I remain, as usual, THOMAS SAY. dener to W. S. Poyntz, Esq. (Philosophical Maga- had been planted late in the botanical garden of In order to ascertain some remedy for this new nzie, December, 1823, page 404.) Gozenki. When they attain about half their size, mischief, it will be necessary to become acquainted Mr. G. Cockburn, in presenting to the Horticultu- they make an agreeable dish, either raw or roasted, with the habits of the insect, the time and place of ral Society a cauliflower of uncommon size and to which is added a little butter. They are so very depositing its eggs, &c. We should also be curious beauty for this season, (13th of January, 1823,) gave tender as to have been compared to marrow; pre- to know the extent of its depredations. the following account of the method he always used served in vinegar, they are excellent. When they to bring them to such perfection. This is done by attain their full growth, they are not then fit for the sowing the seed of the early kind in the beginning table, but are a very good food for animals, partiof July, in a bed exposed to the south. As soon as cularly for hogs. Mr. Sabine, secretary of the Horthe plants come up, they should be thinned, so as ticultural Society of London, was the first who within the wheat stalk; but I wish to see more of it N. B. I have not forgotten the insect that feeds to leave 12 or 14 inches between each plant, which made mention of this vegetable in the memoir of before venturing any remarks on the subject.-T. S. by the 15th of November will head, and be from 10 that institution, and it is from him that Mr. Fischer to 30 inches in circumference. As this kind of cab- obtained the seeds. They are cultivated without bage cannot bear more than 3 or 4 degrees of cold, much trouble. the plants should be taken up with a large lump of earth, about the last of November, the dead leaves taken off, then placed in mould, in a close situation, and sufficiently protected from the cold of at least 10 degrees. In replanting them, a space of at least The method proposed, is to place the branches an inch should be left around the head. The last in a vertical direction, then tie the ends in the form care is to watch them daily, to take off the dead of an arbour, for this purpose, plant two rows of leaves, and cut for use the heads that are spoiling. young gooseberry bushes, the most vigorous you When it is very cold, they should be covered with can find, leaving three feet between each and five short dry hay. This method furnishes a sufficiency and a half between the rows-select from each stalk for use during the fall and winter months, even as four straight branches; and between each, leave a late as February.* Bulletin No. 8, August, 1824. (Journal of Agriculture de Moscow, pp. 99, 100.) THE SQUASH, OR VEGETABLE MARROW. Bulletin No. 7, July, 1824. NEW METHOD OF CULTIVATING GOOSEBERRIES. In York, there is a watchmaker, who exhibits a living flea, with a chain round its neck. The Gloucester iron-masters have reduced the price of iron 21. per ton. SPORTING OLIO. space of nine inches for fear of accidents, however, it would be well to leave one or two more near each stalk, plant a pole of about five feet, to that you tie the branches of the gooseberry bushes; as soon as they grow as high as the poles, make an arbour or covered walk of wood or iron, giving it in the midMr. Fischer, member of the Agricultural Society dle an elevation of seven feet or more, then take up of Moscow, has presented to the society a squash, the poles, tie the branches of the bushes to the corwhich was brought to England about two years ago, responding part of the arbour, which in less than from the Levant. It is known in Englard by the six years will be entirely covered. The managename of the vegetable marrow, and is designated ment of gooseberry bushes is very simple; in the by Mr. Fischer as the cucurbiter medullaris; its cul- spring, cut the lateral branches very near the stalk, J. S. SKINNER, ESQ. ture is highly recommended on account of its great in such a manner as to keep separate those which riment. MISCELLANEOUS. is ON THE LENGTH OF GUN BARRELS. productiveness. During the last summer, Mr. Fis- you intend to remain. The only precaution neces- Dear Sir,-I observed a writer in your last Far cher obtained 160 squashes from two seeds, which sary, is to keep the middle stalk upright and to cut mer, who is of opinion that a gun barrel of two feet the branches every winter above the first joint, (knot,) two, or two feet, would shoot further than one of a which she takes in all agricultural and horticultural im- dant and can be gathered with greater facility; by when young, shot as often or oftener than any in A lady, who is distinguished for the great interest by the above plan the fruit will be finer, more abun- greater