprehend the true intention of the fowling piece; at the distance at which the human voice, in comclothes at her house, and refuse to serve her. Her his fears wil! subside, and he will shortly manifest mon conversation, may be heard on the moors, maid, the only being that can endure her tyranny, as much anxious joyful expectation at the sight and down the wind: grouse will bear noise less than professes to take her own course, and hear her mis- sound of a gun, as he previously testified alarm and any other game. tress talk; it can be borne only when it is despised. terror. A well-bred pointer seldom requires excessive Such is the consequence of peevishness. Some persons accustom their young dogs to the correction. Setters, on the contrary, are more unIt sometimes happens that too close an attention report of fire arms at a much earlier period than ruly; and, generally speaking, render severe and to minute exactness, or a too rigorous habit of ex- when taken into the field; in fact, when they are frequent flogging indispensable; they are, however, amining every thing by the standard of perfection, very young. Certainly, if they endure the report valuable where plenty of employment can be given; vitiates the temper, rather than improves the un- of a gun or a pistol at this early period, there can but, where incessant labour is not called for, the derstanding, and teaches the mind to discern faults be little dread of their taking alarm when brought pointer is far preferable. However, no dog should with unhappy penetration. It is incident, likewise into the field; but if a very young dog or whelp be corrected in a passion; nor, after being flogged, to men of vigorous imagination, to please them- takes fright on the report of a pistol or gun, his should he ever be suffered to run away or leave the selves too much with futurities, and to fret because fears will become so rooted that much greater dif- sportsman, till he and the dog become reconciled to those expectations are disappointed, which should ficulty will arise in completing his education than each other. I have seen foolish, passionate men never have been formed. Knowledge and genius in the case I have before stated. In fact, all firing let their dogs run away immediately the flogging are often enemies to quiet, by suggesting ideas of of guns or pistols near him should be cautiously is over, and aim another blow at them as they are excellence, which men and the performances of avoided, as a practice of this sort will but increase going away. Nothing can be more censurable, for, men cannot attain. But let no man rashly deter- his alarm, unless, indeed, it were daily, and almost when the dog next commits a mistake, and you mine, that his unwillingness to be pleased is a proof incessantly resorted to. The dog must be regular- wish to chastise him, he will not suffer you to apof understanding, unless his superiority appears ly broke, and, when taken into the field with the proach sufficiently near to lay hold of him. Therefrom less doubtful evidence; for though peevishness fowling-piece, treated in the manner I have describ- fore, after correction, he should not be suffered to may sometimes justly boast its descent from learned above. It is highly important to convince the move, till by a word or two of caution, spoken in a ing or from wit, it is much oftener of base extrac-dog that the fowling piece is for the purpose of mild tone, his alarm is dissipated. If a dog, either tion, the child of vanity, and nursling of ignorance. killing the game, which he is to find; and this can- from strength or disposition, becomes difficult to [Rambler. not be done when shooting merely to accustom him chastise, by first tying his legs together, the sportsto the sound, as no object is thus placed before man will have a perfect command over him. him. For the same reason, I do not strongly re- The best dogs may sometimes make mistakescommend the practice of teaching dogs, when very on bad scenting days, for instance; or if they hapyoung, to crouch in the lanes, &c. when you happen to run down wind, particularly if it is blowing pen to be walking out, as the animal cannot be strong. On such occasions, it would be cruel to thus aware of the ultimate intention of his master, flog them, though the words expressive of caution (Concluded from the American Farmer, page 376.) or conscious of the object for which he is compell- may be used, spoken in an angry tone. A young dog should be kept regularly to his ed to become prostrate: this method, in fact, teach- Well-bred pointers, as I have before observed, if work, if possible, until he become quite staunch. es the dog to crouch too much, and on that account taken into the field at a proper period, will, in geneGreat care should be taken with him the first season I never practise it, or, in other words, force my point-ral, require little breaking, they will often point he is shot over, as it seldom fails to determine his ers to endure such abject and unmeaning servitude. and back of themselves, and, in fact, give the worth: at this period, numbers of otherwise valua- Having thus gone, as plainly as possible, through sportsman much satisfaction with little trouble. ble dogs are ruined by improper treatment, parti- what, for the sake of distinction, I will call the re- The dog that first finds the game should always cularly by ignorant, passionate game-keepers and gular rules of dog-breaking, I will finish this long go up to it; and on no account should another be dog-breakers; no fault, however, should be allowed essay by