bark of the tree tender, and pervious to young Buffalo. The sales of merchandise would increase course afforded by her canals. In fact, it may be worms, but rough and hard for some inches down proportionably. assumed as a maxim, to which there is scarcely an the box; which, in my opinion, will render their at- While we cheerfully admit, and rejoice at the exception in the world, that every canal, judicioustacks unavailing, and leave the tree to flourish as manifold and important advantages which our sis-ly located-honestly constructed, and where there in former times, without any further attention.-ter state, New York, will deservedly reap for ages, is a sufficient supply of water and abundant traffic, These boxes would require but three cents worth of from the liberality and perseverance which enabled yields as handsome a dividend as could be reasonaboards, and may be cut and nailed together by any her to complete her magnificent canals, we deem it bly desired, and as almost any other investment farmer; and then his care is finished at planting the but right to state the reasons on which we ground whatever, and indeed far beyond most others.trees, which would otherwise be neglected by the our belief, that our Pennsylvania canal will be much There are fifteen canals in Great Britain, of which most careful farmer, engaged, as he is, with his more productive. a single share in each cost 15251.-whereas the many and various cares through the year. The Erie canal has hitherto been chiefly confined prices in June, 1825, were 13,823 l. The aggreHaving flourishing trees, we may feel encouraged to the productions of the forest and of agriculture. gate of the dividends was 575 l-equal to 37 per to extend our care still further, to obtain fine fruit. The amount of gypsum, clay, iron castings, marble, cent. (See note H.) The failure of fifty or five Large, rich and high flavoured fruit cannot be ob- burr and grindstones, which passed on it eastward- hundred canals injudiciously located, or too expentained, without having the fruit thin enough on the ly last year, was only 9438 tons. The residue of sively constructed, could not outweigh the combranches to have a fair opportunity of receiving the the freights in that direction, viz. 119,014 tons, plete success of these fifteen, which were justified rays of the sun, and the requisite nourishment from were (as we have stated,) chiefly the productions of by local circumstances.* the roots: to accomplish this, each bearing limb must agriculture and the forest. In these productions only 30 1. Can any inference be drawn against canals be examined and divested of all superfluous twigs, we are equally blest with New York; and in addi- *The Regent's Canal, of eight miles, cost 700,000 1. which will in a great measure remove the necessition, we may count largely on our coal and iron, [$3,150,000.] The Thames and Severn, most injudity of thinning the fruit on the limbs; yet if fruit which, wherever they are found near to canals, ciously located, and wholly unnecessary, cost 255,000l. of the finest quality is expected, the peaches must afford them their chief support. In these we abound [$1,147,500.] The former appears to make no divibe thinned on the branches, from 4 to 6 inches. to an extent not exceeded in any other country in dend. The shares of the latter were 100 l. and are now When the fruit has grown to the size of a plum, the world. The tolls on them alone would proba- generally from the result of the folly displayed in these the ground under the trees must be ploughed once bly be sufficient to pay the interest on the capital and similar undertakings? The Grand Junction Canal, in three years deep, and ploughed at least three or invested. Of the former, none we believe has yet with its branches, is only 147 miles, and cost 2,000,0001. four times each summer. By this kind of care, all been discovered in New York--and the supplies of [$9,000,000.] Notwithstanding this enormous expense, kinds of fruit can be improved to a state beyond the latter appear to be limited, compared with the above $61,000 per mile, it is so very profitable, in conany calculation, and the fruit would be acceptable superabundant quantities scattered through our sequence of its being judiciously located, that the to the weakest stomachs; which, when left to na-state. The tolls on those articles will probably be shares are at an advance of above 200 per cent. In ture, are often so indigestible as only to be fit for double those on agricultural productions. In other the European Magazine, of June last, they are quoted hogs. We have the finest soil and climate, per- mineral treasures we are highly blest. Salt, to an and one locks, being more than one for every mile. at 338 l. per share. The main canal has one hundred haps, in the world, for raising those choice and extent equal to the quantity produced in New York, But the consideration of the dividends on the stock, delicate fruits, and which will come into full bear we have the capacity of furnishing. It is to be or the remuneration for the capital invested, which, ing in a very short time, with the above attention. found almost every where near the western waters with private individuals, might very properly be regardWhat can add more to the sweets of country life, of the state. There is, moreover, a much greater ed as a paramount object, sinks into insignificance, than a fine succession of good fruits the year round? portion of the population of the western states when compared with the vast increase of happiness and After a little care and attention, they seem to come likely to avail themselves of our canal than of the prosperity which such works produce. It may be averwithout either labour or toil, and seem like some- Erie canal. (See note D.) And we shall derive red, without danger of error, that had the New York thing found; and no foreign fruit can be compared very important advantages from the circumstance, canals cost $20,000,000 instead of $10,000,000, it would to those we may raise and take fresh from the tree that the navigation of lake Erie is generally, if not have been as prudent an investment of capital as las or vine. Many people of great wealth know