[Oct. 14, 1825. "494,000 bushels of wheat were manufactured at We now enter on the consideration of the ex- the sources from which the state derives its revenue, tracted from a report of the Ohio Canal Commis pense of the contemplated work, premising that it cannot but be immense. As the demand for mer- sioners. is impossible to form a perfectly accurate estimate, chandize increases, the auction duties will augment; as the location is not fixed. Desirous of avoiding as the retail sales of foreign articles increase, the controversy, we will allow a wide scope for the most number of licenses will be greater; as intercourse extravagant calculation, and there cannot be a throughout the state becomes more extensive, and doubt that it will amply repay whatever it may as Pennsylvania shall become, as she will by means cost. In order to evince the facility with which it of the connexion between the western states and the may be effected, we will assume, that to complete Atlantic markets, being made through her centre, a a canal from Philadelphia to Pittsburg, an expen- thoroughfare for the citizens of those fertile regions, diture of $8,000,000 will be necessary, (but we her receipts from tavern licenses will be multiplied believe it $1,500,000 too much;) that this sum will many fold. be borrowed in yearly instalments, at five per cent. interest, and that eight years will be required to complete the canal.* Interest-First year, Second, Third, Fourth, Fifth, Sixth, $ 50,000 100,000 150,000 200,000 250,000 300,000 350,000 400,000 $ 1,800,000 It may be asserted with confidence, that the resources of the commonwealth from auction duties; from retail licenses, and from tavern licenses, will, before the work shall be completed, be twice their present amount, and will afterwards increase to three times the same. $247,000 464,860 -217,360 48,000 10,000 $275,560 20,000 tons of merchandise brought up, In addition to these resources, let it be observed, that when we give the farmer of the interior a cheap and easy access to market, he will be enabled to pay the commonwealth for his unpatented lands; and thus, from this source alone, more than 2 millions of Clarke's report on the Juniata Canal, as to the enWe submit the following estimate from Mr. dollars, a sum greater than all that will be required hancement of the value of lands by the completion to pay the interest of the debt which may be creat of the canal to Pittsburg. That it is too highly coed to make the desired improvement, will be pour- loured and flattering, we admit; but reducing it one This, supposing no tolls were to be collected till ed into the treasury, without oppression or inconve- half, three-fourths, or even seven-eighths, which we the work were completed, is the whole sum to be nience to the debtors. raised in a state embracing 46,000 square miles, or It is asserted that the debt which must be con- fully proves that this one item alone would warrant believe a far greater reduction than is necessary, it 29,440,000 acres, with a population of 1,250,000 tracted for this purpose cannot be paid off; that it the expense of the canal, independent of its other people, which will probably amount to 1,750,000 will remain a burden on our posterity, and on this before the canal is finished--a state, of which the ground some opposition has been excited against numerous and important advantages. assessment of real property in 1815, amounted to the undertaking. It might be easily proved, that most of which to pass round Pittsburg at thirty $346,633,389, and which, without material incon- even if these positions were true, the benefits which miles distance, and having the lands within it raised venience or pressure, paid for internal duties in would certainly flow from the work, would more in value only $2.50 per acre, and each succeeding that year, no less than $1,087,057. That any insu- than repay the expenditure for its execution. How circle at the same distance from the one within it, perable difficulty, or indeed any difficulty worthy of many state undertakings, by their influence on the having a less increase on the value of its lands by serious attention, could occur in raising the small wealth, the industry, and the happiness of our citi- fifty cents per acre, which would leave the outersums necessary to pay the above interest in so pow-zens, have fully compensated the commonwealth most circle within the supposed influence of the caerful a state, wholly free from state taxes, will ne- for their cost, although they bring nothing into its nal, only benefited at the rate of fifty cents per ver be admitted by any rational mind. If the cost coffers? Are the advantages of our turnpikes, and were double, the object is amply worth the sa- of our bridges, to be estimated by the revenue they acre. The calculation would then stand thus: crifice. produce? Should they, by some unexpected cause, Circles. Square No. of Acres. Enhanced value Dollars. But the experience of the Erie canal satisfactori-be at once destroyed, would not the citizens of the ly proves that there will be a considerable income state, if necessary, willingly expend twice their cost 1st, from our canal, not very long after its commence- to restore them? It is not by the amount of revenue 2d, ment. Take what direction it may, it will pass alone that the value of such works should be esti- 3d, through regions abounding with coal and iron, and mated. The farmer finds his possessions enhanced 4th, of course cannot fail to be very productive at an three-fold--industry finds a demand and a market 5th, early stage of the operations on it. It is therefore for its