length. I shall not argue the point, but tell a few simple facts. I am now an old man, and provements, and whose garden, under her immediate thinning the fruit, it will attain a greater size. This of fine fruits and vegetables, on seeing the above, very much esteemed by those who have tried the expe- backs. I had an old Queen Ann's musket, about 4 superintendence, is well supplied with a great variety method of cultivating gooseberries, (en espalier,) my neighbourhood. During the years from 1774 till 1783, I shot much at water fowl and canvass kindly furnished me with the following directions for cultivating that delicate vegetable the cauliflower, which feet two inches in the barrel, and carried twentyis always raised in her garden in great perfection, difone buck shot; she chambered three og and was ferent from Mr. Cockburn's advice, as more suitable to our climate. She directs the seeds to be sown in March, thought the best in these parts. An acquaintance of mine procured a ducking gun, as they were then as soon as general appearances indicate a settled state of spring weather. They are sown in moveable boxes, called, eight feet in the barrel; she was exactly of as well to protect the infant plants from the inclementhe same calibre as my musket. I had heard of the cies of the weather, as to secure them from the ravages DEAR SIR, Philadelphia, Sept. 16, 1825. shots made by her, and wished to try her with mine. of insects. Should they be required for early trans- The insect, of which Mr. E. Buck enclosed spe- I shot them I suppose fifty times at wooden houses, planting, it will be necessary to sow them in hot beds cimens in his letter, is called by the French writers, at a sheet of paper extended on the houses, and the Seeds which are sown in open boxes, produce plants Teigne des blés, and, by classic authors, Oecophora result was, the eight feet gun would put as many large enough to be put out in May or June; which is cerealella; it is originally an inhabitant of the south-shot into a square of any dimensions, sixty yards, an excellent time to transplant. They should then be planted at the distance of two feet, taking care that the ern part of Europe, extending as far north as the as mine would thirty yards. She was unwieldy, to soil should have been previously well prepared, by pro- southern departments of France, where it is well be sure, and could only be shot with a rest. I saw per tillage and manure-it is well to leave a hollow known by the serious ravages it commits on the no difference in the force. A gentleman in the same around the roots to retain the water. Well rotted ma- wheat of those countries. neighbourhood, who was a great killer of canvass backs, had a gun about five feet in the barrel, car nure is preferable; and if some vegetable mould be add ENTOMOLOGY. ed, it will be much better, as well calculated to keep a with the earth-they are then completely covered with ried a pound of shot at three loads; he had good more constant moisture; in fact, it is owing principally it to a sufficient depth to resist the frost. It is worthy shores to shoot from, the ducks came near, say fifty to our very dry and hot summers, that so many failures of remark, that many which were covered in this way yards; he preferred his gun of five feet generally, in raising this vegetable occur. Besides selecting there- last fall, say in November, and which had not the ap- but when the flock was further out, on account of fore, if possible, a situation favorable for a proper de-pearance of a bud at the time, furnished in February, the tide being out, he preferred the eight feet.— gree of moisture, it is highly necessary to pay the great-on opening them, fine flowers both as to size and flavor, Some time after, the eight feet got hurt, viz: bent est attention to have the plants well and constantly wa-a sample of which, Mr. Editor, I believe was sent to you, near the muzzle, and was sent to a gun-smith's to tered. It is recommended by some to hill up the earth Plants which are intended to flower in the spring, as around the roots to the lower leaves of the plant, which late as March, may be put out as late as the first of July; straighten; he cut off eighteen inches, and it was obshould be done from the middle to the last of Septem- the seeds, in that case, should be sown in the month of served by the owner she did not shoot as well as flower-as the experiment is so simple it is worthy a takes place. ber; it is said to assist them in the formation of the May, in order to give them vigour before transplantation before. I have a gun carries seventeen balls to the pound, (4 feet 6 inches.) I will shoot her against trial. About the same time the leaves are gathered in at the top and are tied. As soon as winter makes its any gun two feet two, or three feet one inch. An The first