countries, by the means of the Chesapeake and Ohio is, it may supersede here the necessity of writing the foundation of her happiness and prosperity. canal. It was apparent, that the only obstacle such letters as the obligations of friendship might This Convention has seen, with admiration, the adwhich finally prevented an amalgamation of the have required us to do. vances made by New York in her works of internal strength of Baltimore and the Potomac counties, The vote on the final passage of the Report, as improvement, and acknowledges with pain and moras represented in the Convention, was the con- amended, and here published, was as follows: tification, that Maryland must lose the trade of the signment of a great national work to the hands Yeas-Frederick, Alleghany, Washington, Anna- Western Country, unless she can be connected with of an incorporated company--to be executed by polis, St. Mary's, Prince George's, Charles, Anne it by the Canal in contemplation. Whilst the trade agents not exclusively appointed by, and amenable Arundel-8. between the Atlantic and the West, was carried on to the government authorities, by whose powers and Nays Baltimore city, Baltimore county, Mont- by wagons, she participated largely in it; but the means, alone, the work can ever be accomplished. gomery, Harford--4. fact cannot be concealed, that the facilities to transHere was the sticking point. The final vote would Numerically, the report was adopted by yeas 39, portation afforded by the Erie Canal, are calculated have been almost unanimous, if the gentlemen from nays 20. the Potomac would have accepted from Baltimore the following amendment, offered by Mr. Taney in its behalf, to be inserted at the end of the 6th resolution: REPORT. to deprive her of it. When it is considered, that the expense of transportation by land, is more than twenty-five times greater than by the Canal, it must The Committee to whom was referred the sub- be obvious to all reflecting minds, that there can be ject of Internal Improvement, and the considera- no competition between land and water carriage. "And provided also, before any investment shail tion of the ways and means in their judgment best The wagon trade must be abandoned. Yet the be made by the State, the rights of the Potomac calculated to effect this great and common object State, in the opinion of this Convention, has natural company in the Potomac river, and the streams of the people of Maryland, having considered the advantages, which, if improved, would render her a which empty therein, shall be extinguished by com- great subjects of reference by the Convention, with successful rival with New York for the Western promise or otherwise, and provision also made by all the attention and diligence which their time ena- trade. It is 513 miles from New York to Buffaloe, law that the money so to be invested shall be ex-bled them to give, have concluded to report to the on Lake Erie, and from thence to the point where pended for the purposes herein before mentioned Convention the following Preamble and Resolu- the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal would enter the by public agents to be selected and appointed, and tions, with their reasons, as the result of their la- Lake, about 200 miles more, making 713 miles. to be accountable in such manner as may be agreed bours, which they respectfully submit to the supe- From Baltimore to Lake Erie, on the route conon by the governments of the United States, Ma- rior wisdom and consideration of this honourable templated, it is about 510 miles. Now, if it be ryland, and Virginia." body. conceded that the Erie Canal will command the But this was rejected; and here, we think, with WHEREAS the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, in trade of the country on the north of the Canal line, great deference to their better judgment, these gen- connection with a lateral Canal from the Patapsco and also some distance on the south of it, it must be tlemen showed too much tenaciousness of their pro- river, to intersect the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, admitted that the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal will ject in all its parts. This project we admit to have at the most approved and practicable point, whe- command the trade of the country to the south of been framed on enlarged principles; but as they met ther considered in relation to the State at large, or the Canal line, which includes four-fifths of the professedly to deliberate on the best measures, and in its prosperous influence upon the trade and com- Lake country, the states of Ohio, Indiana and Illinot to carry any preconceived one, by refusing this merce of the city of Baltimore, is the most promi- nois, part of Pennsylvania, Virginia, and Kentucky, amendment, have they not lost the general coope-nent and commanding object for the early and libe- and indeed all the country whose trade is not excluration which is indispensable to success in their ral patronage of the Legislature of Maryland-sively confined to New Orleans. Again-the disgeneral object? Be it remembered that Mr. Taney, therefore tance from New York to Pittsburg is 700 miles; speaking in behalf of his colleagues, disclaimed all Resolved, That the practicability of a Canal from from Baltimore to Pittsburg it is only 400 miles; makidea of divesting existing rights but on the pay- Baltimore, to intersect and unite with the Chesa- ing a difference of 300 miles in favour of Baltimore. ment to the party of the uttermost farthing that peake and Ohio Canal, thence to Pittsburg, and From these considerations, this Convention indulges equity, and even liberality could demand. On his thence to Lake Erie, no longer admits of a doubt a confident hope, that should the transcendant naamendment, the