productions by their facilitating intercourse: probable that the only sums to be raised for paying and yet but little pecuniary gain is derived by those the interest, will be in the four first years-as the who have created these benefits, or by the state, for tolls of the remaining four can scarcely fail to be the capital invested in the works by which they have amply adequate for that purpose. But suppose the been accomplished. Such have been the effects of tolls not to be sufficient until the commencement of turnpikes in Pennsylvania, and how much greater the sixth year, the whole sum necessary to be rais-would be the effects of canals? Supposing for a ed, would be only be $750,000 in five years, a sum moment, that the tolls were reduced so low, as to which the smallest state in the Union could readily produce nothing more than the interest of the loans, RANUNCULACEE.-POLYANDRIA POLYGYNIA. raise by a proper system; and there cannot be a and pay for attendance and repairs; the canal doubt, that within a few years after its completion, would, even at that low estimate, be abundantly because the flower opens only when the wind blows; Anemone, from the Greek anemos, wind: some say the income will not only afford means of establish- worth the cost, independent of the numerous ad- others, because it grows in situations much exposed to ing a sinking fund to pay off the debt, but revenue vantages which it must secure. It will be an inva- the wind.-French, Anemone, l'herbe au vent [wind sufficient to support our state government, and free luable bequest, which will entitle the legislature to herb.] our citizens from the burden of taxation. which it shall owe its existence, to the lasting graThe influence of the proposed improvement on titude of posterity. But we are prepared by incon- would be necessary to write a volume upon that To do justice to every species of the anemone, it trovertible evidence to establish the fact, that the subject alone; but it will suffice for the present pur*If wooden locks be used-(and there are strong ar- from the proposed work, will be far beyond the indirect revenues which Pennsylvania will derive pose to speak of the kinds most desirable. guments in their favour, as they last 14 or 15 yearst-terest of any expenditure it will require; and we whence their roots were originally brought; but The anemones are natives of the East, fromcost but about 125 dollars per foot, instead of 1000-and can be repaired in winter, which stone locks cannot beg leave to repeat, it cannot be too often repeated, they have been so much improved by culture, as to be,) the cost would not probably be more than $4,000,000 that they will not only repay in a few years all its take a high rank among the ornaments of our garfrom the Susquehanna to the Alleghany, which is all that cost, but become fruitful and ample means to sup dens in the spring. As they do not blow the first year, is necessary to provide for in the first instance-as the port her government, without taxation, and to ena- it will be more convenient to purchase the plants connexion between the former river and Philadelphia ble her to carry into every part of her territories, from a nursery than to rear them at home: on anowill be open long before the western part of the route the same means of prosperity and wealth. ther account also, it will be better; for they vary so much that it is impossible to secure the handsomest Statement showing the amount of profits to the be selected according to the taste of the purchaser. kinds by the seed; and, when in flower, they may ed with lime water, would last from twenty to thirty county of Monroe, New York, arising from canal They should be sheltered from frost and heavy years in locks. navigation, during the year ending Nov. 1823, ex- rains: light showers will refresh them, and in dry There is reason to believe that timber well saturat weather they should be watered every evening, but a bed of his anemones, which were at that time in The narrow-leaved garden anemone, grows wild in the Levant. In the islands of the Archipelago the borders of the fields are covered with it in almost every variety of colour; but these are single; culture has made them double. seed, artfully let his robe fall upon them; by which device he swept off a considerable number of the little grains which stuck fast to it. His servant, whom he had purposely instructed, dexterously wrapped them up in a moment, without exciting any attention. The counsellor, a short time after, communicated to his friends the success of his proOf the double varieties of this species there are ject; and by their participation of his innocent theft nearly two hundred. To be a fine one, a double ane- the flower became generally known. SPORTING OLIO. LONG ISLAND RACES. Wednesday, Oct. 5, 1825. mone should have a strong upright stem, about nine Rapin, in his poem on gardens, ascribes the birth THE purse of $500 was taken yesterday by the inches high; the flower should be from two to three of the anemone to the jealousy of Flora; who fear- Southern mare, (Mr. Wynn's) Flirtilla, beating inches in diameter; the outer petals should be firm, ing that the incomparable beauty of a Grecian Moonshine, in two four mile heats. These were the horizontal, unless they turn up a little at the end, nymph would win from her the love of her husband only horses that contended for the purse, the day and the smaller petals within these, should lie Zephyr, transformed her into this flower. But to being unpleasant and rainy. gracefully one over the other. The plain co- this tale he adds an account better authorized, of The following horses have been entered for the lours should be brilliant, the variegated clear and the anemone having sprung from the blood of Ado- three mile heats this day, purse $300.