a few desultory or general remarks, which suffered to pass or run before him. It is like snatchto escape correction or reproof. I do not mean that will, I trust, be equally useful, and, at the same ing his well earned reward, to say nothing of the the dog should be flogged for every trivial mistake, time, serve the purpose of collateral illustration. confusion which must ensue from such a culpable but that the most trifling error should be noticed In the first place, then, I would advise gentlemen practice. SPORTING OLIO. ON DOG-BREAKING. by sounds or symptoms of displeasure; and, pro- to break their own dogs, wherever such a plan is I have seen dogs shot at for the purpose of renceeding in this way, you should administer correc- easily practicable and agreeable to the taste of the dering them steady, and particularly to prevent tion according to the degree of crime. sportsman. Dogs thus broke, and never suffered them from chasing hares; I cannot say I admire We will suppose the young dog broke, and taken to go out but in company with the person who this method, though I have seen it used with effect. out to put into effectual practice all his previous trained them, will infallibly be superior to all others it can only be had recourse to with hardy, headinstruction. On the first shot, particularly if the They are thus accustomed to obey one person only; strong animals; as to shoot at a young, timid dog, dog see the bird fall, he will be very apt to break they become perfectly familiar with his mode and is to ruin him at once. It is a dangerous method away; in which case he should be brought back to the manner, and, after being shot over one season, ne- at best, nor should it ever be resorted to, but when spot whence he had run, and there, making him liever afterwards give the least trouble. If dogs are the dog is at a considerable distance. down, call out, down-charge! He should be com-lent from one to another, or become subject to A pointer or setter should never be named Carlo, pelled to remain in that position till the gun is re- many masters, they cannot be expected to be per- Sancho, or, indeed, any name ending in o, as the loaded; and the disposition and temper of the ani- fect. For instance, I will suppose I have trained a word toho is so frequently indispensable, and, endmal must be the rule or guide of correction. A dog; have shot over him for several seasons, and he ing in the same sound, is apt to cause misunderwell-bred dog will generally become perfect in this has, at length, become perfectly master of his busi standing and confusion. A dog's name should conlesson in a very short period. ness: I lend him to a friend for one day, as good a sist of one expressive syllable, which comes forcibly It sometimes happens, however, that a young dog' sportsman, too, as myself: the dog, on being taken from the mouth; such as Nell, for instance-and where more than one dog is used, their names should sound as differently as possible. THE FARMER. BALTIMORE, FRIDAY, FEBRUARY 17, 1826. PRICES CURRENT. ARTICLES. lb. Havana,. An advance of 1 cent WHOLESALE, RETAIL. per from to from to 7 10 33 34 40 50 18 22 25 15 17 It but too frequently happens that young dogs manifest an inclination to hunt and worry sheep, which| must be instantly corrected. If a severe flogging BEEF, Baltimore Prime, bbl. 8 50 have not the desired effect, the dog should either The Editor has received a Ram and two BACON, and Hams, be tied to a strong ram, leaving a sufficient length Ewes of the genuine New Leicester breed, from BEES-WAX, Am. yellow of cord to allow the ram to make a run; or they Charles Champion, Esq. of England, prints of whose COFFEE, Java, should be confined together in a barn or some sheep of the same breed have been seen by the building. Flog the dog till he cries out, making Editor's friends, over the mantle in his library; an use of the words 'ware sheep! The ram will not impression from the same plate is in the library of fail to commence a furious attack upon him, and the Philadelphia Agricultural Society. The sire of will butt him most violently. They should be kept these sheep was let for 100 guineas for a single together for twenty minutes; the ram will not fail season. Their coming now, is the effect of mea-CANDLES, Mould, Dipt, to continue his butting, and it may not be amiss to sures taken before the exportation of sheep from flog the dog several times during this period, mak- England was lawful, else the Editor would have CHEESE,. ing use of the words just mentioned at the same saved himself the trouble and expense of importing FEATHERS, Live,. tine. This will, most likely, prevent the dog ever them. The weight of the four sheep, from the Far-FISH, Herrings, Sus. Shad, trimmed, looking at sheep afterwards, unless, perhaps, where mer and of the stock from which these are derived, FLAXSEED, Rough,. he has absolutely bitten them before this system of and represented in the print above mentioned, was FLOUR, Superfine, city, bbl. 4 50 4 62 5 50 6 25 correction was put in practice; in which case, I am Nett weight of carcass, including the headnot aware of any mode of punishment or correction that can be depended on; for, although the dog may not even notice sheep in your presence, yet he will, nevertheless, be very apt to steal away, as opportunity may offer, for the purpose of depredation: when once dogs have tasted mutton, they are never to be trusted. Indeed, I have seen an instance or two, where the dog, after being a little butted, has fiercely turned upon the ram, which he would have torn to pieces