vote stoodin the opinion of this Convention. There was a tural advantages of the commercial emporium of Yeas-Alleghany, Baltimore county, Baltimore period when the magnitude of the undertaking ap- the State be improved as they ought to be, she may city, Harford county-4. palled even the most sanguine, who not only doubt- engage in a successful competition with New York Nays-Frederick, Washington, Anne Arundel, ed the practicability of the measure, but more than on Lake Erie and at Pittsburg, for the trade of the Annapolis, Montgomery, St. Mary's, Prince George's all, the ability of the country to accomplish so Western world. Why should she not? It is seen and Charles counties-8. great a work. The canals of England and Hol- that Baltimore is from 200 to 300 miles nearer to The Potomac members thought that Baltimore land, and the rest of Europe, were considered as the Western States than her great rival; and if ought to have accepted the Report, especially as it stupendous undertakings, which European science the productions of the West could be transported was recommended to them by the adoption of Mr. and capital alone were competent to effect; but the to her with as much facility, and as good prices obMcMahon's amendment-"That it be recommended delusion has been dissipated, and recent experience tained there as at New York, and if at the same time to the Legislature of Maryland to take early steps for has demonstrated that American skill and enter- Baltimore could supply foreign and domestic goods the obtention, by compromise, or otherwise, of the prize are equal to any thing that man can effect. upon as good terms as New York, it is reasonable to deferred interest of the stockholders and creditors The Erie Canal is a lasting monument of the wis- conclude that Baltimore would enjoy a full portion of the Potomac Company;" but those who repre-dom, patriotism, and public spirit of the state of of the Western trade. And should the Northern sented Baltimore city and county declared, that New York, and has rendered certain what before Canal be closed by ice two months longer in the so long as the power and the rights of the ca- was problematical; it has removed the doubts of year, than the Southern, it will give to the latter, nal company remained unextinguished, it would scepticism itself, and stands a splendid example to independently of all other considerations, a decided present an insurmountable barrier to the undertak- the world, of what may be done in the way of in- preference. That the commerce of this great City ing, not only destructive of public confidence, but ternal improvements. This magnificent work, which is of vital importance to the prosperity of the State, totally inadequate to the execution of so great an is a practical lesson to the Union on the subject of and ought to be fostered and extended as the means improvement. Had the Convention stipulated for canals, combined with the surveys made by the of increasing her wealth, power, and population, are the removal of that barrier, and we are ready, said Commissioners of Virginia and Maryland and those propositions which would seem to admit of no dithey, to cooperate most heartily with the best friends lately made by the Engineers of the National Go-versity of opinion. They may be illustrated and and the most interested advocates of the Ohio and vernment, of the contemplated Canal route, leave brought home to the understanding of every man, Chesapeake canal. no doubt on the mind of this Convention of the by supposing that Baltimore, by some dreadful calaMr. Forest, of Montgomery, moved to have the practicability of the work in question. mity, was annihilated. What then would be the Report divided, and the vote of the Convention 2d. Resolved, That the projected Chesapeake and condition of the State? It would be reduced to potaken on as many parts or questions, as it was sus- Ohio Canal, in connection with one from Balti-verty, insignificance, and ruin. On the other hand, ceptible of being divided into-saying there were more, is an object of the first magnitude to this if Baltimore, by maintaining her natural advanmany propositions to which he would cheerfully State, in an agricultural, commercial, and political tages, could become another London, what blessgive his assent, but could not vote for the Report point of view, and therefore ought, if possible, to be ings might not be expected from it, by affording the in extenso. His motion was lost, and he according-effected. best of markets at home, for the productions of the ly voted in the negative: his case, in these respects, The time has arrived, in the opinion of this Con-country Every citizen is interested in the measure, was probably that of many others. vention, when the State is imperatively called upon and ought to give it his hearty support. We did not propose, when we took pen in hand, to make a prompt and vigorous effort to accomplish In a political point of view, the importance of to write ten lines on the subject; but we have writ that object, which, more than any other measure of this communication with the Western States, is not ten off, currente calamo, such a sketch as we should internal improvement, will secure to her the advan- less apparent. It will facilitate the intercourse behave given in a familiar letter to a friend, and find tages of her geographical position in relation to the tween the Atlantic and Western States, connect the some comfort in the reflection that, precious as time Western States, and under Providence, perpetuate people by interest, habit, and constant communica tion, and unite them by an indissoluble bond. To porium of western commerce; but as that object is cultural, manufacturing and commercial resources this subject the parting words of the Father of his beyond the ability