-Mr. Van distinct. nis and the tears of Venus shed over his body; and Marter's horse Oscar; Mr Calder's Miss Fortune; The broad-leaved garden anemone is found wild and it is but common justice to Flora to observe Mr. Laird's horse American Boy; and Mr. Lynch's with single flowers, in Germany, Italy, and Provence that this is the generally received opinion of the mare Ariel. sian anemone. This day the following horses have entered for the purse of $200-two mile heats. Mr. Colden's horse Gamester, Mr. Van Master's horse Snap; Mr. Laird's horse Flagellator; Mr. Jones' horse Eclipse. -the single varieties are sometimes called star-origin of the anemone. Cowley gives it this paren- The second day's races for a purse of $300, three anemones: they are very numerous, as are also the tage in his poem on plants. Ovid describes Venus mile heats, were run by four horses, Oscar, Miss double varieties, of which the most remarkable are lamenting over the bleeding body of her lover, Fortune, Suffolk, and American Boy, and won with the great double anemone of Constantinople, or whose memory and her own grief she resolves ease by the last, an Eclipse colt, and not unworthy Spanish marigold, the great double orange tawny, to perpetuate by changing his blood to a flow- of his sire. the double anemone of Cyprus, and the double Per-er; but less poetically than some others, he substitutes nectar for the tears of Venus; not even hintThere is a species called the wood-anemone, ing that the said nectar was the tears of the god which grows in the woods and hedges in most parts dess. of Europe. In March, April, and May, many of our woods are almost covered with these flowers, which expand in clear weather, and look towards the sun; but in the evening, and in wet weather, close and droop their heads. When the woodanemone becomes double, it is cultivated by the gardeners; and were the same pains taken with this as with the foreign anemones, it would probably become valuable. "But be thy blood a flower. Had Proserpine For such a change? Thus having utter'd, she tears. Anemone roots may be planted towards the end of September, and again a month later; some plant a third set about christmas. The first planted will begin to flower early in April, and continue for three or four weeks; the others will follow in succession. As soon as the leaves decay, which of those first planted will be in June, the roots should be taken up, the decayed parts and the earth cleared away; and having been dried in the shade, they Mr. Hor. Smith, in his poem of Amarynthus, supshould be put in some secure place, where they may ports the first reason for naming this flower the be perfectly dry, and particularly where mice, &c. wind-flower-that it never opens but when the wind cannot find access to them. This opportunity may blows: be taken to part the roots for increase; and provided each part has a good eye or bud, it will grow and flower, but they will not flower so strong if parted small. The roots will be weakened if suffered to remain long in the earth after the leaves decay. 'They will keep out of the earth for two, or even three years, and grow when planted. The single, or poppy anemone, will, in mild seasons, blow throughout the winter. Earth proper for the anemone may be procured from a nursery; the roots may be planted in pots five inches wide; the earth an inch and a half deep over the top of the roots, and the eye of the root upwards. They must be kept moderately moist, "And then I gather'd rushes, and began AMARYNTHUS, p. 46. It seems more usual, as well as in character, for "Then thickly strewn in woodland bowers, Sir W. Jones has translated an ode from the shaded from the noon-day sun, and exposed to that Turkish of Mesihi, in which the author celebrates of the morning. In the winter they should be plac-several of the more sweet or splendid flowers: ed under shelter, but should have plenty of fresh air, when not frosty. "See! yon anemones their leaves unfold, The Abbé la Pluche relates a curious anecdote of With rubies flaming, and with living gold." M. Bachelier, a Parisian florist, who, having im- "The sweetness of the bower has made the air so ported some very beautiful species of the anemone fragrant, that the dew, before it falls, is changed into from the East Indies to Paris, kept them to himself rose-water." in so miserly a manner, that for ten successive years he never would give to any friend or relation whomsoever the least fibre of a double anemone, or the root of one single one. A counsellor of the The only poetical allusion, which I have met parliament, vexed to see one man hoard up for with, to the fragility of the anemone, is in the po "The dew-drops, sweeten'd by the musky gale, himself a benefit which nature intended to be com-ems of Sir W. Jones: "Youth, like a thin anemone, displays There will also be a sweepstakes run for by Mr. Straphen's horse American Boy; Mr Lynch's mare Roxana; and Mr. Jones' horse Fox. We understand that a match was made yesterday between Flirtilla and Ariel, for $10,000 a side. The race to take place six weeks from yesterday, on the Union course, Long island, four miles and repeat. Great Match Race.-The New York American of Friday last, says: "The following terms of the match race between Ariel and Flirtilla, were agreed on this morning.