had he not been preventThey are all in fine condition, and the Ewes are ed; but a circumstance of this sort rarely occurs, in lamb by Mr. Champion's best Ram. They are and in the instances to which I allude, the dogs for the use of the country, and not our own. were grown rather too old to be cured by this or any other mode short of confinement or death. If a young dog look earnestly at, or set, a sheep, he should be corrected; and, if you find him repeat it, tion is desirable, it is stated, that Sinclair & Moore have recourse to the ram, as by far the most effec-have for sale, the Burley or Fowler tobacco seed, at The pear tree ditto, at $3 per lb. tual mode that can be adopted. A dog should be $3 per lb. corrected, in fact, the moment he is observed to manifest the slightest inclination even to notice sheep; as he will, if not checked, first look and set, then chase, and ultimately worry them. CANCER. SIR, Somerville, N. J., Feb. 9, 1826. As to poultry, the evil is not of so much magniIn volume 6, No. 44, page 352, of the American tude, nor the disposition to worry it so difficult to subdue, as when sheep are the object; besides, poul- Farmer, I observed a recipe for the cure of a cantry, being generally about the house or premises, cer. The recipe was taken from the Petersburg afford better, as well as more frequent opportuni- Intelligencer. The experiment was effected on ties of observation. Young pointers are very apt son of Mr. Carter Harrison, of Prince George's to make their first essay, as it were, by worrying county, by the use of narrow-leaf dock weed. chickens, or pigeons, where they happen to be should like to know, particularly, how the root was very tame. Early and severe flogging will, how- applied?-Whether any part was taken inwardly? ever, generally remedy the evil: if not, tie a fowl How long before the cure was effected?—and, in (a living one is the best, on account of its flutter-what stage of the disease was the root applied? ing,) to the dog's tail, and tie it in such a manner, Respectfully, yours, either by a clest stick or otherwise, that it may give the dog considerable pain. Take him to a place some distance from his kennel, and after giving him a few smart strokes with the whip, let him loose, A good experienced Gardener, to superintend a marand he will seldom fail to run home, howling all ket garden-he must be honest, sober and industrious. the way, (just as if a tin kettle were tied to him,) I have no objections to a man with a wife, but they must and terrified beyond measure. He should, however, not have children, or if any none large enough to pull be followed, dragged from the farther end of his fruit. One who understands the management of fruit kennel, in which he will, no doubt, endeavour to trees, would be preferred. hide himself, and be again well flogged; and the fowl, being taken from his tail, should be buffetted about his head. Pitch,. do. Prime, gal. PLASTER, cargo price, ton. 2 25 2 00 2 12 30 40 50 73 75 88 1 00 13 00 9 75 10 00) lb. 3 31 5 12 14 18 20 51 241 261 SOAP, Baltimore White, lb. Loaf, Lump, SHOT, Balt. all sizes, do. Sicily,. Lisbon, 945 883 5 29 CONTENTS OF THIS NUMBER. I have met with sportsmen who teach their Extract from the Memoirs of Josiah Quincy, Jr.-WINES, Madeira, L. P. gal. 2 50 3 00 3 50 4 pointers to fetch the dead bird: I must confess I am Chinese Agriculture, extracts from the Travels of a not fond of this method; as the dog, thus accus- Philosopher-Sheep, owned and kept in Washington tomed to fetch the bird, is very apt to break away county, Pennsylvania-Scientific Memoranda, applicaon the shot, whether a bird be killed or not. ble to rural economy; Lime, its use in making SoapJames Worth, on the Diseases of Fruit Trees-Thomas Emory, on Fruit Trees-History of Ancient and Modern Wines, by Alexander Henderson, M. D., continued, -Bees-Great Product from the Bees of Mr. Ezra RUSTICUS. CURIOUS WAGER. A gentleman farmer, of Norfolk, who had engag- Williams-Peevishness, equally wretched and offensive ed for a wager of 20 sovereigns, to ride his boar--On Dog-breaking, concluded from p. 376-Curious pig from his own house to Wisbeach, which is four wager-Importation of fine New Leicester Sheep by miles and a quarter, in one hour: performed the the Editor-Inquiry respecting a cure for the Cansame in 50 minutes. cer, by P. Z. Elmendorf-Advertisement. Port, first quality, 1 502 00 2 50' 35 40 28 30 25 331 35 unwashed but free o tags. Printed every Friday, at $5 per annum, for JOHN S. AMERICAN FARMER-BALTIMORE, FEBRUARY 24, 1826. No. 49.-VOL. 7. AGRICULTURE. SHEEP. 385 the hocks, between the thighs, the tail, the buttocks, The sheep of these flocks are larger or smaller, the pole, and behind the ears; and all that which and yield more or less wool, according to the noushakes out of the fleece in shearing, or in washing. rishment which is given them, and the mode in In the drawing which I annex from Lasteyrie, the which they are treated. On the whole, they are parts of the sheep which furnish the wool of these smaller and less productive, than the original ones Possibly the following Extracts on Sheep Hus-respective qualities; are included within the cor- in Spain. The Saxon government, aware of this, bandry, may assist some of your correspondents responding lines, and indicated by the figures, 1, 2, has established public schools for shepherds, and 3, and 4. distributed among the country people several pubwho are wool-gathering. A set of bags, containing the whole of the three lications, containing useful instructions for the treatfirst