botanical garden in Russia, in the imme-objection to short guns is, unless they are three feet appearance, she directs that the plants should be cover-diate vicinity of Moscow, belonging to Monsieur the three inches, you cannot lodge the muzzle in the ed with earth in the same bed in which they grew, by Count Nicholas Romanzoff. loosening the earth with a spade, (but taking care to prebend of your left elbow, to load, which is a great serve it around the roots;) they are bent in an oblique † [Seed of it was brought to this country, a few years convenience. A short gun is, to be sure, best to direction until the heads of the plants come in contact since, by Mr. Poinsett.] shoot at a bird that rises within fifteen or twenty yards of you, as she will scatter more and give you the greater chance; but at forty or fifty yards, will scatter so much that the chance will be two to one against hitting. I have been much in the habit of making experiments in shooting. I have shot in calm weather, balls on the water, first horizontally, then elevated the gun to one foot at the muzzle, then two feet, and so on, until I could not see where the ball struck. For want of a proper place and assistant to make the observation, I am well satisfied a good musket, loaded with the best powder, and just as much as she would burn, would throw a ball one and a half miles, at forty-five degrees elevation. I have shot my four feet six inch gun through five inches of poplar scantling, and can prove I have shot a ball through the blade of a broad axe. RECIPES. CAUTIONS IN VISITING SICK ROOMS. The undersigned devotes his professional time exclu- CHEESE, . vance. Susquehanna, superfi. Tickets will also be issued from this institution, that FLAX, Never venture into a sick room in a violent pers- will entitle any Physician or other citizen of the United GUNPOWDER, Balti.. piration, (if circumstances require a continuance States to vaccine matter on the following terms, viz. GRAIN, Indian Corn, there for any time,) for the moment the body be- Private Tickets at ten dollars each, that will entitle the Wheat, Family Flour, comes cold, it is in a state likely to absorb the infec-holders of the same to fresh matter as often as they do. Lawler,. tion, and receive the disease. Nor visit a sick per- Tickets at thirty dollars each, that will entitle all persons may have occasion to use it for three years; and Public do. Red, Buckwheat, son, (especially if the complaint be of a contagious residing in the neighbourhood of any particular Postnature) with an empty stomach; as this disposes the Office, (large towns and cities excepted) to the same system more readily to receive the infection. In at- privileges for a like period of time. Private Tickets tending a sick person, stand where the air passes are to be held by the purchasers themselves, and for from the door or window to the bed of the diseased, their own use; and Public Tickets by the Postmasters, not betwixt the diseased person and any fire that is through whose particular offices all applications for in the room, as the heat of the fire will draw the in-matter forwarded must be made. fectious vapour in that direction, and much danger would arise from breathing in it. TO PRUNE ORCHARD TREES. a All the privileges of this Institution, and advantages Surgeons of the Army and Navy of the United States, JAMES SMITH. Rye, Clover Seed, Red Peas, Black Eyed, Eastern Tan, . NAILS, 6a20d. 4 50 4 62 lb. 4 50 4 75 none 9 11 27 28 23 25 The object in pruning young trees, is to form The season for pruning orchards is generally winter or early in the spring. A weak tree ought to be pruned directly at the fall of the leaf. To prune in autumn strengthens a plant, and will bring the blossom-buds more forward; to cut the wood late in spring tends to check a plant, and is one of the remedies for excessive luxuriance. TO CLEAN PAPER HANGINGS. FOR SALE. years Cut into eight half quarters a stale quartern loaf: Four South American Jack Asses, from 2 to 5 with one of these pieces, after having blown off all old, measuring between 111 and 12 hands high, importthe dust from the paper to be cleaned, by means ed into this country by the subscriber, on board the ship of a good pair of bellows, begin at the top of theoryza, from Buenos Ayres. Apply at E. R. Sinners' hotel, Water street, near the Exchange. room, holding the crust in the hand, and wiping Sept. 23, 1825. lightly downward with the crumb, about half a yard at each stroke, till the upper part of the hangings is completely cleaned all round; then C. A. COOKSEY. CONTENTS OF THIS NUMBER. Diseases incident to Cattle in General, continued-| go again round with the like sweeping stroke Essay on the Natural History of the Mule, and its value downward, always commencing each successive for the general purposes of Agriculture, in