no- always open at Erie Harbour, three weeks earlier ever been made in this country since the days of Columbus. Indeed, had the whole amount been raised by thing of enjoyment, for want of good home-made in spring, and as much later in autumn, than at taxes, provided they were judiciously imposed, the infruits. Take away their bread, meat and brandy, Buffalo or Black Rock. (See note E.) These are vestment would be warranted. For every dollar the and their comforts are gone. Instead of having the the periods when it is all-important to the country citizen pays, they would in the course of a few years wholesome addition in spring, of good large straw-merchants to procure their supplies for the two be reimbursed ten. berries, raspberries, gooseberries and cherries; and great seasons of trade. Again: Philadelphia is Our two wars fully displayed the ruinous consequensummer and fall, pears, peaches, apricots, apples, about 111 miles nearer to Erie Harbour than New ces of the want of canal communication. Judge Peters, grapes and nuts-their large crops of grain, tobac York. (See note F.) That harbour, when the im- who, during the revolution, acted in the war departco, and even gold itself, falls far short of imparting provements are completed, which are now in suc-ment, has recently stated, that"At one time, when the main army subsisted, during that pleasure which those choice fruits furnish. cessful progress, and for nearly the whole of which ten or twelve days, on Indian corn alone, there was a ROBERT SINCLAIR. appropriations are made by the general government sufficient quantity of provisions, both meat and flour, and that of Pennsylvania, will be beyond all com- not only to prevent want, but to afford plenty and every parison the best and safest on the lake. In fact it comfort. They could not, with unremitting efforts, may be said that it will then be the only safe harbour transport the supplies from distant magazines where on that inland sea. they were collected. This," he adds, "is not a solitary instance; for i have known it occur in many others. have known brigades of wagons, sent to distant magazines, so long delayed, by impracticable roads, impassaand the horses consumed the greater part of full ladble streams, and other impediments, that the attendants ings, before they could reach our camp." INTERNAL IMPROVEMENT. Statements have been made of the dividends on TO THE CITIZENS OF PENNSYLVANIA. canal stocks in Great Britain, to depreciate the im(Continued from p 238, American Farmer.) portance of canals, and to prove that they are not so lucrative as is generally assumed. The whole The average freights paid in Pittsburg in 1815- number of canals in Great Britain, exclusive of 16-17 and 18, were $1,000,000 per annum. In those below five miles in length, is 102, of which The transportation of 100 pieces of cannon from 1822, they fell to $700,000, the rates being much 80 are summed up together, on which the dividends Frenchtown to Newcastle, 18 miles, during the late reduced. (See note C) The transportation of late are stated to average 5 per cent. This is by no war, cost $4551-and, in the wretched state of the has greatly increased; and, from the very best in- means a correct procedure. While many of those roads, probably required fifteen or twenty days; whereformation, we are warranted in stating that at canals are highly profitable, in consequence of a as it would not have cost more than $100, and required present the freights amount to $1,000,000. And in proper location; several, on the contrary, are whol- only one or two days, had there been a canal in that the event of the completion of the communication, ly unprofitable, having been constructed in a most quarter. Delays such as these might produce losses the chief part of the goods which would otherwise prodigal manner; some located in situations where equal to the expense of a canal, and even endanger take the route to Wheeling, would pass on the the traffic did not require them--and some so des-tation during the late war, through the want of canal the safety of a state. The extra expense of transporcanal. The freightage from the west would be in-titute of adequate supplies of water, as to be little communication, would have cut canals from Boston creased four or five fold; as the chief part of the better than dry ditches. It must be obvious, there- Bay to South Carolina. The transportation of cannon cotton of Tennessee and North Alabama-the hemp fore, that such an amalgamation affords no correct which cost $400 at the foundery, amounted to 3 and and tobacco of Kentucky-and the potash, the flour, criterion of the pecuniary remuneration of canals. $4000. Pork has cost government $120 per bbl. The the corn, of the north-west of Pennsylvania and Even with this very great disadvantage, however, transportation of flour has cost, in some instances, 40 the eastern and southern sections of Ohio and Ken- the average dividend, as above stated, is an ade- or 50 dollars per barrel. Mr. Benton, member of the tucky, would take this direction. The tonnage of quate one, and far above the actual interest of United States' senate. from Missouri, stated on the 24th the produce transported on the Champlain and Erie money in Great Britain. And it is a point univer-been expended during the late war, on transportation of February last, that "sixteen millions of dollars had canals, is nearly five times as great as that of the sally conceded, that much of the prosperity of over roads so abominable as to make the cannon balls merchandise passing westward towards Utica and Great Britain has arisen from the facilities of inter-cost a dollar a pound." "Let us contemplate the immediate effects of the lation of this state in 1820, was only 55,211, and ance, but we hope confined to a few. Preferences exccution of this work. Throughout the fertile dis- yet she boldly undertakes two canals at the same for particular routes will prevail-tend to produce tricts of our commonwealth," wherever the course time, about one third of the extent of the canal embarrassment-and must be opposed by all the of the canal may be located, many "millions of dol- necessary for a communication between Philadel- sincere