sorts of a certain number of fleeces, is called ment of sheep." Pila, or a pile, and each bag is marked with the MR. EDITOR, I am, sir, your obed't serv't, JONATHAN ROBERTS, ESQUIRE, CURWEN. President of the Pennsylvania Agricultural Society: DEAR SIR, men. SHEARING AND USE OF SALT. them initial of the name, which expresses the quality of MERINOES-WINTER MANAGEMENT IN SAXONY. its contained wool, R. F. or T. The profit arising "The winter food of the Saxon Merinoes consists from the sale of the fourth sort, or cahidas, which of hay, lattermath, clover, oat or rye straw, haulm is marked C. or K., is allotted for the consolation of peas, vetches, lentils, &c. which are distributed I have made some selections for the use of the of souls in purgatory; an end, to which no great twice or thrice a day, according to their quality. Society, which as they exhibit the best European aid is contributed by the merchants of England. Some cultivators give oil cake, and bran or corn practices, illustrated by the sagacious remarks of As soon as the wool is sorted, it is reduced, by bruised, or ground into meal They mix these aran agriculturist, distinguished alike by philosophi- washing in hot water, to the state in which it is ticles in a tub with the water which they give the cal research, and practical skill, may tend to cor- usually imported into this country. This process sheep to drink, and afterwards divide among rect our modes of management, and to silence the being very important to the interests of the grow- the more substantial sediment. This mixture, which crude suggestions, of unskilful, and speculative er of fine wool in England, I shall relate it at large they find singularly beneficial to the lambs, should hereafter, with such improvements as have been be made with hot water; and seven or eight pounds I am your obed't serv't, made in it by the superior energy and chemical of cake or meal are divided among 100 sheep. JOHN HARE POWEL. knowledge of the French." When they have no good fodder, or the snow continues very long, they give the sheep corn in the SELECTIONS FOR THE PENNSYLVANIA AGRICULTUstraw, or even by itself; but as the latter food is RAL SOCIETY. "The Swedes consider salt as very wholesome expensive, they usually substitute beet root, turnips, Extracts from Dr. Parry's Essay on the Nature, Pro for sheep. They allow it them chiefly in damp or carrots, and more especially potatoes. They colduce, Origin, and Extension of the Merino breed rainy weather, occasionally mixing with it worm-lect with great care the horse chestnut, which they of Sheep. wood, and other bitter plants, juniper berries, and begin to give in the autumn, as soon as the grass Merino sheep in Saxony, France, and Spain; "ME-even tar. The plants and berries are powdered, fails, allowing each sheep about 14 lb. of the nut RINOES RARELY EATEN," Their Form; Quality and mixed in water with the tar and salt, and put into and its thorny husk, which they cut in pieces togeweight of Fleece; Difference of Flocks; Equali- troughs, across which are nailed, at proper inter- ther. Sheep as well as cows, refuse this sort of ty of Wool in different parts of the Fleece; vals, branches of fir, in order to prevent the sheep nourishment at first, but come, at length, to eat it very greedily. When the weather will permit, and Shearing, Sorting, and Washing the Wool; their from jumping in or soiling themselves. The shearing takes place about the beginning of the snow is not too deep, they send the sheep into Management, Food, &c. in various countries; the advantages of crossing, and improvement of the July; previously to which the sheep are washed, by the woods, and on the dry heaths; but those who Wool by attention to Form. New Leicesters "fit some in running water, by others in buckets of have no winter pastures, keep their sheep in the for the manufacture of soap and candles." warm water, mixed with a small quantity of alka- house from the beginning of December till the beline lye, and of urine; after which they are rinsed ginning of April, taking care to give them as much "It is generally believed in Spain, that the salt with clean water. Two or three days, or more, air as possible within, and to send them out, for contributes not only to the health of the animal, but are suffered to elapse before shearing, in order that the same purpose, three or four hours every day. to the weight and fineness of the fleece. the wool may dry, and become soft by a fresh rise Some persons, through defect of pasture, also keep of the yolk. The average weight of the well wash- them in the houses the whole summer; and, if they ed ewes' fleeces seems to be full three pounds, and allow them plenty of air and good nourishment, do not find this mode of treatment prejudicial either of the lambs' fleeces one pound.” to their health, or the fineness of their wool. WOOL-SORTING. "Soon after the shearing of the Merino sheep, another important operation takes place, which is that of sorting the wool. This among the Spaniards, as with us, is a distinct business, to which it is required that the workmen serve an apprenticeship of five years. 