comparison course a little higher than the upper stroke had with Horses, by Governor Wright-Mr. Henry Thompextended till the bottom be finished. This ope- son's Answer to Curwen, in defence of his Alderney ration, if carefully performed, will frequently make Cattle-Machine for Planting Cotton, and Inquiriesvery old paper look almost equal to new. Great Premiums for the Easton Cattle Show and Fair-Mecaution must be used not by any means to rub the moirs of the Pennsylvania Agricultural Society-Prospect of Crops-Cure of Diseased Fruit Trees-Simple paper hard, nor to attempt cleaning it the cross or Remedy for Scouring in Horses and Cattle-The Cauhorizontal way. The dirty part of the bread too liflower, The Squash, or Vegetable Marrow, New Memust be each time cut away, and the pieces renew-thod of Cultivating Gooseberries-Entomology-On the ed as soon as at all necessary. length of Gun-barrels-Recipes-Advertisements, &c. No. 29-VOL. 7. AMERICAN FARMER-BALTIMORE, OCTOBER 7, 1825. AGRICULTURE. DISEASES INCIDENT TO CATTLE IN GE- defended from the weather. 225 vailed. Only this part of his flock escaped the dis- died in the following autumn. No farmer in that order, which he attributed to the meadow not parish recollected to have suffered, at any other having been grazed before it was well covered, and time, from the rot in spring. Mr. Thompson, of Horncastle, informs me, that many years since, his "Luxuriant pastures seldom rot, unless they be brother occupied a low, wet close in the parish of eaten bare in hot weather. Whilst the ground is well Hatton, and lost all his sheep, before winter, of the (Concluded from p. 219, American Farmer.) concealed, it is so completely defended and protect- rot. From that time the land remained unemployBesides these preventive remedies, various medi- ed, that the sun exerts no deleterious effects upon ed till about Candlemas. It was then filled with cines have been recommended to the attention of it. In the fatal year, so often particularized, Mr. strong, healthy sheep; but they were all rotten, and farmers and breeders; though we conceive they can Elmhirst, of Bag Enderby, an experienced and zea- many of them dead before the following May-day. only be employed with probability of success in in-lous agriculturist, who occupied two hundred acres He recollects, that there was very little frost during cipient cases. Of these remedies, we select the of land in the parish of Croft, near Wainfleet, sold that winter, and consequently the effluvia were kept following: 1. Put a handful of rue into a pailful of all his heavy beasts, and many sheep, early in the alive by the abundance of the herbage. Plats gives water in the evening, and on the following morning summer. His pastures were thinly stocked with it for an infallible symptom, that when bees fail, add such a quantity of salt as will make a brine sheep only, during the rest of the year. The rot and their hives feel light, a great rot of sheep is to strong enough to float an egg. Half a pint of this was extremely destructive in all the adjoining pas- be expected; which gives a very seasonable warninfusion is to be given as a dose, every other day, tures, yet in his closes it never appeared. This ex- ing to bleed the sheep under the eye, or in the for a week. 2. Infuse soot in strong brine and stale emption from the general calamity of his neighbours, mouth, as oft as they see occasion in the end of urine, and give each animal six or seven spoonsful he attributed partly to his land being always well summer, or in autumn; or to accustom those which for eight or ten successive days. 3. Ellis recom- covered with grass, and partly to his grazing dur are suspected, to lick salt in troughs, or to take mends a peck of malt, or more, to be mashed and ing that summer entirely with sheep. In wet wea- some brine with dry food, as they may be easily brewed into twelve gallons of wort, in which a quan- ther, beasts and horses, by treading the ground, trained to it by gentle degrees; or to force down a tity of bloodwort, comfrey, pennyroyal, plantain, leave footmarks, where the water stagnates, and in dose of salt, as is directed. sage, shepherd's purse, and wormwood, are to be consequence of it, as he believes, the rot is produc- "Where necessity requires the pasturage of moist boiled; the liquor to be worked with yeast, some ed. In justice to the testimony of Mr. Elmhirst, it grounds in summer or autumn, the shepherd ought common salt to be added, when it is to be put into may be proper in me to add, that he has been an carefully to remove his flock into a dry situation a cask for use. Of this medicated beer, seven or active and judicious cultivator of land, on a large before the evening, and provide them with corn eight spoonsful are to be given to each sheep, once scale, for a great number