of the State to accomplish, with- of the State, with digested plans for rendering those country apply with peculiar emphasis: "The East, out the aid of the National Government, it is never- resources subservient to the general welfare. in an unrestrained intercourse with the West, al-theless of opinion, that a Canal may, and ought to 11th. Resolved, As the opinion of this Convenready finds, and in the progressive improvement of be made, to the foot of the Alleghany, which would tion, that the resources of the State are abundantly interior communication by land and water, will, bring into the bosom of the State the rich produc- sufficient to meet any expenditure which the accommore and more, find a valuable vent for the com- tions of the country bordering on the Potomac and plishment of the works recommended by this Conmodities which it brings from abroad, or manufac- its branches, and render our Commercial Capital vention may require, without imposing onerous tures at home. The West derives from the East, a still more flourishing and prosperous city. burdens on her people, and that the ways and means supplies requisite for its growth and comfort; and 4th. Resolved, That in the opinion of the Conven- may be readily devised by the wisdom of the Legiswhat is, perhaps, of still greater consequence, it tion, the application of the public funds to this pro- lature, to pay the interest on any loans that may be must of necessity owe the secure enjoyment of in-ject, will be found a profitable and beneficial invest-authorised for that purpose. dispensable outlets for its productions, to the weight, ment, that its accomplishment will encourage agri- 12th. Resolved, That a committee of three be apinfluence, and future maritime strength of the At-culture, promote commerce and manufactures, in- pointed by the Chair, to draft and present a memolantic side of the union, directed by an indissoluble crease population, augment the public wealth, en- rial, on behalf of this Convention, to the Legislacommunity of interests as one nation." It is to be large the ability of the State to foster other works ture of Maryland, in conformity with the aforegoing hoped, that the National Government will not be in- of public utility, and strengthen the Union. resolutions. different to measures, which so powerfully and inti- 5th. Resolved, That all minor objects ought to mately affect the national interest; and that the Re- yield to this undertaking, which the united energies which were unanimously adopted: Mr. SPRIGG Submitted the following resolutions, presentatives of ten millions of freemen, will make of the State alone can effect. an effort to consolidate and perpetuate that union 6th. Resolved, That in the opinion of this Con- Convention are hereby most respectfully tendered Resolved unanimously, That the thanks of this on which their prosperity, happiness, and freedom vention, the State ought to invest $500,000 in the to John Montgomery, Esq., Mayor of the city of pre-eminently depend. The work is worthy, and Chesapeake and Ohio Canal-Provided, that before Baltimore, for his personal attentions to the comclaims the patronage of the Nation, and if effected, the State shall make such an investment, the sum fort and convenience of this Convention. will remain an imperishable monument of its ho- that may be necessary with such investment, acnour and patriotism, to all future times. From cording to the estimate that may be reported by the Convention are hereby returned to the Editors of Resolved unanimously, That the thanks of this these united considerations, this Convention is con- United States' Engineers, to complete it to the east-the Baltimore American for their politeness in furvinced that the Canals, if made, would be a blessing ern base of the Alleghany mountains, shall be first to the State and the Nation. subscribed; and further, that the State appropriate nishing the members of the Convention with their 3rd. Resolved, That in the opinion of this Con- $500,000 for the completion of a Canal from the newspapers during the session. vention, the interest and prosperity of the State are Patapsco river, to intersect the former; and that the which was unanimously adopted: Mr. Porrs submitted the following resolution, essentially involved in the prosecution of this great investment in the one, and the appropriation for the work, and that she ought to use her best exertions other, be simultaneous. to procure its accomplishment, provided that it will not be expedient to apply the resources of the State to that object, unless an adequate fund shall be raised to complete the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal to the base of the Alleghany mountains. This Convention has no correct data upon which to predicate estimates of the expense of making the Canal from Baltimore to Pittsburg, or from Balti more to the Alleghany; but, taking the expense at ten millions of dollars to Pittsburg, and five millions to the Alleghany, no reason is seen why it should 7th. Resolved, That it be recommended to the not yield an interest equal to the Erie Canal; which, Legislature of Maryland, to take early steps for the President of the late Convention on Internal ImThe venerable Charles Carroll, of Carrollton, at this time, is understood to give five per cent. on obtention, by compromise, or otherwise, of the dethe sum invested, and the calculations are, that it ferred interest of the Stockholders and Creditors of of said Convention, to notify J. C. Herbert, provement, has instructed J. S. Skinner, Secretary will shortly produce upwards of a million annually the Potomac Company. to the state. The agricultural productions of the 8th. Resolved, That it is the sense of this Con- having, in pursuance of anthority given by the last DANIEL MURRAY, and R. T. SPENCE, Esqrs., of