-The race to take place on Monday, the 31st October, at 1 o'clock, for the sum of $20,000 a side, half forfeit-subject to the rules of the course. The distance three miles and repeat." The third and last day's purse $200, two mile heats, was run for on Thursday, and taken by Mr. Van Master's horse Snap, in two heats, beating Gamester, Flagellator, and an Eclipse colt. Time of running first heat, 3 min. 48 sec. Second heat no time is given, but unless that is done, persons not present at the races, can form no idea of the worth or fleetness of the horses. The sweepstakes were taken in two heats, by Fox, beating American Boy and Roxana. CANTON RACES. Baltimore, October 13, 1825. The race yesterday, as was anticipated, afforded fine sport to the friends of the turf. Five horses started for the purse of $400, four mile heats, which was won in two heats by Dr. Thornton's sorrel horse Southern Eclipse, beating Governor Wright's Pandora, Mr. Digge's Wharf Rat, Col. Sewall's Trippet, and Mr. Sleeper's Pavilion. The heats were closely contested. The following horses were entered for the purse of $300, three mile heats, run for this day, at 12 o'clock, viz: Floretta, grey filly, 4 years old; rider's dress, scarlet jacket and cap-entered by Governor Wright. Napoleon, bay, 5 years old; rider's dress, red jacket and yellow cap-entered by Mr. Schilling. Brainworm, sorrel, 4 years old; rider's dress, yellow jacket and cap-entered by Mr. Finley. Tickler, sorrel, 3 years old; rider's dress, pink jacket and black cap-entered by Col. Sewall. Lafayette, sorrel, aged; rider's dress, red jacket and black cap-entered by Mr. Sleeper. The above purse was taken by Col. Sewall's Tickler, winning the two first heats. THE FARMER. BALTIMORE, FRIDAY, OCTOBER 14, 1825. of the American Farmer. In the case of horses, the highest premiums are two of $50 each, plate, for the best Cleveland bay and the best thorough bred stallion-$50, in plate, is offered for the best yoke of oxen-and we observe that in the case We have been requested to state that the of sheep, the highest premiums are offered for a subjoined notes were prepared to be attached to the Southdown ram and ewe, $20 plate, in each case. manuscript of Mr. Pomeroy's "Dissertation on the Mule," published in the American Farmer, Vol vii. Powelton, near Philadelphia, Oct. 10, 1825. No. 22, but were accidentally omitted to be furnish- JOHN S. SKinner, Esq. ed to the editor, viz:-page 170, col. 1st. line 1st. at Dear Sir,-I enclose a sample of wool taken from the word mule.* Page 172, col. 2nd. line 14 from Mr. Miller's Saxon sheep. This gentleman has been top, at acres. Page 173, col. 2nd. line 30 from top, for many years, zealously and most successfully emat back. And there is an error of $25, in the pre-ployed in advancing the sheep husbandry of our ceding figures. county. His merinos have been long valued for the extraordinary fineness of their fleeces. A few halfbreed Saxon rams, derived from his best ewes, will be offered for sale at the approaching show. Some valuable remarks from Robert Sinclair, on the plantation and culture of fruit trees, shall appear in our next. Some of the finest sheep from Mr. Kuhn's and Mr. Waddell's merino flocks, as well as various parCOTTON.-The Petersburg Republican says, that cels of mixed Dishley and Southdown sheep, will be notwithstanding the unfavourable news from Eu- exhibited, some of them being intended for sale. rope, two loads of cotton were sold in that market As a steamboat landing is within a short distance on Monday last, for 174 cents, Virginia money.-of the site for the show, there would be little diffi The Intelligencer, however, of the same place says, culty as to transportation. this price was given in compliance with orders from the northern manufacturers, and that the price must be expected to decline, as the present home demand subsides. DEAR SIR, I am sir, your obdt. servt. JOHN HARE POWEL, I am sir, your obdt. servt. JOHN HARE POWEL, JOHN S. SKINNER, ESQ. Clover Seed, Red Oats, HEMP, Russia, clean, lb. 4 50 4 62 25 lb 5 00 11 550 50 57 105 1 15 92 1 00 95 100 55 75 55 60 50 8888 LEATHER, Soal, best, Eastern Tan,. | MOLASSES, W. India, gal. NAVAL STORES, Tar, bbl. Pitch,.. Turpentine, Soft, 185057 2242 23 25 40 50 3 00 3 25 3 75 8 64 2 25 2 2 12 The PENNSYLVANIA AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY will hold their third Exhibition, Cattle Show, and I have the honour to state, that the Pennsylvania Fair, in Philadelphia county, under the act of in- Agricultural Society will hold their Exhibition, on corporation, on Wednesday, Thursday, and Friday, the 19th, 20th, and 21st, inst. on the New York road, the 19th, 20th, and 21st of this month, on the Bris-about ten miles from Philadelphia; and in behalf of tol road, between Holmesburg and the Red Lion my associates to assure you, that we should have Inn. great pleasure in receiving the officers and members Until it was too late to insert it, we were under of the Maryland Agricultural Society. the impression that the handbill of this exhibition had been inserted. We have now room only to state, that there are premiums offered for-Neat cattle amounting to $410; for sheep $149; for horses and ploughing $210; oxen and ploughing $160; swine $23; crops $135; butter (preserved not less than three months,) $10; cheese $10; sugar $10; pot on TOBACCO.