of years, every observation and good hay, or green food." in the course of a week during wet weather; but of his is, therefore, entitled to particular attention. Upon the whole, from whatever cause the rot with longer intervals in dry seasons. "I have remarked, that sheep are most liable to may proceed, it is evident, that the chief thing on Among other remedies, we would here notice a rot immediately after losing their fleeces; and in the which the farmer can depend is, that of changing patent which was granted to a Mr. Thomas Fleet, month of November when the cold first begins. the situation of the sheep to a dry spot, or of keepin October 1794, for a medicine, which he affirms No rot can be contracted without warmth, or in ing them in warm and well-sheltered yards, and rewill not only prevent the rot in sheep, but also spring, before the sun's influence is become consigularly giving them sweet, dry keep. If medicine check the farther progress of the disorder in such derable; but, when the disposition is once acquired, be necessary, let a ball be given daily, for a fortas are already affected; so as to render them capable it can only be subdued by frost, or a long succession night, composed of five grains of muriated quickof being fattened on the same herbage which produced of cold weather Gabriel Plats assures us, with silver, and one grain of opium, in camphor or turthe disease. His restorative medicine consists of confidence, derived from the experience of seventy-pentine; increasing the proportions, if the operation the following articles, the proportions of which, four years, that the only infectious months that be deficient, and with slight intervals, if the balls however, are not stated in the specification of his beget the great rot are May and June, when exces-operate too powerfully. When the sheep begin to patent, viz: alkanet root, antimony, Armenian bole, sive moistures befall those months. In a few in- recover, salt should be constantly given them with bark, camphor, mercury, opium, salt, sulphur, tur- stances, it has appeared in April, when showery dry food; and, when they are turned out, they meric, turpentine, and distilled water, which multi- weather and great heats have prevailed. In ordi- should be driven to a dry, salubrious, and elevated farious ingredients are simply directed to be pre-nary years, meadows may be irrigated till May, sheep-walk, or into a salt marsh, if there be one in pared according to chemical, and compounded accord without any injury to the occupier. In doubtful the vicinity. ing to medical art. (Not having had experience of cases, the generation of miasms will be effectually 14. The Rubbers, or Rubs, is a species of itch, the effects of this celebrated nostrum, we cannot restrained, by continuing a copious and regular which renders sheep extremely restless, and in consay how far it answers the properties claimed for it watering till the grass is well grown. The late Mr. sequence of which they rub themselves to death, by its inventor, hence we shall only add, for the Bakewell was of opinion, that after May-day he being completely, but gradually exhausted, from information of such of our readers as may be dis- could communicate the rot at pleasure, by flooding, not being able to feed. Their skins are perfectly posed to venture a trial of it, that the remedy in and afterwards stocking his closes, while they were clean; and, when dead, their flesh becomes of a question is prepared by a Mr. Thomas, of Basing- drenched and saturated with moisture. In summer, greenish hue, without possessing any bad taste. stoke, in the county of Hants.) rivers and brooks are often suddenly swollen by Those animals which are fed on fine, rich soils, are We shall conclude these remarks on the preven- thunder storms, so as to pass over their banks, and more liable to the rubbers than those which are tion and cure of this tremendous malady, with the cover the adjacent low lands. In this state no in- pastured on poor lands; and the disease usually terfollowing interesting observations, selected from Dr. jury is sustained during the inundation; but when minates in the course of three or four months. Harrison's valuable "Inquiry," already referred to: the water returns to its former channel, copious ex- No effectual remedy has been hitherto discovered; "It is confirmed by experience, that whenever halations are produced from the swamps and low though it is probable that relief might be obtained any place is laid dry by judicious management, it lands, which are exceedingly dangerous to the hu- by washing the diseased sheep with strong soapceases to occasion the rot. For my own part I am man constitution, and to several other animals as suds or ley, or by recurring to the remedies emacquainted with many sound parishes, which, dur- well as