4 2 2 3 INTRODUCTION OF MERINOES INTO SAXONY. It seems as if, even in summer, the whole flock "In the year 1765, Augustus Frederick, Elector was housed at night; and they are not sent out into of Saxony, introduced into his dominions from the pastures till after the dew is dissipated. They Spain 100 rams and 200 ewes, chosen from the are kept within in thick fogs, in hard rains, and most noted flocks. Part of these were established after hail storms. Water is given them every day. at the Electoral farm at Stolpen, on the frontiers of Salt is generally distributed to these sheep by the Bohemia, six leagues from Dresden. Three other Saxons, who think that it contributes alike to their secondary sheep farms were instituted, at Renners-health, and the fineness of their fleeces. They dorf, Lohm, and Hohenstein, in order chiefly to either mingle it with their forage, or dissolve it with their drink. Sometimes it is mixed with hay improve the native breeds by the Spanish cross. At the end of ten years, these establishments were of word ashes. It is given chiefly in the summer, seed, millefoil, bitter plants, and a small quantity found to have had all possible success. The sheep of the pure blood had preserved every valuable qua- four or five weeks before lambing time, from a beand dry weather; but it is discontinued to the ewes lity, and the ultimate crosses had wool fully equal in fineness and beauty, to that of the pure Merinoes. lief that the thirst which it occasions causes them In 1776, they began to offer some of these sheep to drink so much water, as to obstruct their yeanfor sale. But as, at this period, they found many to lick their new-born lambs.” ing, and that their relish for it makes them neglect difficulties, the government obliged the tenants of the electoral lands, to buy a certain number of the SAXON MODE-YEANING AND WEANING. Spanish sheep. The demand for them soon inThe wool is divided into four parts. The first, creased to such degree, that in 1778, it became ne- "The lambs fall before March, and are weaned in which is called by the Spaniards Floreta, or Refina, cessary to make a new importation from Spain, to June. With some few exceptions, they are not aland by the French Laine-mère, is taken from the the amount of 100 rams and 200 ewes. The flocks lowed to accompany their dams to the pastures beflanks, the back as far as to the tail, the shoulders, of Stolpen, and the three others above mentioned, fore that time. Some persons even keep them in and sides of the neck. The second, or Fina, com- have been successively augmented, so that, accord- the house till autumn; and others during the whole prises the wool of the top of the neck, the haunching to Lasteyrie, the pure Merinoes belonging to of the first year. But then, they give them there es, as far as the line of the belly, and the belly itself. the Elector, amounted in 1802, to 3400; and 500 of plenty of hay, lattermath, peas haulm, bruised oats, The third, Tercera, is that of the jaws, the throat, this flock annually disposed of by public sale, are or peas, &c. They are thus imprisoned with a the breast, the fore thighs to the knees, and the insufficient for the demands of the farmers, not-view, it is said, of securing them from giddiness. hinder thighs, from the line of the belly, down to withstanding the addition of those which are easily If any ewe has twins, one of them only is suffered the hocks. The fourth, or Cahidas, is that below procured from private individuals. to suck her, and the other is put to a she goat. It No. 49.-VOL. 7. is said that the milk of this animal is peculiarly nourishing to weak and sick lambs, for which purpose goats are kept in some flocks." SAXON MODE-SHEARING. assure you it is but little. You will find some no- tion's prosperity; but the limit of exports is the tice of wool in my work, under the head "choice limit of imports, beyond which no nation can go and properties of wool." I expect you noticed an for any length of time with impunity; and it is this article relative to the different effects in manufac-excess of imports which produces that periodical turing of Spanish and French wool, from Saxony crisis so ruinous to our mercantile community. By "The sheep are washed before shearing in running and American, in the Statesman, which appeared the report of the Secretary of the Treasury, our water, two successive days; on the morning of the about two weeks since. Spanish, French, Saxony exports of manufactures were rising of $6,000,000 first day and on the morning and noon of the se- and American sheep, are all originally from the last year, and should nothing check their progress, cond. They are suffered to dry for two days, and same animal. The Spanish and French will make we shall soon have an increased and healthful comare shorn on the third. The time of shearing is a firm grounded cloth; the Saxony and American, merce. the beginning of May. When the skin is acciden- when made into cloth, is always of a loose, spongy I have but little knowledge of the vine and the tally cut, the wound is rubbed with sheeps' dung, texture. This difference has been often complain-silk-worm; but am much pleased to find our southor with a mixture of linseed oil and resin. Both ed of by our manufacturers, and after a late con-ern neighbours are turning their attention to these practices are probably intended to guard against versation with one of our manufacturers I took the agricultural products. When last in England, I the fly. subject into consideration, and the result was the had little to occupy my attention; and when I eat Saxony no longer imports Spanish wool. It is opinion given in the Statesman above referred to. or drank any thing of domestic manufacture, I took supposed to contain between 90 and 100 thousand With respect to the formation of wool, we know recipes. Almost every family there make more or fine-woolled sheep; each producing, on an average, but little of it, being one of those inexplicable or-less of made wines, and