-Amount of inspections in the three pearl ash $10; domestic wine $10; cider $10; im-state warehouses, during the last week-549 hhds. plements of husbandry $35; household manufactures $161. The bill may be seen at the office STRAW CUTTERS AND DAVIS' PLOUGHS. do. Prime,. The subscriber continues the manufacturing of his PLASTER, cargo price, *Herodotus says, that in the army of Xerxes, which Cylindric Straw Cutters, at No. 36, Pratt-street. Those POTATOES, invaded Greece, there were "chariots of war drawn by desirous of obtaining them this fall would do well RICE, fresh, wild asses." M. Larcher, a celebrated commentator ren- by sending in their orders as early as convenient. He SOAP, Baltimore White, ders them zebres in his French translation, which he sup- also keeps the various sizes of Davis' Ploughs on hand, do. Brown, But it is now well for sale, made of the best materials and in the best WHISKEY, 1st proof, ports from Oppian, lib 3. v. 183. known that the zebra is of a species entirely distinct from manner. These Ploughs having thus far met the most PEACH BRANDY, 4th pr the ass; and Buffon asserts, that none were ever disco- | sanguine expectations of the purchasers, he flatters him- APPLE BRANDY, Ist pr vered out of Africa; and there only in the southern he- self with a still increased demand for them; every pos- SUGARS, Havana White, c.lb. misphere. It is therefore highly probable that those sible exertion will be made to procure the best metal do. Brown, alluded to, were the hemionus, which are described as for the shares. He has sold a single share for fifty Louisiana, much larger than the wild ass, and nearer the size and cents, that has broken twenty acres of ground without form of the zebra.-See Beloe's Herodotus, Polymnia, any other expense to the plough. chap. 86. OIL, Whale, common, Linseed, PORK. Baltimore Mess, Leaf, 11 888 Ginger, Ground, Ground Alum, 18 19 25 WINES, Madeira, L. P. gal. 2 00 2 50 300 4 do. Sicily,. Lisbon, Also on hand, a quantity of Brown's Vertical Spin- SPICES, Cloves, Mr. Pitt, in an able "Essay on the Consumption of ners, for spinning wool, by which one woman may do Corn," published by the Board of Agriculture, in 1806, three times the work that may be done on a common estimates that each draught horse employed on roads, wheel All communications by mail (post paid,) will canals, and mines, in pleasure carriages of all descrip- be punctually attended to. tions, and carts in cities, consume the average product of four acres for oats and beans, and three acres for hay. It is stated in the same essay, that "the aggregate of oats imported into England (only) for twenty years ending in 1797, amounted to the enormous quantity of 8,655,046 quarters"-upwards of sixty-nine millions of bushels!—-See CONTENTS OF THIS NUMBER. "communications to the Board of Agriculture," vol. 5. Curwen to Mr. Thompson on his "Alderney" CattleThis estimate, (375 dollars,) is the maximum of ex- Comparative Estimates of capital employed in rearing pense for subsistence and other items, supposing the Horses, Cattle and Sheep, in West Pennsylvania-New whole number of horses should be required for one boat; Theory of Burned Clay as a Manure, by Dr. Jos. E. but they will unquestionably be employed for a succes- Muse-Palma Christi, inquiry-Mexican Piggeriession of other boats. And should all the relays perform, Dorchester Agricultural Exhibition and Fair-Address a tour on the line every day, the minimum of expense to the citizens of Pennsylvania on Internal Improvewould be seventy-five dollars for each boat. Facts derived ment-On the history and culture of the Anemonefrom further information, may enable us to fix the me- Long Island and Canton Races-Editorial, Pennsylvania dium. Agricultural Society's Exhibition-Advertisement, &c.! Claret, doz. 3 8 Printed every Friday, at $5 per annum, for JOHN S. No. 31-VOL. 7. DEAR SIR, AMERICAN FARMER-BALTIMORE, OCTOBER 21, 1825. AGRICULTURE. LIME-KILNS. 241 the fire. The flues may be cleaned, occasionally, for quality of milk, and for quantity are as good as In a communication which I made you some Lossing, of New York, as possessing, in my opin-much shorter time than in the common way; and Their full blood cow does not appear to be a delon, very superior advantages. By his mode of cal- the advantage also of being able to keep the fire cent milker, and from the appearance of their half cining limestone, the saving of time and of wood, is continually acting upon the materials with its full bloods, I should not think there was one amongst in the proportion of one half, as stated to you in force; which is difficult to be done in the usual them. From what I have seen of the descendants a former communication. mode, as it is necessary often to suffer the common of Holkham, and what I have been told by good In the arts, there is scarcely any substance of kilns to cool, in order to clear them-which can be judges who are acquainted with the stock, I am greater utility than lime: as an ingredient in mor- done at pleasure in the mode prescribed in this spe- fully satisfied that if a good milker is produced from tar, stucco, plaster, &c.; and in agriculture, as a cification, without impeding the process. them, she must take her milking qualities from manure, it is of infinite importance and of the most extensive utility. Any plan, therefore, that can be tion is made, contemplates similar flues, or ashThe principle on which this foregoing specifica- what is called our native stock. In the 2d communication, they give the same devised to cheapen the article, must be of publick holes, under the arches of brick kilns, with suitable account they gave you in the first about steers; and utility. Believing that kilns constructed on Mr. gratings, at proper distances. The fires may be add, how much more red cattle have always been Lossing's plan will have that effect, I have put my regulated, at the discretion of the operator, by clos considered worth than any other colour. self to some little trouble to procure from the pa- ing the mouth with plates of iron, or otherwise. lour, fine mahogany