sheep. I formerly mentioned, that during the ployed for the scab. ing their open state, were so injurious to man and summer Mr. Harrison could give the rot to his sheep 15. Scab. This disease is likewise known by the to other creatures, that I cannot sufficiently impress in a few minutes, by grazing them upon the moist soft name of shab, or ray, and is attended with an inupon my readers the importance of effectual drain- land, from which the water of the barlings had just tense itching, and cutaneous scabby eruptions, ocage, for the preservation of health. When, from retired. While there is any current, the sheep casioned by the impure state of the blood It precircumstances, the land cannot be laid dry, during will never become tainted, although they often wade vails chiefly in wet situations, and during rainy seathe summer months, it requires to be occupied with in search of their food. sons; and as the scab is said to be infectious, the great caution, since moist grounds are the most "When miasmata are once formed they preserve diseased animals ought, in every case, to be sepaprejudicial and dangerous to animal life. I have their noxious powers and destructive influence un-rated from the rest of the flock. had occasion to observe, that miasmata are produc-impaired, till the cold weather puts an end to their The scabbed should next be washed with a strong ed in some way or other by the sun's action upon force and activity. In mild seasons, epidemic dis- decoction of tobacco in brine, (in the proportion of moist ground, and, therefore, when it is well co-eases have been known to afflict the human con- one pound to two gallons,) to which a little oil of vered with grass, early in spring, we have less dan- stitution during the greatest part of winter, and turpentine has been added; or, in inveterate cases, ger to apprehend, provided we maintain a deep the pastures which have once become unsound, are with a lather of black soap, lime water, or subliherbage till the commencement of frosty weather. only to be recovered by the setting in of frost, or a mate water, and oil of turpentine; sulphur and bay "Mr. Young, of Claxby, is of opinion, that when succession of cold days and nights. salt, or Glauber's salt, being administered interna1land is well covered with grass, it becomes less dan- "The autumn and winter of 1799 and 1800 were ly. The following preparation has also been found gerous to cattle. In 1792, he divided a flock of remarkably mild and warm. At Candlemas time, effectual: Mix one pound of tobacco, one ounce of sheep, and placed fifty upon some good aftermath, sheep that were pasturing on the fen and commons white arsenic, one pint of oil of turpentine, and six where, in other seasons, the rot had frequently pre- at Walshinbrough, near Lincoln, took the rot, and quarts of beef brine, with a small quantity of tar, 29-VOL. 7. DISEASES OF LAMBS. and boil the whole till the ingredients become in- to wash the diseased spots two or three times, or after which the wounded parts may be strewed with corporated so as to form a liniment; in applying oftener, if necessary, with a liquid preparation, con- finely pulverized white lead or chalk, and this may which every scab must be broken, and the sheep be sisting of one ounce of cream of tartar, and a quar- be succeeded by rubbing them with a mixture of well rubbed, that the liquid may penetrate every ter of a pound of bay salt (both finely powdered brandy and tar. part. Another efficacious remedy was communi- and sifted,) and one ounce of corrosive sublimate, cated by Sir Joseph Banks to the "Society for the mixed together in two quarts of soft water. Or, Encouragement of Arts, Manufactures, and Com- four pounds of soft soap, and two pounds of arse- It sometimes happens that lambs, when yeaned, merce," in 1789, from whose Transactions for that nic may be steeped in thirty gallons of water, and are apparently lifeless; in which case it will be proyear we have selected it. the animals be immersed in the infusion, their heads per to blow into the mouth and nostrils-a simple Let one pound of pure quicksilver, Venice tur- being carefully kept above water, and the sheep expedient, which has been the means of restoring pentine, and common oil, of each half a pound, and sheltered from rain for one or two days. The wool multitudes of these useful animals. four pounds of hog's lard, be triturated in a mortar must be closely pressed, and the liquor that runs off The Black-water is one of the most fatal maladies till the quicksilver is thoroughly incorporated with be caught in a tub, or other vessel, for future use. to which lambs are subject; the cause is not precisethe various ingredients. In applying this ointment, Of this application, it is sufficient to state, that it is ly ascertained, but the disease carries them off very