I have nearly one hundred 24 pounds of washed wool; altogether 247,500 ganizations beyond our capacity to reach; but that and fifty recipes for compounding such liquors, pounds, or upwards of 1031 packs of 240 pounds wool is altogether composed of animal oil there can many of them equal to foreign wines. The white each. At least half of this quantity is sent from be no doubt, for the whole will dissolve in caustic al- garden currant is very fine, much superior to the the Leipsic fairs to various parts of Europe. kalies, forming a soap, like other oleaginous matter. red. The quince is of exquisite flavour. I tasted A good deal of this wool has of late been import-It would appear that the softest and finest wool has of thirty-six different kinds in one family near Oxed into England. Till the present year, it came in in it a much greater portion of this oil than coarse ford, and took all their recipes. NAGEMENT. "In the year 1786, according to Lasteyrie, or in 1785, according to Bourgoing, who asserts that they were obtained through his mediation, 367 Merino sheep were presented by the king of Spain to Louis the Sixteenth. During their journey 60 died; and within a few weeks after their arrival at Rambouillet, 35 ewes and 60 lambs fell a sacrifice to a febrile disease, accompanied with pustules, and which, as I have before remarked, is unknown, I believe in England, called by the French, Claveau, Clavellée, and sometimes Pourriture. a very foul and rough state, being probably, as wool. This oil, by some process unknown to us, My attention for the last five years has been deLasteyrie says, not sorted as in Spain, but only becomes organized wool. That which is called voted to the improvement of the woollen manufacfreed from that part which was soiled by the ex yolk by the manufacturer is nothing more than the ture, and to the dying. From the flattering testicrements. Hence it wasted in scouring, from five oil of the animal hardened by exposure, and no monials received from many of our first manufactuto six pounds in twenty. This year, however, it doubt oxydized: it is highly probable that this is a rers, and the evident improvement in this branch of has come much more nicely sorted, neatly packed, preparatory process to the organization of the oil. industry since my work and essays have been puband washed in some improved method. It is now The Saxon sheep are covered with coarse cloth lished, I flatter myself that my efforts have not generally agreed by the manufacturers who have jacketted,) during the winter season, which is said been in vain. Much, however, remains to be done, tried this wool, that it makes cloth superior in soft much to improve the quality of that wool. This and many agricultural products have to be raised ness and fineness to any which can be obtained may be necessary in Saxony and not in Spain, the here to which little attention has yet been paid. from the very best Spanish piles." former being considerably north of the latter. The We are still importing weld, madder, woad and inSpaniards drive their sheep to the mountains dur-digo, all of which could be as well grown in this MERINOES-INTRODUCTION INTO FRANCE--MA-ing the summer months, and keep them in warm country as in any other, when our farmers shall vallies during the winter. I think it probable that make themselves acquainted with the mode of raiswool does not organize as completely either in ex-ing and manufacturing them. There cannot be treme hot weather, or in very cold weather: expe- less than 200 tons of madder sold in this city alone, rience points out to us, however, that in those cli- per annum, and it grows well in Kentucky and the mates where the weather is regularly hot all the middle states. It is four years after planting before year round, the wool approximates to hair. It is it is fit for use, and this will be the principal obstacertain, therefore, that temperate climates are the cle to its introduction, as our farmers have been acbest for growing wool. The best wool I have seen customed to raise such crops only as make annual raised in this country has been from the state of returns. Ohio; and I consider Kentucky, Ohio, Tennessee, Indigo, from its great value and general conIndiana and Illinois, to be the states best adapted sumption, is an object of primary importance-and for fine woolled sheep. I have very little doubt should my life be spared for a few years, I shall not that in a few years these states will export many despair of giving to this country the means of supThese sheep, having been CHOSEN FOR THEIR millions of dollars worth of fine and coarse wool. plying the whole of Europe with the article. The FORMS, and fineness of fleece from various Spanish America does not raise at this time more than present mode of making indigo is not the best. It flocks, differed extremely as to their size and shape; half the wool that is used in the country. I have has been long known that the Africans produce but, being properly associated after their arrival in known an agent for a Saxony house in this city, to from the indigo plant, worked up in a very simple France, produced a race unlike any of the original sell $75,000 worth of wool in one month; and there state, a colour very superior to any thing produced breeds, but equal to the best of them IN MOULD and was disposed of by auction, at one sale, very re- in England. We are not acquainted with their fineness of wool; and, as it will hereafter appear, cently, nearly four hundred bags of Saxony, Spa- mode of dying, but we know that the leaves of the