red, is the only property the tent office, a certified copy of the specification and N. B. The gratings should be one inch and an Devons possess to attract the attention of any body: drawing, which I now send you for publication in half apart, and when the limestone, by heating, is and our best judges are not so much attracted with your useful paper. very subject to cracking and flying above the fire, that alone, as some of the lookers-on at our cattle Respectfully, yours, &c.. they should be one inch wider, to allow for clogging shows are, who may wish to write and publish some the grates with the scales of stone that fall down thing to please a customer. The purchasers of stock on Connecticut river do not pay any thing for colour; it is fine points they pay for. SPECIFICATION. W. NOLAND. The foundation of the kiln being laid, either ellip tical or circular, leaving an opening in front of about two feet wide and about ten inches high, to answer as a mouth for the admission of air to the furnace, or oven to the kiln; from this mouth two flues, or ash-holes, ought to extend as far back as the fire is to reach, beginning at the aforesaid mouth and running at suitable angles, so as to intersect the floor of the oven, or furnace, about equally; or in a small kiln, a smaller mouth, and a single flue, or ash-hole, extending back, will answer. A larger kiln, on the same principle, requires two flues, or ash-holes, or more than two, to open into the same mouth, or at different mouths, in any part of the kiln, extending in angular, parallel, or any other direction. These flues, ash-holes, or passages for the admission of air, should be about ten inches wide, and as many deep will answer; and may either be sunk into, or raised above the ground floor of the kiln; though it is more convenient to have them just raised so that the hearth or floor (on which the fire is to be kindled,) when finished, is about sixteen inches high; to be built of either brick or stone. Over these flues, or ash-holes, should be placed grates of iron, narrow stones that will bear the fire, or even good lime-stone will answer. If of stone, they ought to be five or six inches thick. When these flues, or ash holes, are finished, the spaces between them and the sides of the kiln, may be filled up with stone, earth, or any other matter suitable therefor, so as to bring the whole floor, or bottom of the kiln, bevel with the grating. JAMES D. LONGE, Front view of the Kiln. When iron is used for grates, it may be right after two or three grates are placed, to cover a space of about a foot with stone; and thus, alternately, flue. grates and covered places, the whole length of the flue, ash hole, or air passage, so as to prevent too for calcination. great an admission of air. D. The arch, oven, or furnace, built of limestone, E. The wings, forming the front of the kiln. REPLY TO MESSRS. HURLBERT & CO. A large strong stone, or other proper material, should be placed in front of the kiln, over the mouth above contemplated, so that its surface be about level with the surface of the grate; which stone serves as a bottom to the passage for the admission of wood, which passage should be no longer than is necessary to receive the wood-and so constructed, that by a door of iron, or other metal, it may be shut To JOHN S. SKINNER, ESQ. perfectly close, from time to time, when a sufficiency I have noticed in the American Farmer, two comof wood is thrown in. When the fire is kindled, the munications upon Devon Cattle and COKE Devons, door being shut, the flue or flues at the bottom should from Messrs. Samuel Hurlbert & Co. In the first, be open, to admit the air through the grating under they say it is ascertained that the cows are superior" 31-VOL. 7. East Windsor, Conn., October 4, 1825. The co They next notice a letter from Mr. E. Wolcott to Mr. Powel, and say they are not acquainted with him; that he never in his travels called to see their stock, &c. &c. Mr. Elihu Wolcott is a practical farmer, and son of Mr. Samuel Wolcott, and has had as good an opportunity as the Messrs. Hurlberts to be thoroughly acquainted with fine stock. Mr. Samuel Wolcott, of this town, was one of the most successful breeders of cattle we have ever had on Connecticut river. He used a bull that was imported from one of the Cape de Verd islands, from which he and Mr. Epa. Bissell bred one year fourteen steers, which were fed upon meal one winter only, and at four years old they were sold in New York, for upwards of one hundred dollars each. Mr. Wolcott had another bull, sired by an imported bull, from which he bred many valuable animals, and a descendant of that bull was the famous Connecticut ox. Mr. E. Bissell bred and fatted a pair of oxen, which were sold and killed in Philadelphia in 1811; they were descendants from Mr. Wolcott's bull, and were there pronounced by the best judges, the best pair of oxen ever in their market. The particular breed of the bulls is not recollected; but the steers from them were generally spotted, and had small fine horns. The Messrs. Hurlberts also mentioned our cattle show at Hartford, and say there were exhibited from Farmington, a number of half blood Devons, sired by Holkham, which were much admired, and in competition with every other breed, short horns not excepted, took every premium.The records of our society, will show the gentlemen they were mistaken, when they made the assertion for one half blood, of Denton's stock, and believe the only one exhibited did take a premium, and many premiums were also awarded for native stock. I They also introduce a paragraph from the Connecticut Mirror, on the Devonshire breed of cattle, which is not printed in the American Farmer as it appeared in the Mirror. As it was printed in the Mirror, it was noticed by many, and why it appeared at that time, (a week after the official account of the show was published,) was well understood; for on the same page of the same paper was an advertisement of Devon cattle for sale. I am, respectfully, your friend, And obed't serv't, HENRY WATSON. COTTON. Question 1st. What quantity nett of Sea-island cotton is yielded per 100 lbs. in the seed? Answer. It depends much on the season and the product per acre: from 30 to 33 lbs. Q 2d. How much per acre does it produce? 