friends of the public welfare. We ought lars will be expended. While the work is in pro- phia and Pittsburg-a canal which many of our all to be prepared to support, with heart and hand, gress, and until it shall be completed, the farmer citizens represent as too arduous an undertaking!! the decision of the respectable board of commisresiding within fifty miles of any part of its route, The state of Ohio, just emerging from the multifa- sioners, founded on the surveys and report of a will find a market for the produce of his farm and rious distresses and embarrassments of a depreci- competent board of engineers. If we cannot reprofitable employment for his oxen and his horses. ated paper currency, stop laws, &c. &c. has, with a ly on this decision, on what can we place reliMore than six thousand persons will be engaged in most laudable zeal and energy, already commenced ance? excavating the earth-in making locks-in build- two canals; one of about 320 miles, to connect lake In making these statements, we are aware that ing bridges and aqueducts, and in removing ob- Erie and the river Ohio; the other, about 60 miles, alarm may be given to existing interests. The prostructions from and improving the beds of the ri- to open a communication between Cincinnati and prietors of the great turnpike roads, which lead vers. Mechanics of all descriptions will be enriched Dayton. These magnificent enterprises she has from one extreme of the state to the other, may be by the large sums of money which will be distri- wisely undertaken at the expense and for the ad- led to imagine, that the establishment of a cheaper buted among them for the various operations they vantage of the state. We hope that these exam- mode of transportation will take away their cuswill be called upon to perform. Unlike the expen- ples, particularly the illustrious one of Ohio, will tom: and those who are profitably engaged in the ditures for war, or the investment of capital in ad- stimulate this powerful state to make adequate ex-conveyance of produce and merchandise by wagons, ventures to distant countries, for the purchase of ertions, so as not to be distanced by her younger may suppose that it will materially interfere with, if the manufactures of foreign hands; the expendi- sisters. In 1800, when the population of Pennsyl- not wholly destroy their occupation. If this alarm tures for this home undertaking will be distributed vania was above 600,000 souls, the above three were well grounded, and the effects here alluded to among ourselves; thus fostering and rewarding our states contained only 51,006. Let us add that the were such as must inevitably follow, however much own industry and promoting the prosperity of our state of Virginia has established a permanent fund we might lament the destruction of capital, and the own citizens. Animating the whole country by its for internal improvements, of $1,368,960, whereof injury to individuals, yet we could by no means adinfluence, the money which will be paid away will $1,241,200 is in bank stock. mit that the progress of improvement should be ar market." still be retained among us. Like the seed, which It were to display an utter ignorance of human rested by such considerations. The turnpikes them'fell upon the ground, it will bring forth an hun- nature and of experience, to suppose that such an selves might have been resisted on similar grounds. dred fold.' important measure, as the one now contemplated, In many instances they changed the route, to the "As soon as the canal is completed, then will how pregnant soever with immense advantages, great prejudice of those who lived along the road; commence the era of general and extensive prosper- could be carried into effect without opposition. and in every instance they expedited the transpority among all those who shall make use of the facili-Scarcely any great measure was ever proposed in tation of passengers and goods, so as to lessen the ties and advantages it will afford. From every part any country, that did not meet with formidable op- time employed in passing, and of course to diminish of the western section of the commonwealth, the position, which is too frequently powerful in propor- the demand for subsistence during the passage. productions of the field, the forest, and of the mine- tion to the utility of the object. When turnpikes Even the roads which preceded the turnpikes, ral kingdom, will be sent to a sure and profitable were first introduced into England, there was an rude as they were, destroyed the transportation by outrageous clamour excited against them, (See note pack-horses. And the turnpikes, in the progress of To the arguments derived from the increase of G.) and they became so unpopular, that the popu- change, have been obliged to submit to the injury wealth, the prosperity and the population of the lace destroyed in the night what had been done inflicted by rival roads, laid out parallel to their state, which must necessarily flow from opening during the day. During the French revolution, course, sometimes throughout the whole extent. this communication, must be added those that are the government attempted to introduce turnpike The truth is, that there is no conceivable state of to be drawn from the pernicious consequences of roads in France-but the measure met with such things, however adverse to the public interest and remaining stationary on this grand point, while our opposition that the directory was obliged to aban- prosperity, that may not be advantageous to partineighbours are advancing with such rapidity. Not- don the undertaking.