superior in weight of carcass and of fleece." nish, and Portuguese wools. Our manufactures of plant are made into balls, and that with these they co(To be continued.) woollens are increasing with a rapidity unexampled lour. Before indigo was introduced into Europe, the in other nations. One factory at Framingham, woad plant alone was used for dying their blues, and SHEEP-SILK-WORM—INDIGO, &c. Massachusetts, will make 500 yards of broad cloth their colours were more permanent then than they and cassimere per diem by next July; and several now are. I have discovered a mode of dying a [Valuable suggestions, on a variety of subjects, others nearly as extensive, are in progress in the fine and permanent blue with the indigo plant alone, being an extract from a letter dated January 14, Eastern states. Our merchants have found, to their and have secured a patent for the discovery. In 1826, and addressed to J. S. Skinner, Editor of the American Farmer, at Baltimore, by William Par-cost, that capital is neither so safe nor so produc-making indigo they are obliged to ferment the plants tive when vested in commerce, as in manufactures. in order to extract the colouring fecula; they then tridge, of New York, author of a very valuable "Practical Treatise on Dying of Woollen, Cotton, made to believe that manufactures are promotive tates, and this precipitate is the colouring matter It is very strange that our merchants cannot be draw off the liquor and oxydize it, when it precipiand Skein Silk, the Manufacturing of Broad cloth of commerce, having the example of Great Britain called indigo. When the dyer uses it, he grinds it and Cassimere, including the most Improved Me- before their eyes, who exports no raw material, and and ferments it with woad, or some other expensive thods pursued in the West of England, in which who is enabled from the products of her manufac- material, to bring it back to a green state, in which the various Manipulations are variously delineated; tures alone to import more than any other three state alone the colour is permanent. In my proalso, a correct description of Sulphuring Woollens, nations on the globe. Our merchants have, since cess the indigo plant will be worked in a very simand Chemical Bleaching of Cottons."] a general peace in Europe, had a dreadful crisis ple state, and will answer for both woad and indigo, DEAR SIR, New York, Jan. 14, 1826. every six or seven years; and this will regularly be by which means one half the present expense of Yours of the 7th inst. was received in due course. the effect so long as they continue to import so dying will be saved. Every thing indicates that I should be pleased to give any information in my much more than they export, for there must come this country must take the lead in commerce, agripower on sheep and wool. The former I have very a period when the balance will have to be paid, culture and manufactures. The variety of climate little knowledge of, the latter, as a woollen manu- either in money or by bankruptcies. It is true that and soil, the freedom of our institutions, which facturer, I profess to have a little more, and I'the extent of imports is the best criterion of a na- leaves the human mind free to act, the immense in L ternal communications, and the late discoveries of sides, a brick arch is turned, 9 or 10 feet long, hav-last number. It should have been eighteen dollars. extensive coal formations, together with our inex-ing openings for letting the fire through to the In reply to "A Duck river Planter," I will observe, haustible water power, all indicate that nothing clay. These openings are made by leaving out that I have lately seen the machine alluded to by but enterprise and industry is wanting to make it half a brick at proper intervals. In the front of the him, and they bear not the smallest resemblance to the greatest and richest country in the world. arch is a small wall two bricks thick, which has its each other. The public will judge which is prefoundation in the bottom of the trench. This wall, ferable. There is one material difference. My mawhich is two feet wider than the arch, rises about a chine deposits the seed at any regular distance refoot above it, through which there is a mouth to the quired, while the other strews it along the row arch about two feet wide. The whole erection re- without intervals. Neither does it cultivate the quires about 5 or 600 bricks, and no lime, except cotton. I did not see it in operation. SCIENTIFIC MEMORANDA—APPLICABLE for the front wall. The arch will be best laid in Yours, respectfully, Yours, truly, WM. PARTRIDGE. FOR THE AMERICAN FARMER. TO RURAL ECONOMY. F.H. SMITH. Edisto Island, Feb. 4, 1826. loam or puddle of any kind. The lumps of clay are laid hollow upon this arch, that the fire may draw through freely. When the pile is about two On Preserving Fruit Trees from Frost. feet thick upon the arch, the fire is lighted, of fag-QUANTITY OF COTTON SEED TO BE DEM. Bienenbugh, of Leignitz, in Silesia, has im-gots, and a sod wall made round the ki, which POSITED IN ONE SPOT. proved on the plan some years since announced, of may extend two feet wider than the arch, and three saving fruit trees from the effects of late frosts. He or four high. As the ignition proceeds, fresh clay DEAR SIR, takes ropes made of straw or hemp, with which he is added by degrees, until the heap is between four In answer to Mr. Smith's query, relative "to the envelopes the trees, the ends of the ropes being and five feet high, and is burnt through, when the proper quantity of cotton seed to be