his country, and those of the forest, through which vention, that the proper time has arrived, when a resolution, designated them as the committee to the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal will run until it liberal and general system for the internal improvereaches the Alleghany, are at least equal to those of ment of Maryland, at her expense, ought to be prepare a memorial to the Legislature of Maryland, New York, in addition to which, we may count on adopted by the Legislature of the State, and that ted by said Convention. in conformity with the Report and Resolutions adopcoal, which abounds to an extent not surpassed in the first object in interest and importance to her ciany other country. It is calculated that the tolls on tizens, is the construction of a Canal from the that article alone would immediately pay the inter- waters of the Patapsco, near Baltimore, to some est on several millions of dollars. point on the Potomac river, which shall most con Resolved unanimously, That the thanks of this And provided further, That the Legislature, be-and the clerk, for their services during the session Convention are hereby tendered to the secretary, And provided further, That the Legislature, beore authorising any subscription on the part of the of this Convention. State to the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, be satisfied in such manner as is prescribed by the act of which was unanimously adopted: Mr. PRICE submitted the following resolution, Congress, that a Canal connecting the Patapsco with the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal at such point in the Convention are due to Charles Carroll, of CarrollResolved unanimously, That the thanks of this District of Columbia, or through the same, as the Legislature shall judge expedient, may be cut with-ton, Esq., for the able and dignified manner in which he has presided over its deliberations. out impeding or injuring the navigation of the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal. The Convention then adjourned sine die. LADIES' DEPARTMENT. LAVENDER.-LAVANDULA. If the city of New York consumes annually two veniently unite with the Chesapeake and Ohio millions four hundred thousand bushels of coal, Canal. what will not the country between Cumberland and 9th. Resolved, That it is the sense of this ConBaltimore, including the District of Columbia, the vention, that the Legislature of Maryland ought, city of Baltimore, and the manufacturing establish- without delay, to propose to the Legislature of ments in her vicinity require, when it can be fur- Pent.sylvania to unite with that State in constructnished at a sum not exceeding sixteen cents a ing an ascending navigation from the tide water of bushel. The advantages of coal to the community the Chesapeake Bay, at Port Deposit, to the town which should be planted in March, and placed in at large, and to the cities, towns, and manufactories of Harrisburg, in Dauphin county, by Canals or the shade until they have taken root: they may then in particular, are incalculable. What would Eng-otherwise, as an object of great interest and impor- be exposed to the sun. These plants will live much land have been without her coal, and deprived of it tance to Maryland. longer, and endure the most severe cold, if planted what would she become? 10th. Resolved, As the sense of this Convention, in a dry, gravelly soil. They grow faster in sumA Canal through the western counties of the that it would be proper for the Legislature of Mary-mer if the soil be rich and moist, but then they are state, would relieve the people from the most dis- land, at its next session, to constitute, by law, a generally destroyed in the winter, nor are they so tressing and onerous burdens. The freight of a Board of Public Works, whose duty it shall be to strongly scented as those which grow in a barren soil. barrel of flour from Hagerstown to Baltimore, is cause an actual survey and examination of the State Lavender was formerly used for edgings, as we never less than one dollar, and generally one dollar to be made, and to ascertain what rivers can be im- now use box, thrift, &c.; but it grows too high for and twenty-five cents. A canal navigation would proved by removing impediments to their naviga- this purpose, and the practice is generally discontireduce it to five cents, exclusive of tolls, and on all tion, and the expense of such improvement; what nued. The agreeable scent of Lavender is well other articles in the same ratio. Canals and Rail Roads are practicable, and which, known, since it is an old and still a common custom The Convention feels a deep conviction, that a if made, will promote the public interest; with the to scatter the flowers over linen, as some do roseCanal from Pittsburg to Baltimore, would render expense of constructing such Canals and Rail Roads, leaves, for the sake of this sweet odour: her in preference to any other eastern port, the em- and generally, to develope the extent of the agri- "Pure Lavender, to lay in bridal gown.” PRICES CURRENT. ARTICLES. Havana,. WHOLESALE. RETAIL. per from to from to 7 11 33 35 18 19 154 17 18 20 18 20 15 16 83 12 Lavender-water, too, as it is usually called, al- present or at any former time owned; and they who A folded in bred by, sold to The other kinds of Lavender may be increased (if any,) was got by her dam (name, if any,) Fine, either by cuttings or seeds; but they do not all by - and continue the pedigree in full. Susquehanna, superfi. ripen seeds in this country. They require winter In the first blank insert colour, as black, brown, FLAX, shelter; and the Thick-leaved species, which is a chestnut, sorrel, bay, or grey-in the second blank, GUNPOWDER, Balti.. native of the East Indies, must be preserved in a the year folded-in the third, by whom bred-GRAIN, Indian Corn, hot house. They should have but just water enough 4th, to whom sold (if any sale)-5th, sire, and give to prevent drought; especially in the winter. a full pedigree; with remarks, if she is distinguishThe stalks of Lavender, even when the flowers ed in any way. Example: have been stripped away, has an agreeable scent; and if burnt, will diffuse it powerfully and pleasant- A brown mare, folded 1776, bred by John Tayloe, ly: they form an agreeable substitute for pastiles, Esq., of county, Va., imported 1799, got and will burn very well in the little vessels made for by Rockingham, he by Highflyer, dam Tabitha, by that purpose. To a Londoner it becomes a kind of Trentham-Bosphorus, &c. rural pleasure to hear the cry of "Three bunches a penny, sweet Lavender." 