† cular persons; and there is no great improvement, withstanding the great advantages this state enjoys, But we need not go to Great Britain or France however confessedly beneficial to the public, that second, we repeat, to none in the Union, the pro- for examples. Our state has furnished a striking may not at least appear to prejudice the interest of gress of settlement has been slow compared with case in point. The Lancaster turnpike, the first individuals. Steam-boats, at their first introduction, that of New York, whose population in 1800, only executed in the United States, was extremely un- encountered the most violent opposition from the 586,050, rose, in 1820, to 1,372,812-being an in- popular with, and met with violent opposition at its owners of sloops and packets. It is stated, on apcrease of 133 per cent. Our population in 1800, commencement, from those persons situated on or parently good authority, that the first steam-boat was 602,548; in 1820, it was but 1,049,458-being near the old road. New York also furnishes a that navigated the Mississippi, was actually burned an increase of only 70 per cent. The dispropor- strong case. The opposition to her canals was as by some of the bargemen, who anticipated their tion will probably be greater at the next census- ardent and violent as if the ruin of the state had ruin from the success of steam boats. The result and unless we open adequate markets for the citizens been connected with them. It was asserted that has proved the folly of the prejudice that prevailed. of the interior, they will gradually migrate to a state they were the result of folly and madness-and There are twenty times as many persons employed where they can reach a market at the distance of 500 predicted that they would involve the state in inex- now in navigating the Mississippi as formerly. Great miles, at a third part of the expense to which our far-tricable difficulties, and finally prove nothing but undertakings are frequently opposed with violence mers are subject at a distance of 250 or 300 miles. great dry ditches. The fallacy of these predictions, from unfounded prejudice, even without the interIt is now a question whether we shall allow our fellow citizens, and the errors of this opposition, position of sinister motives. The water works, that state to be drained of its wealth, to increase that of ought to be borne in remembrance, as a guard noble effort of talent and energy, whereby Philadela neighbour already advanced to a towering height, against the influence of similar predictions, now ha- phia is supplied with pure and wholesome water to or whether we will make adequate exertions to se zarded with equal confidence, and similar opposition an extent not exceeded in the world, and which are care to ourselves the abundant resources with which which will ultimately be found to have been predica- likely to yield an income that will in a few years we have been blest by nature. ted on unwarranted prejudices. The more zealous furnish an adequate sinking fund to discharge the en The spirit of internal improvement is generally and ardent the opposition, the more energy ought tire debt contracted in their establishment, and afterspreading throughout the Union, and the most ac- to be employed by the friends of the proposed mea-wards to defray a great portion of the city expentive preparations are making in various states for sure. Never were zeal and ardour employed on a ses; were violently opposed at the commencement, cutting canals and improving the navigation of ri-more important object, and never were apathy and and declared to be a visionary, impracticable and vers. Want of room prevents us from entering into indifference more culpable. burdensome scheme. detail on the subject. We shall therefore confine The great evil to be guarded against in this mag- But the efforts of intelligence and patriotism, to ourselves to the states of Indiana, Illinois and Ohio. nificent undertaking, is the prevalence of local in- improve the condition of a community, cannot be The two first, among the youngest of the family of terests and jealousies, which, if allowed free scope, discouraged or checked by restraints like these. states, have made arrangements for cutting a canal will destroy all our hopes. Some of those who are Mind is every where engaged with ceaseless activito open a communication between the Mauine river not to be immediately benefitted by the location ty, in promoting industry, and facilitating interand the Wabash, which will open to them a con- of the canal, regardless of its immense advantages course. Space, and every seeming natural difficulnexion with lake Erie. The state of Illinois has to the state at large, will be arrayed in opposition ty, are yielding to the spirit of improvement, which actually incorporated a company for cutting a canal to it. Already we find this spirit making its appear- is bounded in its indulgence by no law but that of of about one hundred miles in length, to connect the public welfare. Individual and private interests, the waters of lake Michigan with those of the Illi- * Dupin's Commercial Power of Great Britain, vol. 1, though always entitled to regard, must give way to nois river, and thus secure a communication be- page 47. ween the former and the Mississippi. The popu + Idem. the paramount consideration of the great interests of the commonwealth. No. 81.- VOL. 7.] wagoners (NOTE G.) parably the best, because it contains less spirit and (NOTE C.) Extract from a report to the House of Represen- "When a bill was brought into the British parliamore flavour, and English palates are least actatives of the state of Pennsylvania, dated Decem- ment fifty years ago, to establish turnpike roads quainted with it;) but even véritable eau de vie is orthroughout the kingdom, the inhabitants, for forty dered in many books, and used by many (especially ber 24, 1822: "To such an extent had the carrying trade arriv-miles round London, petitioned against such roads; tavern cooks,)—so much are their soups overloaded with relish, that if you will eat enough of them they ed in consequence of the demands of the increas- their arguments were, that good roads would enawill certainly make you drunk, if they don't make ing population of the western country, that the ble the farmers of the interior country to bring average annual amount of carriage-money, paid to their produce to the London market cheaper than you sick. All this frequently arises from an old at Pittsburg alone, in the years 1816-17- they who lived nearer the city, and paid higher cook measuring the excitability of the eaters' pa18 and 19, exceeded $1,000,000, almost every dol- rent; that the market would be overstocked, the lates by his own-which may be so blunted by inlar of which was drawn from the western states, prices diminished, and they unable to pay their cessant tasting, that to awaken it, requires wine inand retained in Pennsylvania. rent, or obtain a living The good sense of parlia stead of water, and cayenne and garlick for black "The carriage of the outer lading at this period, ment, however, prevailed; the roads were made-pepper and onion. Old cooks are as fond of spice as children are of [1822,] costs about $600,000, and the inward about the population and commerce of London increased, $100,000-the price of carriage being very low at the demand for produce increased, and he who liv-sugar, and season soup, which is intended to conthis time." Since that period, the inward carriage ed nearest to London still had a superior advantage stitute a principal part of a meal, as highly as sauce, of which only a spoonful may be relish enough for in the market."