the head of the sheep must be first rubbed; after approved of and used by those eminent agricultu- suddenly, and occurs chiefly in the autumnal quarwhich a furrow is to be drawn with the finger, from rists, Lord Somerville, and T. W. Coke, Esq., of ter. The best preventive hitherto known is, to keep the region between the ears, along the back to the Holkham-hall, in the county of Norfolk: the pro- them on very dry pastures. point of the tail, so as to divide the wool, till the portion above specified is sufficient to bathe forty The Blood, or Red-water, likewise often proves a skin be exposed to the touch. Then the finger, lambs. The preparation by Mr. Preist, of Nor- mortal distemper to lambs. Its symptoms are, lamebeing dipped into the unguent, must be drawn wich [mentioned in Am. Farmer, p. 202,] may also ness and a slight swelling of the joints, accompaalong the skin; and similar furrows should be made be beneficially employed in this disease. nied with a violent inflammation that spreads over down the shoulders and thighs, as far as the wool 17. Affections of the Udders of Ewes.-After the the whole animal, and which, if disregarded, terextends; and if the sheep be much infected, two lambs are yeaned, the lacteal ducts of ewes' udders minates its existence in the course of twenty-four other lines, or furrows, ought to be drawn parallel are liable to various obstructions, in consequence of hours. This disorder is produced by too great a to that on the back; and one should also be traced hard tumours being formed, which are accompa- quantity of food remaining on the stomach, in a downwards on each side, between the fore and hind nied with inflammation; and which, if not shortly crude and undigested state. As soon, therefore, as legs. After this application, it is stated, that the relieved, will terminate in a mortification in twenty-the disease appears, the lambs must be taken home sheep may be turned out among the flock without four hours. As soon as such tumours are discover from grass, be bled, and an emollient clyster adminfear of communicating infection, as the blotches ed, the wool must be shorn closely off, and the part istered. Two or three ounces of castor oil, or as will in a few days dry up, the intolerable itching affected be frequently rubbed with camphorated many grains of emetic tartar, should next be giv will subside, and the animals will be perfectly cured spirit of wine. Should suppuration ensue, the parts en, and the bleeding repeated, if no favourable without any injurious effects resulting from the use must be opened with a sharp knife, or razor, and symptoms appear; the treatment above specified of such unction. But this external remedy should, the morbid matter expressed, when a little fresh being continued for four, five or six days, as the in the opinion of Sir Joseph Banks, be not delayed butter, or any common healing salve, may be ap-case may require; and, during that term, the lamb longer than Michaelmas. plied to the wound. Ewes, when thus affected, should be fed with milk. But, says Mr. Hogg, (Shepherd's Guide, p. 96,) ought to be kept separate from the flock; and The skit is a kind of scour, or diarrhoea, and is the most effectual cure is that which can now be though one teat may probably be lost, yet she may sometimes divided into green and white, according got in any apothecary's shop, known by the name be allowed to suckle her lamb; but when both teats to the appearance of the dung. Give a decoction of sheep ointment. It is a strong mercurial compo- are affected, there is no alternative but to fatten her of hartshorn shavings and finely scraped chalk, in sition; and the most safe way is, for the apothecary off for sale, and to bring up the lamb by hand. which a few grains of opium have been dissolved, to put it up in small balls, each of which he may 18. White Scour. This disorder is a peculiarly and keep them on dry, wholesome food, in a welldeem sufficient and safe to be rubbed upon a sheep violent and uncommon looseness, occasioned by sheltered yard. at once; for as different hands may make it of dif- sheep feeding on putrescent vegetables, especially ferent strength, the most experienced applier can the shells of turnips, when suffered to lie on the hardly be a competent judge how much is sufficient ground after the flesh or pulp has been scooped out. In the management of swine, various hints have for each animal, without some such precaution. Let The diseased sheep must be separated from the already been given for the regular supplying them the shepherd, then, take one of these balls at a flock, and three large spoonsful of the following with food, and a due regard to cleanliness; these time, and mix it with three gills, or a mutchkin of mixture be given them, every second or third day, attentions cannot be too forcibly