1 05 80 90 95 100 4 75 5 25 lb. 1 bush 1 75 2 00 1 25 1 50 2 25 2 50 35 36 1 00 1 50 1 50 1 62 ton 200 120 130 Ib. Ib. 36 27 29 91 10 12 26 27 45 7 2 25 gal. 32 35 90 95 9 A grey horse, folded 1786, bred by Richard Brooke, LEATHER, Soal, best, Esq., of ----sold to John Tayloe, who sold MOLASSES, sugar-house gal. him to Major James Blick, of Brunswick county, MEAL, Corn, kiln dried, bbl. 3 00 3 26 3 75 Va. He was got by Medley, his dam by Sloe, Vam-NAVAL STORES, Tar, bbl. 1 874 NAILS, 6a20d. pire, &c. with remarks, if he be distinguished parti- Pitch,.. cularly in any thing. If imported, when and by whom. Turpentine, Soft, THOMAS PHENIX, Esq., Assistant Secretary to the The remote or recent records of any Jockey OIL, Whale, common, late Convention on Internal Improvement, proposes Club now in existence, will be thankfully received to publish forthwith, on his own account, the Jour-on loan, and shall be safely returned. That this nal, complete, of said Convention,-containing all valuable collection may be continued hereafter, it is the propositions submitted by the different mem earnestly recommended, that all who stand horses bers, either in open Convention or in Committee; as should exert themselves to obtain, annually, the pewell those which were not, as those which were digrees of all mares sent to them, and after the adopted. In the proportion that the Internal Im- produce is known, to forward the pedigree and reprovement of Maryland shall continue to be an ob- sult, directed to the Secretary of New Market, Peject of publick attention or of legislative proceed-tersburg. ings, this journal must be of almost indispensable | The publication of a Calendar of Races past and utility: to it, constant reference must be had by to come, is in contemplation. To effect that object, those who wish to discuss or to understand the sub- which is thought desirable and important, all Seject. For the execution of the work, Mr. Phenix is cretaries of Jockey Clubs are requested to forward as well qualified by personal fitness and capacity as annually, by the 31st Desember, a transcript of all by his particular relation to the Convention. their Races-and each Club will be furnished with a copy, gratis. Subscriptions will be received by the Editor of the American Farmer-the price will be 50 cents. Linseed, do. Prime, 10 50 ton. 5 371 PLASTER, cargo price, do. Brown, 12 00 lb. 31 gal. lb. APPLE BRANDY, 1st pr 13 50 11 00 bush 43 Liverpool Ground 50 Editors are requested to give the above a few in- SALT, St. Ubes, sertions. 52 62 12 50 TOBACCO.-Inspections the last week, 113. hhds. WINES, Madeira, L. P. gal. 2 50 3 00 3 50 4 1 20 1 50 1 15 1 20 1 62 1 75 doz. 4 8 do. Sicily,.. gal. 1 50 200 2 50 AMERICAN STUD BOOK. [The particular attention of our readers is invited to the following. The utility and value of such a CONTENTS OF THIS NUMBER. work are too obvious to need any illustration:] An Oration upon the dignity and utility of the art THIS work has engaged much attention for seve- and science of Agriculture, delivered before the Dorral years-considerable matter has been collected, chester Agricultural Society, in Cambridge, Nov. 10, and it is now advancing to maturity. That it may 1825, by Joseph E. Muse, M. D., President of the Sobe as full and perfect as possible, all persons whociety-On the Profits of Sheep Husbandry-Grass Seeds have any fondness for horses, and are disposed to Smith on the Culture of Cotton as a staple in Maryland to be sown-John Hare Powel on Sheep-Francis H. contribute to the useful; who have been, or are now and Virginia-Bailey's cast iron Horse Mill-Proceed-Printed every Friday, at $5 per annum, for JOHN S. engaged in breeding the blooded horse, are earnest-ings and Resolutions of the Maryland Convention for ly solicited to forward, as soon as possible, by the Internal Improvement-On the Culture and History of form below, an account of their stock of horses, at Lavender-American Stud Book-Editorial. unwashed but free of tags. SKINNER, Editor, by JOHN D. Tor, corner of St. No. 41.-VOL. 7. AMERICAN FARMER-BALTIMORE, DECEMBER 30, 1825. 321 AGRICULTURE. FARMING ON LIGHT LAND, Rotation of Crops. ed the labour. He carefully combined practice with nourishment. The number of mouths in a plant of science, and thereby escaped or corrected many of maize is incredible. Ten or a dozen large roots the errors which too commonly arise, from the vi- are found to extend-the length of the stock, in difJUDGE BUEL'S SUCCESSFUL SYSTEM OF sions of the theorist on the one hand, and the ob-ferent directions, and these are completely bristled stinacy of habit on the other. in their whole length with small fibrous roots, like Having disposed of these preliminary matters, we a bottle brush. They all contribute to convey food proceed to detail, under distinct heads, some par- to the stock and grain. Is it not reasonable to beNear Albany, in the State of New York. ticulars of Mr. Buel's practice in farming, and some lieve, that the destruction of these roots, or a