-Fulton's letter to Mr. Gallatin. has increased probably three-fold. a plate of insipid viands. However we fancy these, large quantities of wine, &c. are oftener ordered in cookery books than used in the kitchen; practical cooks have the health of their employers too much at heart, and love "sauce à la langue" too well, to overwine their soup, &c. (NOTE D.) The following statement, which we believe substantially correct, has been recently published: "Population of the western country probably depending for supplies "On New York, $50,000 20,000 10,000 Michigan & North West Territory 17,000 (NOTE H.) Statement of Canals in England, with the original Birmingham, Original cost Present price Annual di- of each share. 1.340 Truffles and morels* are also set down as part of each share. most recipes. These, in their green state, have a 1. 12.10s. very rich high flavour, and are delicious additions 6.10s. to some dishes; or sent up as a stew by themselves when they are fresh and fine: but in this state they are not served up half a dozen times in a year, at the first tables in the kingdom: when dried, they become mere "chips in pottage," and serve only to soak up good gravy, from which they take more taste than they give. of each share. Half of Ohio, 1.25 Part of Indiana, 120 Part of Illinois, Erewash, 100 Part of British possessions, 13,000 10 "The subscribers, from their knowledge and observation of the trade and business of the harbour of Erie, and of Buffalo, and of the operation of ice From the above, it appears that canal stocks in at each of those places, believe it may be fairly England of the medium original cost of 1525 l, pay estimated, that the average length of time that the a medium dividend of 575 l., exceeding 37 per cent harbour of Erie, and that part of the lake immedi- per annum, and are now worth 13,823 l.—more ately above that place, is open and free from ice, than eight times their original cost. before the harbour of Buffalo is open, is three weeks. Some of us have had opportunities of mak The art of composing a rich soup, is so to proportion the several ingredients one to another, that no particular taste be stronger than the rest; but to produce such a fine harmonious relish, that the whole is delightful. This requires that judicious combination of the materials which constitutes the "chef d'œuvre" of culinary science. In the first place, take care that the roots and herbs be perfectly well cleaned; proportion the water to the quantity of meat and other ingredients; generally a pound of meat to a quart of water, for soups; and double that quantity for gravies. If they stew gently, little more water need be put in at first, than is expected at the end; for when the pot is covered quite close and the fire gentle, very little is wasted. Gentle stewing is incomparably the best; the meat is more tender and the soup better flavoured. It is of the first importance, that the cover of a soup kettle should fit very close, or the broth will evaporate before you are aware of it. The most essential parts are soon evaporated by quick boiling, without any benefit, except to fatten the fortunate cook who inhales them. An evident proof that these exhalations possess the most restorative qualities, is, that the cook, who is in general the least (Continued from p. 230, American Farmer.) eater, is as generally the fattest person in the famiWe again caution the cook to avoid over-season- ly, from continually being surrounded by the quintings, especially with predominant flavours, which, essence of all the food she dresses; whereof she however agreeable they may be to some, are more sends to her master only the fibres and calcinations, extremely disagreeable to others. who is consequently thin, gouty, and the victim of BROTHS AND SOUPS. Zest, soy, cavice, coratch, anchovy, curry pow-diseases arising from insufficient nourishment. Philader, savory ragout powder, soup herb powder, It is not only the fibres of the meat which noubrowning, catsups, pickle liquor, beer, wine and rish us, but the juices which they contain-and sweet herbs, and savory spice, are very convenient these are not only extracted but exhaled, if it be auxiliaries to finish soups, &c. boiled fast in an open vessel. A succulent soup can Miles. Pennsylvania route States' engineers, 379 Difference,. 118 492 The proportion of wine, (formerly sac, then cla- never be made but in a well closed vessel, which ret, no madeira or port,) should not exceed a large preserve the nutritive parts by preventing their diswine-glassful to a quart of soup: this is as much as sipation. This is a fact of which every intelligent can be admitted, without the vinous flavour becom- person will soon perceive the importance. ing remarkably predominant, though not only much Place your soup-pot over a moderate fire, which larger quantities of wine, (of which claret is incom- will make the water hot, without causing it to boil, for at least half an hour; if the water boils immediately, will not penetrate the meat, and cleanse it from *In the price current from which this list is taken, it 111 there is a blank for the price of shares in the Erewash canal. This blank is filled up from a former price 603 current, and the rate is very low, considering the high dividend of 58 per cent. *We tried to make catsup of these by treating them 'like mushrooms, but