250 lbs.-in some few instances more. SITUATION, EXPOSURE AND SOIL. ANSWER TO CERTAIN INQUIRIES ABOUT other table apples might be mentioned equally good, all important work of trimming must be carefully except that of the pippin, which I esteem the best attended to, or else much of the nutriment of the table apple in our country, but they require rich trees will be wasted in superfluous wood, which, land. though neglected at first, must finally be cut away; leaving large wounds which sometimes kill the tree. Having made a judicious selection of apples, In order to preserve all the nutriment possible to go peaches, cherries, pears, plumbs and apricots, for into the bearing branches, a regular plan must be the different seasons, and purposes wanted, the next adopted in forming the head of the tree, something consideration is to make choice of a suitable situa- like the following; let three limbs branch out from tion for the orchard. High, dry situations are best, the main stem at equal distances from each other, being less subject to frost in consequence of the ab- and at a suitable height to plough under, (unless for sence of moisture; and if circumstances will admit, spade culture, then the lower the better) and then A. The common practice with us to guard against cold weather, too much moisture, and worms, is to place it northerly from the buildings. The best soil let the main stem grow about two feet higher, from is a sandy loam, but any soil may be improved by near the top of which train three more limbs so as drill. Thin out at each working until your plants are artificial means, if too stiff, add sand, manure, or to be above the vacancy of the lower limbs, which then finally thin to from 10 inches to 18. Much the time of the fruit ripening may be very properly fill the probable space when the tree is 20 years old; forming; you can then discover a choice in them rich earth from the wood: by the use of sand, or clay, will give six to form the head of the tree, from each of which encourage side branches, sufficient only to depends on strength of soil. Q. 4th. Is there more difficulty in ginning this changed, on some occasions, to suit circumstances. (Sea-island,) than the other kinds? METHOD OF PLANTING. to do which they will be very thin for the first 7 or 10 years. At the same time take care to cut away A. It is much easier separated from the seed. When the place is decided on for planting, lay out all under and upper shoots, forming each limb into Q. 5th. What kind of gins are used, and could a the holes as follows. Twelve feet from the fence a kind of fan, which will receive the rays of the sun model of one of the most approved kinds be ob- drive stakes forty-five apart in the first row; and for equally, and ripen the fruit well. When the main the second row, set up the stakes twenty-two and a limbs grow long and slender, shorten them, and the half feet from the first, beginning from the fence wood will become strong and vigorous, and the thirty-four and a half feet, which will place each tree fruit, in consequence, will grow much larger. Much in the second row opposite the centre, between the nutriment is lost, and the growth of the trees retardtrees in the first row thus: tained? A. Foot-gins are commonly used, and most approved of, from its simplicity; and separating with out too much friction the seed from the cotton. A model could be sent; but as many of the mechanics north of this make gins for us, it is confidently believed, without much difficulty, one could be obtained: if not, with pleasure I will furnish a drawing. By this method of planting we can put more trees If the answers given can, or will in the smallest on the same ground, with equal benefit of light and degree, gratify the gentleman. you are at liberty to air. The above distance is intended for apple trees, communicate them through the medium of your peach trees might be ten feet nearer. very valuable paper. G. J. L., A Planter of St. Luke's Parish, S. C. September 24, 1825. HORTICULTURE. BEST VARIETIES. TIME OF PLANTING AND AFTER TREATMENT. ed by neglecting to rub off the young sprouts about the first of June, when tender, and before they have exhausted the tree much, and the wound would immediately heal over. a PEACH TREES-HOW TO MANAGE. The above treatment will suit either apples or Dig the holes some time before they are wanted, peaches; but to raise good peach fruit at this time, three feet square and one foot deep, laying the vir- requires much more care and attention, in consegin or top soil in one heap, and the clay in another. quence of the worm and yellows. The latter may With the first, plant the tree about its usual depth be prevented by rich mellow ground, and the forin the nursery, spreading the roots equally and ho- mer by care and attention: the worm which attacks rizontally around, first cutting the tap root, and trim- the tender bark of the peach tree, at or near the ming the bruised ones; and as the earth is filling in, surface of the