part FROM our notes upon Judge Buel's system of of the reasons upon which we understand his prac- of them, by deep ploughing and hoeing, materially farming, made upon the spot, aided by the more tice is founded. injures the plant? The decomposition of the sod ample observations of a gentleman curious in agriand manure require heat and moisture: these are cultural research, who spent the last summer months generally abundant six inches below the surface; in the northern states, we are enabled to present The general course is one of five years, embrac but moisture seldom continues long upon the sur the following sketch; and believe that it will repay ing six crops, viz. First year, corn and potatoes, as face during the summer months. The utility of every reader who knows how to estimate the value fallow crops, followed by wheat in autumn. Second placing the food of plants under the surface of the of industry, working by the light of science. year, wheat, followed by turnips. I hird year, bar- soil, and of keeping it there, by ploughing shallow This gentleman, eight years ago, purchased ley and grass seeds. Fourth and fifth years, grass, for the wheat which is to follow the corn, was about eighty acres of light, sandy, unimproved land, or grass and pasture. The corn is cut early in strongly, and Mr. Buel thinks correctly, insisted with a view of indulging a strong propensity for September, as soon as it is hard, close to the upon by the late John Lorain, of Pennsylvania. agricultural and horticultural pursuits; and in 1820 ground, in time for the wheat. The quality of the On asking Mr. Buel for an estimate of the exhe relinquished a lucrative office, removed with his cattle food is improved, and the quantity augment-pense and products of an acre under his course of family to his plantation, which in Virginia and Ma-ed, by cutting and immediately binding and stook- cropping, he handed us the one subjoined, which ryland would hardly be sufficient for a tobacco ing it in a succulent state; experience fully demon- he had drawn up two or three years ago for the field, and has since continued to superintend its strating that no injury will result either to the corn New England Farmer, and which he thought toleimprovement. or stalks. When the Swedish turnip is to be intro-rably correct. On observing that the corn crop ap FIVE YEARS' COURSE-EXPENSE. First Year. Mr. Buel's farm lies about two miles west from the duced, it is put in with a drill barrow upon a clover peared to be graduated high, he replied that he state-house in Albany, in what was until recently the lay (the clover being previously mown or fed off) ear- thought it no more than a fair medium, if measured commons of that city. The soil, which is denomi- ly in July. The second year the ground is sown with when housed in autumn; that in two instances, unnated sandy alluvion, was covered with a meagre barley and grass seeds. When the common turnips der common treatment, he had taken 118 and 125 growth, principally of white and yellow pine, and are omitted, (as the extent of their culture depends bushels from an acre; in the first case, the whole small or shrub oaks, and rests upon a stratum of upon the demands of the market,) grass seeds are product being weighed in the ear, and a portion clay, found at various depths, from two to ten feet. put in with wheat. The first crop in a course is al- then shelled; that the shrinkage, however, in seven Blue clay, or clay marl, has been met with at seven ways a hard crop, and is the only one manured. months, amounted to twenty per cent. And he adand ten feet below the surface, which gives, on ana- The manure is generally applied before fermenta- mitted that his crop of the present year fell matelysis, from 20 to 30 per cent. of lime. Mr. B. con- tion has far progressed, and as far as practicable rially short, on account of the extreme drought, siders this the most beneficial application which can ploughed under before its moisture has been dissi- and from the circumstance, that to favour a young be made to the surface soil; lime and clay, which pated by the sun and winds. The hoed crops orchard, he had deviated from his usual practice of constitute the marl, forming, with the sand, the corn, potatoes, beans and Swedish turnips, are planting on a clover lay. most desirable mixture, both as regards fertility and strong hardy feeders, relishing, and thriving upon, adaptation to various crops. These commons, like the coarsest food. The manure is always spread most of the pine lands in New York, have until broadcast, that it may the more certainly be decomwithin a few years, been deemed too barren for cul-posed and better incorporated with the soil. The tivation. But modern improvements in husbandry hoeing process, if faithfully performed, extirpates 24 loads of manure, at 75 cts. have tended very much to enhance their value. the weeds, and leaves a fine tilth for the small 1 bush plaster, sowed before ploughing, With the aid of gypsum and clover, and a judicious grains which are to follow; and which, being more rotation, their average product is found to be at delicate feeders, derive most benefit from the ma-1 ploughing, $1, harrowing, 25 cts. least equal to that of heavier soils; while the ex-nure after it has undergone the fermenting process, Furrowing or listing, 25 cts. seed, 12 pense of tilling them is ordinarily fuity per cent. and parted with its grosser properties to nourish the 2 days planting, and 2 weeding, at less. Indeed, so sanguine is Mr. Buel of their su- corn and potato crops. He has made experiments periority for convertible husbandry, that he declar- to ascertain the comparative value of long and 2 ed to me he would not exchange, acre for acre, for short manure, and of a clover sod upon boed crops. the deep, rich alluvial flats