did not succeed. the clotted blood and other matters which ought to pense of the cream of tartar and of the colouring of being concluded, when Messrs. Stevens and Livgo off in scum; the meat will be hardened all over matter, naturally an inherent property of the wine. ingston purchased him at the price of $10,000. This by violent heat, will shrink up as if it was scorched, If a little tartaric acid is added to this liquid in its is as it should be. Eclipse would have been a loss and give hardly any gravy; on the contrary, by state of decomposition, the acid immediately takes to the states of New York and New Jersey, that keeping the water a certain time heating, without possession of the potash, it disengages the carbonic would have been difficult, if not impossible to repair. boiling, the meat swells, becomes tender, its fibres acid, the cream of tartar is precipitated, and the His symmetry, size and strength, will insure to us a are dilated, and it yields a quantity of scum, which wine resumes its natural flavour and smell. The ex-breed of horses invaluable for either harness or sadmust be taken off as soon as it appears. periments which have been made on many hun- dle: and experiments have long since proved that It is not till after a good half hour's hot infusion, dreds of hectolitres, of wine, which was turned, blooded horses are best for almost every purpose, that we may mend the fire, and make the pot boil; determine the proportions to be an half ounce of to which this most useful and most beautiful animal still continue to remove the scum, and when no tartaric acid for each hectolitre of wine; which, can be applied. It has been ascertained that they will more appears, put in the vegetables, &c. and a little however, should be a little increased, if the decom- beat even the large cart horse under weights. The salt. These will cause more scum to rise, which position had for some time previous taken place. must be taken off immediately; then cover the pot This method is intended to apply to such wines very closely, and place it at a proper distance from only as have been turned less than a year. the fire, where it will boil very gently and equally, and by no means fast. By quick and strong boiling the volatile and finest parts of the ingredients are evaporated, and fly off with the steam, and the coarser parts are rendered soluble-so you lose the good and get the bad. Bulletin No. 4, April, 1824.. ON THE BARRENNESS OF FRUIT TREES. same gentlemen have also purchased his celebrated competitor Henry, whose race last year over the Union course, has given him a celebrity as justly deserved as the performance was unparalleled. They are both now at Hoboken in the same stable, with every prospect of becoming friends, and remaining so for the rest of their lives, which, we hope, may prove long; as well for the sake of the country as for the sake of the gentlemen who have risked so much to improve and preserve our stock.-N. Y. Even. Post. CRUELTY TO ANIMALS. The barrenness of certain kinds of fruit trees, such Soups will generally take from three to six hours. as apple and pear, is the subject of frequent obserPrepare your broths and soups the evening before vation, the cause of which, however, is unknown to you want them. This will give you more time to us. M. Schultze, director of the Potsdam garden, attend to the rest of your dinner the next day; and offers, in relation to this subject, the following rewhen the soup is cold the fat may be much more sult of his investigations. It is well known to those The late English papers are filled with reports of easily removed from the surface of it: when you engaged in the cultivation of fruit trees, that the prosecutions against offenders under a late statute for decant it, take care not to disturb the settlings at grafts do not always succeed; thus rendering it ne- preventing cruelty to animals, and essays upon the the bottom of the vessel, which are so fine that they cessary to regraft the ensuing year. The grafts are subject, from one of the latter of which we extract will escape through a sieve, or even through a tam- frequently taken from the cuttings of young and the following sensible paragraph: mis, which is the best strainer, the soups appear newly grafted trees, and this is the principal cause "I once knew a traveller for a house of great trade smoother and finer, and it is much cleaner than any of unproductiveness in such as are grafted with sci- in the city, who deemed himself singularly fortunate sieve. If you strain it while it is hot, pass it through ons from young trees. Grafts which are taken from in possessing a horse during many years, of ample a clean tammis or napkin previously soaked in cold young trees and such as have not borne fruit, are strength to carry his weight, and to treat lightly any water; the coldness of this will coagulate the fat, not to be depended on; as all kinds of fruits are apt stretch of labour on extraordinary occasions. Both and only suffer the pure broth to pass through. to degenerate; and as you cannot rely on a repro- himself and his horse were intimately acquainted The full flavour of the ingredients can only be duction of a precisely similar kind from seed, re- with each other; the rider would rely upon his beast extracted by very long and slow simmering; during course must be had to a propagation by grafts taken for any hasty effort, and the beast was well assured which, take care to prevent evaporation by covering from fruit-bearing trees. As the graft, however, can that he was never urged except on some rare necesthe pot as close as possible. The best stewpot is a only communicate its own peculiar properties, and sity. He always knew, that however diligent he digester. only such as it possesses, it follows of course, that a was on the level, his breath was spared up-hill; Clear soups must be perfectly transparent; thick- tree which has not borne fruit, or which has not at- his knees were protected down-hili; that he had ened soups, about the consistence of rich cream— tained a proper growth to produce, cannot give as never brought his master to an inn, but he stood by and remember, that thickened soups require nearly good