deposited in one put into, and reaching the bottom of a vessel filled fire is suffered to go out. See Rep. of Arts, 2d series, spot," I would remark, that the quantity depends in with spring water. A single vessel suffices for many vol. 36. a great measure on the manner in which the cotton trees, by winding the same rope, or many united It is worthy of remark, that in Great Britain, the is planted. One of the following methods, is the ropes, around all of them, and placing the two ends clergy take an active part in agricultural improve- most prevalent; to wit:-1st. Holes are made the in the vessel. The vessel should be four or five ment, and that they form a large portion of the length of the hoe, with a space between them of yards distant from the trees, taking care that the agricultural writers and experimentalists. They about one foot; or secondly, the holes are 11 feet in branches do not touch the ice upon the surface of thus render themselves doubly useful to society. the water. This singular preservative has been proved in Prussia, Poland, and other places, with success, and is recommended particularly for apricots, which, blossoming early, are more exposed to injury. See Bibliotheque Physico-Economique, 1819. Burnt Clay. Beet Sugar. length, and distant from each other about 18 or 20 inches. When the first plan is adopted, the numA cure for the dry-rot in Timber, ber of seeds in a hole is usually from 30 to 40, and Has been found in submersing timber in salt double this number, if the holes are much longer. I water; and the British Commissioners of the Admi-must, however, be permitted distinctly to state, that ralty have directed the submersion of ships, and we never deposite the seed "in one spot," they timbers and planks, after they are prepared for should occupy every part of the trench-It is a matship-building, both as a cure and preventive of the ter of primary moment, that cotton plants in every The British Society for the encouragement of dry-rot. See Rep. of Arts, before quoted. stage of their growth should never touch each other. Arts, Manufactures and Commerce, awarded, in Respectfully, 1819, their gold medal to the Rev Edward CartYour obedient servant. wright, for his experiments on the efficacy of burnt The manufacture of this article was begun in WHITEMARSH B. SEABROOK. clay as a manure. The experiments were made France during the revolution, when the sugar of with soot, at the rate of 50 bushels the acre, and the cane was not to be had, or only at an extrava- the machine he is about to send me, as to deposite wood ashes, at the rate of 100 bushels the acre. gant price. Count Chaptal persevered in the ma-about 30 seeds in a hole. Burnt clay was used at the rate of 20 cart loads nufacture of this article, although the causes which (20 bushels each,) to the acre. The whole was ap- prompted the first experiments ceased with the plied as top dressings to a cold, wet, tenacious clay, war, until he has rendered it a business of great a soil of all others most likely to be benefited by profit. The sugar is found to differ in no respect BOAT BRIDGES AND AUSTRIAN COTTON. the mechanical operation of burnt clay. The pro- from that of the cane. The culture of the beet MR. Skinner, South Carolina, Feb. 4, 1826. duct of square yards under each dressing, is stated is found to fit the soil for wheat; and the cake, Having passed a tide-water bridge of boats at below: after the extraction of the juice, is found to be Rouen, and also having understood the Rhine is equal to any green food for feeding and fattening crossed at various places on such bridges, I am led cattle. We find an estimate of the expenses and to ask whether some of your correspondents could product of the Count's manufactory in the Annals not give a reason why they should not be adopted de Chimie et de Physique, as follows: Swedish Turnips. Burned clay,.. 580 per acre, 25 tons. crot. lbs. Soot,... 546 66 23 12 2 Wood ashes, . . 398 Kohlrabi. lbs. No top dressing,... 4 00 Burned clay,.. 160 per acre, 6 sheaves. bush. pecks. 0 EXPENSES. Tillage, sowing, weeding, &c. and expenses Fuel,. Animal charcoal for clarifying, PRODUCT. P. S. I must request Mr. Smith, so to construct in the United States? Rees' Encyclopedia (Phil. edit. vol. 5, part 2d,) states "this branch of military science to have attained (in the campaigns of 1799, 1800,) that pin7000 nacle of excellence which it will be difficult to sur2075 pass." It refers to Dedon's Relation des Passages 4500 de la Limmat et du Rhin. Paris 1801, 8vo. 1100 Many years since (before 1808,) a M. Helbling 4000 published at Vienna "a short and much esteemed treatise on the culture of cotton." M. Helbling was francs 18,675 the author of a Hora Austriacis, &c. To this gentleman, adds the writer who states the fact, "we are indebted for a knowledge of the various species of vines cultivated in the environs of Vienna." Is this tract known in the United States? If not, 10,960 can it be procured? I am, sir, yours, &c. Raw sugar, being the first crystallization, lbs. 29,132 Besides 158,000 lbs. cake, which kept the Count's flock of Merinoes 78 days, and a large quantity of molasses, which, when fermented, yields much ardent spirit. Burned clay,.. 126 COTTON PLANTER AND CULTIVATOR. WOOL-INQUIRY. AMPHICON. It would gratify me to learn from Mr. McDowell what proportion of his wool brings him 80 cents? what he gets a pound for all his wool? what is the average weight of his fleeces? Also, how many years he has used Saxon bucks, and when, where and by whom they were imported? A CONNECTICUT FARMER, |