of the Hudson. These have resulted in a conviction, that long or The short time that Mr. Buel has been upon his unfermented manure has a decided preference, not farm, has been devoted principally to clearing, only for the crop to which it is immediately applied, 2 draining and enclosing his grounds, planting fruit but because it imparts fertility to the soil longer trees, erecting buildings, and, to use his expression, than short manure. In a field of corn, in which one 4 days husking and cribbing corn preparing for improvement. But as he has in most of these experiments was made, the growth was Housing stalks, &c. cases varied from the common practice of our far more rapid, in the early part of the season, where Threshing sound corn for market mers, and has withal been pretty successful in his the fermented manure had been applied; but in Expense of Corn crop. innovations upon old habits, it has been thought that harvesting the crop, the advantage was found to be Boy and team half a day harrowing stock ground some sketches of his management, might be inte- 15 or 20 per cent in favour of the other section of resting to our readers; particularly to such as the field. Other circumstances being similar, Mr. Ploughing have courage to deviate from the beaten track of B. thinks a good clover sod benefits his hoed crops Sowing wheat, and harrowing in their fathers. But before we proceed to the detail, we one-fifth or one-fourth; and under this belief he has 6 pecks seed must premise, that having been educated a mecha- sown clover the year preceding a corn crop, merely nic, Mr. Buel commenced his new business without to afford fall feed and an enriching lay. But it any of the prejudices inseparable frein habit, and must be borne in mind, that he never ploughs but 2 days cutting and binding wheat with a consciousness that he had every thing to learn. once for a crop; and that after the sod and manure 2 men half a day with team, housing He sought for information at its best sources-in are well turned under, and the interstices closed 50 cents do. earthing or hilling crop do. Second Year. $18.00 50 1.25 37 2.00 1.00 88 75 1.50 2.00 50 75 29.50 50 1.00 62 1.50 1.00 75 1.56 6.93 1.25 the practice of the most eminent farmers at home with the roller or harrow, or both, the furrow slice is Threshing 25 bushels, at 6 cents and abroad, and in the sciences, upon which all not broken by the plough, during the growth of the Expense of Wheat crop. good husbandry is based He acquired his know- crop. The cultivation is superficially performed Ploughing and harrowing stubble 75 ledge by frequent tours of observation, by free access with the harrow, Sinclair's cultivator, and a very 1 pound turnip seed, 624, sowing, 121 to the library of the board of agriculture, of New light plough, and the plants but slightly earthed. Harrowing in seed York, of which he was secretary, and from the pe- The advantages of this mode of culture are parti-10 loads manure and spreading* riodical agricultural publications of the day, of cularly great in a dry season. The decomposing 4 days weeding and thinning crop which he is a liberal patron. Having fixed upon a vegetable matter, which is to serve as food for the 6 do. pulling and topping do. system which he considered adapted to his soil and plants, is placed beyond the wasting influence of the Expense of Turnip crop. his market, he subjected it to the test of careful ex- sun and winds, and precisely where the innumeraperiment, and personally superintended and direct-ble roots of plants, particularly of corn, search for. No. 41.-VOL7. Third Year. 1 ploughing $1; 6 pecks barley 75 cts. 1.75 10 lbs. clover seed, $1; orchard or ti mothy, $1.50 Sowing and harrowing in seeds Harvesting and housing barley Expense of Barley crop. 2.50 75 1.75 1.88 8.63 Fourth Year. 2 days cutting grass 1.00 2.25 50 4 do. curing and carting in 1 bushel gypsum and sowing Expense of Grass crop. Fifth Year. Expense the same as Fourth year Total expense in five years, PRODUCE. 80 bushels corn, at 50 cents 4 loads stalks, at $2.50 $40.00 10.00 ferent columns, and on a single sheet of paper, the names and synonymes of more than seventy select apples; the date of the variety and specific gravity of 234.00 the must, where these have been ascertained; the 102.93 country or locality where each originated, or was first brought into notice; the particular use for which each $131.07 is adapted; its size, shape, colour, consistence and flavour, the time at which each variety is fit for use, Since the preceding table was made out, Mr. and the period to which it lasts; the quality of the Buel has adopted an improvement in harvesting and fruit; and the authority on which the description tree as a bearer; the general character of the tree corn. With a turnip hook, the stalks of a hill are cut off with a blow. They are immediately set up Britain, France, Germany, the Russian empire, and is given. We find in this table natives of Great 3.75 in stacks of about thirty hills, and bound strongly of all the northern and middle states. It embraces with two bands. After drying a few days, to re$63.56 duce their weight, these stacks are pulled over, or many kinds described by Coxe; such approved valifted on to an ox sled, entire, drawn to the place rieties, described by Loudon in his Encyclopædia 3.75 where they are to stand, and set up. This saves of Gardening, as have been introduced into our 25.00 the labour of binding in sheaves, and lessens much nurseries, including most of the new varieties of the trouble of taking them from the field. The exKnight, and others, imported by Mr. Buel from $92.31 pense of harvesting is in this way reduced more London; and some valuable indigenous kinds not before described. The value of such a descriptive than fifty per cent. table to the