grafts as fruit-bearing trees, whose determi- while his legs and feet were washed, his shoes fasdouble the quantity of seasoning. The piquance of nate qualities are already established. A striking tened, his stall well littered, and his rack and manspice, &c. is as much blunted by the flour and but- instance of this may be observed in the languishing ger well supplied. Thus, notwithstanding all his ter, as the spirit of rum is by the addition of sugar condition of plants which are raised from seeds constant work, Scamper never saw his master enter and acid; so they are less salubrious, without being which have not attained a perfect maturity. It the stable in the morning, but he greeted him with more savoury—from the additional quantity of seems to be a general law of nature, as well in the a neigh of his breath, and a paw of his feet; and, spice, &c. that is smuggled into the stomach. vegetable as in the animal kingdom, that individuTo thicken and give body to soups and sauces, the als which have not arrived at a proper growth, are following materials are used-they must be gradu- not to be selected for reproduction. ally mixed with the soup, till thoroughly incorporated with it; and it should have at least half an hour's gentle simmering after: if it is at all lumpy, The culture of this variety, (Cæsarean kale,) of a distant covert, neither of them felt any displeapass it through a tammis or a fine sieve. Bread makes every day greater progress, (is coming every sure, at leaving the dusty road, and joining the sport. raspings, bread, isinglass, potato mucilage, fat skim- day more into notice,) and on all occasions proves, It happened however, that the traveller came at last mings and flour, or flour and butter, or flour; bar- that it is not injured by being planted with other to the end of his journey; he died respected and ley, rice, or oatmeal and water rubbed well together. vegetables. In winter, when all other green food lamented by every friend who knew him, and poor [Cooks' Oracle. MISCELLANEOUS. TURNED. ON THE CULTURE OF CESAREAN KALE. after tasting the strength of a comfortable breakfast, sometimes with his corn tossed into a pint of ale, each of these affectionate friends was always in good humour to pursue his journey; and if a pack of hounds in full cry should happen to skirt the wood fails, this species of cabbage, which is from four to Scamper was sold to a relation who had seen his six feet high, gives a great abundance and lasts a merit, at three times the price of his first cost. I long time. The large leaves are to be cut for cat need not comment on the reverse. This was the retle, a new growth takes place even during the win-sult of kind treatment, and it was no more than justter. In the spring, when all other vegetables are ly due to his honest exertions. Humanity, like hoBulletin No. 8, August, 1824. scarce, this plant furnishes a great quantity of buds, nesty, is the best policy in man: it is the vital prin[Ann. Máretimes, 1823, vol. ii. page 517 ] which are delicious, and are not surpassed by aspa-ciple of that we profess." ragus. The leaves are also excellent nourishment ON THE METHOD of restoring WINES WHICH HAVE for sheep, particularly for such as give milk during the winter. The seeds should be sown in the spring, Mr. Breton, professor of chemistry to the faculty or at the commencement of summer; before the of sciences, has given the following observations re-plants get too large, they should be planted out at lative to wines which are on the turn. Wines, after the distance of two feet-they succeed very well they acquire a certain age, are subject to a decom- with turnips. position, which is called by the cultivator the turn. The colouring matter assumes a violet, or almost black colour; the wine acquires a disagreeable flavour and odour, and loses its transparency; the scum We are extremely glad to learn that Eclipse, the subjects of importance have been suggested for the (ecume,) which is produced in shaking it, is no long-finest horse in this country or perhaps in the world, consideration of the board, and we have no doubt er red: it has been ascertained by an analysis, that is, after all, to remain with us. An arrangement that consequences highly beneficial will result from it is composed of sub-carbonate of potash, at the ex-'was made to send him to Virginia, and on the point their late session. ECLIPSE AGAINST THE WORLD. UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA. Monday, the third instant, was the appointed day for the meeting of the visitors of this institution. Messrs. Jefferson, Madison, Johnson, Cabell, Breckenridge, Cocke and Loyall, were all present, forming a full quorum. They have continued their deliberations from day to day, and are engaged in anxious investigation of the affairs of the University. Many [Central Gaz. SPORTING OLIO. indifferent shot. I would by no means advise young into four equal parts, put it into tins, and send it to dangerous in the field-but will assuredly be the The London bakers, to give their flour a factitious BURNS AND SCALDS. Liniment for the same. lime water, each equal parts, or 3 ounces, by measure; Mix, by shaking them together. The best barrels I have ever seen carried from ed burns and scalds with success, by applying, in Mr. Cleghorn, a brewer in Edinburgh, has treatthirty-two to thirty-six balls to the pound, and from the first place, vinegar, until the pain abates; sethirty-three to thirty-six inches in length: and here, condly, an emollient poultice; and thirdly, as soon I would recommend all sportsmen to carry as much as any secretion of matter or watery fluid appears, substance as their strength will justify. I have not by covering the sore with powdered chalk. time at present to assign my reasons, but they must be obvious to the experienced. I have often convinced my shooting companions, the advocates for Take of linseed, or olive oil, short barrels, that nothing short of thirty-three inches ON THE LENGTH OF GUN BARRELS. would do, when on the mountains, in the month of MR. SKINNER, Frederick county, Md. Oct. 8, 1825. October, and grouse and blackcock wild. When buck shot are used, I would prefer a bore This liniment is