ground, is the most formidable eneON THE MANAGEMENT OF FRUIT TEEES, press it down with the foot, frequently shaking the my we have to contend with; and by adopting THE best time having now arrived for planting tree upwards to settle the earth equally among the means to prevent the fly in the summer season from fruit trees, I have thought it might be acceptable to roots. And in a north-west direction from the tree, depositing their eggs on the peach tree, near the many of our young farmers to have the benefit of drive in a stake, (this may be the stake first used to surface of the ground, which, when hatched into occasional attention for twenty years, in planting, range the holes,) five feet long, around the head of worms, descend a little below the surface of the trimming and cultivating them, having raised an or- which wrap a wisp of straw, and tie therewith the ground, until they reach the tender bark of the roots of the tree on which they feed, and in time chard during that time, which is now in full bearing; tree to it, which will prevent the tree from becoming and the personal attention I gave the same, has ena- loose with winds, and preserve it from many acci- entirely destroy the same. Many ways and means have been lately recommended to prevent their bled me to make my observations from year to year, dents. effects; such as plaistering around the roots with and draw the following conclusions. lime mortar, on the surface of the ground, binding Fruit trees may be planted any time between the piece of pitched or tarred canvass tight around There is frequently one great mistake in the out fall of the leaf and the starting of the buds in spring, the tree, near the ground, and covering the lower set, in planting orchards, which is that of planting provided the frost will permit, but the fall is the best edge with earth; both which will prevent the fly foo many kinds of apples, peaches, &c. as there are time, as the earth gets settled close to the roots dur- from laying their eggs in a situation where, when endless varieties of both; but there are but few kinds ing the winter, and many fibrous roots will be put hatched, they can obtain nourishment, and conseof either which are very superior. If cider is the ob- out during the fall and spring, which will enable the quently perish. But both these are temporary; the ject, a few kinds are best;-as in picking and stor-tree to grow right off with the first growing weather, first will crack and give way with the growth of the ing, they may the more conveniently be kept sepa- and enable it to stand the heat and drought of the tree and frost; and the latter will soon decay; and rate, which is recommended by all good cider ma- summer; but if spring planting is adopted, in order both will require frequent renewment, which, if hers: and if designed for table use, they are also to prevent the effects of the summer drought, throw carefully attended to, would answer well, and the more easily stored in one parcel than in many. The a few shovels full of littery manure, or rotten chips best of any thing yet recommended. We frequentdifferent sections of the country have their favourite from the wood pile, around the roots of each tree; ly find trees of a year old with the worms in them; apples; the Virginians, the crab; the Marylanders, and in order to keep the trees clear of insects, and and I have thought it high time to commence our the black red streak and Robinson; the Pennsylva- preserve their bark thrifty and smooth, wash their care at the time of planting, and by adopting some nians, the grayhouse and wine-sap; the Jerseyinen, bodies once a year with the following composition:- plan which would last for years, without requiring the Harrison apples for cider: but the three last are to one quart of soft soap, add two quarts of soft the farmer's attention twice a year; which often is much the best in my opinion, as they hang on until cow dung, and as much water as will make it of suit- very inconvenient to him, and much oftener nethe weather is cool, and the farmer is at leisure to able consistence to put on the trees with a brush; glected, and the trees die. The plan I have thought attend to making the cider. They produce a cider and as the trees advance in size add a little lime to of, and shall with confidence adopt, in a peach orchwith good body, will clarify well, and if bottled will the above mixture, but the heating quality of the ard which I intend planting this fall, is, to make keep through our hot summers for several years. lime requires judgment and care in its application; rough boxes, six or eight inches in the clear and For table use and cooking, a few kinds to succeed and in order that the trees may grow and thrive twelve inches long, and open at each end: on planteach other through the summer and fall, and the well, the ground ought to be kept rich by constant ing the trees, I propose planting one of these boxes larger proportion for winter keeping. The most ap- or frequent cultivation, and occasional manuring round each tree, the lower end to be sunk into the proved kinds for the fall, are the rumbo, bellflower, without raising crops among the trees, as the fruit ground about three inches; I will then fill up the English red streak, and maiden's blush; for table will soon be a sufficient crop if well managed. during winter, the Newtown pippin and carthouse; TRIMMING. for spring, the grindstone and golden russet. Many As the trees progress in growth and size, the box with sand, which will be about nine inches above the surface of the ground, and will remain in a dry state; and of course will not render the |