common purchaser of fruit trees, must 2. Manures and their application. These consist of yard and stable dung, town ma-fit of the example. Since the completion of this be apparent; and we hope our nurserymen will pronure, compost and gypsum. The cattle yards are table, Mr. Buel has received sixteen new varieties made concave, with borders and sheds to feed the of the apple, selected from the garden of the Lonstock and protect them from storms. The subsoil don Horticultural Society, of which he is a corresis so retentive, or soon becomes so puddled, as to ponding member, and about thirty other varieties of prevent the waste of urine and other liquids, which choice fruit. He contemplates adding to his catacollect in the centre, and are there absorbed by the logue a correct drawing of each kind of fruit in its straw, stalks, and other litter, which is fed in the mature state. yards, or collected from the fields. By this econoMr. Buel, considering that a tree is as much bemy, that moiety of the manure which runs off from nefited by food and tillage as a hill of corn, is para convex yard, is saved, and by the ample satura- ticularly careful with his young orchards. Of four tion and thickness of the mass, fermentation is re-hundred apple trees planted out last spring, from tarded until the manure is wanted for the fields. his nursery, all grew but three; and when last seen by Town manure costs from 12 to 25 cents the two horse load. The yards are generally cleaned in the ably well, and some of them had made from twenty to our correspondent, in October, they looked remarkspring for corn and potatoes, and at midsummer for twenty-nine inches of new wood. The holes for the turnip crops. It is uniformly spread over the these trees were dug the preceding autumn, three whole surface, and ploughed under as soon as pos-feet square, and eighteen inches deep, the lower spit sible. Composts are made in the mode recommend-spread abroad, and the holes two-thirds filled with ed by Lord Meadowbanks, for compost middens, by scrapings of lanes about his barns, or rich surface mixing one part of stable manure with three or four mould. The expense of making the holes was two parts of swamp muck, or peat earth, in alternate dollars per hundred. We understand that he has 29.50 layers. The manure causes a slight fermentation dressed them liberally this fall with compost midin the muck, which is a mass of inert vegetable dens. Where the ground of his orchard is not tillmatter, on the appearance of which, the heap is ed, he causes it to be dug with a spade, twice in a turned and mixed with a shovel, and is soon after fit for use. Directions for preparing this compost, generally places around the trunks, in autumn, a summer, two or three feet around each tree, and and estimates of its economy in husbandry, may be few shovels of manure, or compost, the first being found in several of the European books on farming. spread in the spring. He transplants the apple This compost is applied as a top dressing to lucern, while small, generally after it has grown two years fruit trees, grape-vines, shrubbery, flower beds, from the bud. The roots are thereby preserved al&c. Gypsum is sown on grass grounds early in the most entire, and the growth is very little retarded spring, and upon corn and potato grounds before by the removal, provided it is put into as good ploughing, at the rate of a bushel per acre. 'I'his ground as it is taken from. The heads of the trees method of ploughing it for summer crops, was are formed in the nursery the summer before they adopted on the recommendation of Arator and Judge Peters. Mr. Buel thinks it equally beneficial heal while the growth is vigorous, and the necessity are transplanted, that the wounds of the knife may as when placed upon the hills. Lime has been of pruning when they are put in the orchard preused by him only on reclaimed swamps, where it vented. The dessert fruit is put in rows, each kind has been found beneficial in decomposing vegetable by itself. The cider fruit is the crab, of Virginia; fibre, and in inducing a fermentation in peaty soil. the Harrison and Winesap, of New-Jersey, and the 3. Orchard and Garden Fruits. Hagloe, of England. Each kind is planted by itAs these are calculated upon as a principal source self, to facilitate the gathering and manufacture of 7.50 of profit, much attention has been given by the pro- the fruit separately; a course which, if generally prietor to the selection and cultivation of them. adopted, cannot fail materially to improve the com72.93 More than a thousand trees have been already put mon table drink of the northern and middle states. 30.00 out, most of which begin to show fruit. Among In 1824, the first plantation of apples, which 50.00 $194.50 $102.19 7.93 87.43 19.374 8.63 these are one hundred pears, and as many plums. was put out without care or experience, and which $102.98 There are also peaches, cherries, quinces, and many had been much neglected before he removed to his varieties of the grape, indigenous and exotic. This farm, was found to be seriously injured by lice, of is but a beginning. A large nursery has been form- the shape of flaxseed, but of smaller size, which ed, in which the choicest kinds of American and adhered to the bark, and almost covered the surface European fruit has been propagated. We have, and of many of the trees. In June, of that year, he shall soon publish a catalogue of apples, compiled by applied, by way of experiment, a strong mixture of Mr. Buel, with a view to guide him in his selection. soft soap, lime and water, of the consistence of The table is too large for our columns this week; we whitewash, with a stiff brush, to several of the will therefore now only state, that it exhibits, in dif- trunks. He found this had the desired effect. It |