extremely useful in cases of scalds As I am a constant reader of the "American Far- of 7-8 of an inch; she will bed the shot; which is or burns, being singularly efficacious in preventing, mer," I have observed your publication from the "Annals of Sporting," on the length of gun barrels, absolutely necessary. If you increase the bore, and if applied in time, the inflammation subsequent to as well as the remarks of some gentleman dated give the barrel its due proportion of metal, it be- these; or even in removing it after it has come on. from Claverash, on the same subject. Now as I comes too unwieldly, and, in my opinion, it is an have been all my life fond of the sports of the field, used to advantage in shooting at wild ducks, &c. extravagant waste of powder and shot, and is only and have devoted much of my time in making expe- where a person is stationary. My life on it, I can of a large walnut, put it into the fire, and burn it Take a piece of the lean of mutton, about the size riments with guns, I trust I shall be pardoned if I claim the privilege of a few remarks; but as I have convince any man of his mistake, who will follow for some time, till it becomes reduced almost to a never yet "shot a ball through the blade of a broad me in the field all day. I must drop the subject at cinder; then put it into a piece of clean rag, and axe," or been much in the habit of using a long gun, take an interest in encouraging this sport. It surely must be dropped into the ear as hot as the patient present. It gives me pleasure to perceive that you squeeze it until some moisture is expressed, which I doubt whether the young sportsman will consider them worthy his notice. is a healthful and gentlemanly amusement; and if can bear it. With respect to the "length of gun barrels," I do my aid and experience can be of any service, it will not altogether disagree with the gentleman who ownat all times be cheerfully rendered by ed "the Queen Ann musket," but we have followed different kinds of game, and that too at very different periods. Of one thing however I am satisfied, that the maximum has hitherto defied the art of the gunsmith. Your obedient servant, NEW-MARKET RACES. INDIAN CURE FOR THE EAR ACHE. TO REMOVE GREASE SPOTS FROM PAPER. Let the paper stained with grease, wax, oil, or any other fat body, be gently warmed, taking out as much as possible of it, by blotting paper. Dip a small brush in the essential oil of well-rectified spirits of turpentine, heated almost to ebullition, (for The best method I have ever tried to ascertain when cold it acts very weakly;) and draw it gently the force and regularity of a gun's shooting, is, to over both sides of the paper, which must be careplace three quires of brown paper against a door, The races commenced on Tuesday last.-The fully kept warm. Let this operation be repeated as (an iron door is preferable) say, at the distance of sweepstake purse on that day, was won by Mr. many times as the quantity of the fat body, imbibed 40 yards. The best barrel will pierce the greatest Theo. Field's bay colt Gohanna, beating Dr. Cut by the paper, or the thickness of the paper, may number of sheets, and plant her shot with the most ler's sorrel colt Rob Roy, at two heats. Two fillies render necessary. When the greasy substance is from the centre. To do this-she must have a con- of rain on Monday, was very wet, and the heat un-wine, and draw it in like manner, over the place; regularity in the paper, at nearly equal distances were drawn. The course, owing to several showers removed, to restore the paper to its former whiteness, dip another brush in highly rectified spirit of siderable substance and uniformity in the quality of common for the time of year. the metal. A very light barrel rarely shoots well; she On Wednesday four started for the proprietor's and particularly around the edges, to remove the will throw her shot irregularly, and often plant as purse of $300, three mile heats, viz. Mr. Harrison's border that would still present a stain. If the process many as a dozen or more shot, in one hole. This b. f. Betsey Robinson, Mr. Feild's b. h. Bertrand, Mr. has been employed on a part, written on with comJohnson's s. h. Junus, and Mr. Minge's b. h. Doctor, mon ink, or printed with printer's ink, it will expeand won by the first named with great ease. Doctor rience no alteration. is called clustering her shot.Fig. 1. will represent the shooting of a gun of this description at a sheet of paper. Fig. 2 a barrel of the best quality. Hence it is that a very light barrel is often said to be a good barrel, because she has happened to kill a bird at an extraordinary distance, by clustering her shot. If the metal is not uniform in quality it will produce the same effeet. A very short barrel will certainly scatter her shot too much to kill a bird at any distance beyond 35 paces, although I believe that some barrels may be reduced to the shortness of 2 feet 2 inches, (especially if she FIG. 1. FIG. 2. has substance enough,) without injuring the power of impulsion. stumbled and threw his rider in the last mile of the Yesterday, the jockey club purse of $700, four TO PRESERVE HOUSES FROM VERMIN. Bugs, in particular, may readily be destroyed by dissolving half a drachm of corrosive sublimate, in a I imagine that barrels of late years have been reduced in length, and increased in the size of the bore, TO MAKE FOUR QUARTERN LOAVES FOR FAMILY USE. quarter of an ounce of spirit of salts, mixing it with because it is found that upwards of three-fourths of Procure a peck of flour, with which mix a hand- one quart of spirit of turpentine. Shake these well the birds, are killed within the distance of 30 yards. ful of salt to three quarts of water, and add half a together, dip a brush in it, and wash those places Thus, by shortening the barrel, the sportsman can pint of good fresh yeast. Work the whole well to- where bugs are supposed to resort: this will remov draw a quicker sight, and it gives him a greater gether, and set it to rise at a moderate distance from them to a greater certainty than any other mode chance of killing his bird, if he happens to be an the fire, from two to three hours. Then divide it now practised. |