impressed, as, on train oil, and if the animal be thoroughly infected, as the nature of the case may require: Mix half a account of the unruly habits of these animals, they put the whole of this upon it, as close to the skin pound of finely powdered and sifted dry bay salt, are the worst patients with which a farmer can be as possible; but if it is only scabbed or itching on with one pint of old verjuice, and then add half a tormented. some parts of its body, perhaps each of these mix-pint of common gin. As poverty of keep is the 1. Gargut. This is an inflammatory affection of tures may serve two. If the infected parts are primary cause of this malady, the animals must be the udder, or bag, being distended with coagulated mostly on the back, or upper parts of its body, the allowed the best and most wholesome dry food. milk, whence the lacteal ducts are obstructed. It shepherd must make a shed, or opening of the wool, 19. Wounds. Besides the various casualties above is chiefly occasioned by not sucking down in proper exactly on the very ridge of the back, from the specified, sheep are liable to receive injuries from time; though too rich keep, before the time of farcrown to the tail; let him shed it clean to the skin, being wounded by thorns, &c.; or worried, torn or rowing, will also produce this malady. In slight and keep it open with both hands, while another bitten by mischievous dogs, or such as are not tho-cases, the udders may be bathed with camphorated pours in the ointment from a common tea-pot. He roughly broken in. Although such accidents may spirits of wine; but as the young pigs will never must not keep the wool too close down with his be in general prevented by due care and attention, suck their dams when the milk becomes vitiated, hands, else it will cause the ointment to drip upon yet in cases of common green wounds it may be there is no alternative but gently to express the it. In this case, a few sheds, or openings, will do; necessary to apply some healing or emollient bal-corrupted milk, if it can be effected; otherwise it but if it is scabbed about the belly and throat, it sam or salve. With this intention, let one ounce will be best to kill the sow, which must necessarily must be shed very thick, and the ointment rubbed of myrrh, a similar quantity of socotrine aloes, and perish from the inattention above noticed. on the skin with the fingers, as it cannot then spread four ounces of purified turpentine, be mixed with a 2. Fever, or rising of the lights, as it is likewise in the skin by running. Let it always be done in quart of good brandy in a bottle. The vessel should called, appears to originate from over-feeding; it dry weather; and it is a safe and certain remedy, be corked up and exposed for one or two weeks to may be removed by administering a mixture of sulthough perhaps the scab may again appear on the a moderate heat, after which it may be strained off phur and oil. offspring of this flock. and preserved for future use in a closely-stopped 3. Diseases of the Lungs. These are generally 16. The Tick is a small, brownish, and flat in-bottle. accompanied with a dry, husky cough, and wasting sect, infesting sheep, and which, if not speedily de- Lastly, the farmer or shepherd ought frequently, of the flesh, occasioned by too great exposure to stroyed, materially injures both the flesh and wool if not daily, to examine his flock, and see that their cold and wet. The best remedy is a warm, dry into which it insinuates itself. When the vermin tails and buttocks be kept perfectly clean, otherwise stye, with a regular supply of food that is calculathave settled, scabs are formed on the surface, they will become tagged, or belted, i. e. the skin ed to keep them cool, and allay the irritation attenwhence a small quantity of matter issues: as the in-will become excoriated and sore from the dung that dant on their cough. DISEASES INCIDENT TO SWINE. sects increase in growth, the scab becomes propor-adheres to those parts, especially when the animals 4. The Mange, like the scab in sheep, is a cutationably larger, and at its full size nearly resembles are affected with the flux, or white scour. Where neous eruption, occasioned by inattention to cleana middling-sized horse-bean. In order to remove this is the case, the sheep must be taken into a dry, liness in hog-styes. It is easily known by the viothese noxious vermin, (which spread very rapidly,) separate yard, and well washed with soap-suds, the lent rubbing of swine against trees, or any hard it has been recommended to separate the wool, and wool around the sores being previously removed-substance, with such violence as to tear away the head of the pustule, and to produce a disagreeable been liberal till July, in moisture, there was an be regulated by the early or late setting in of coof scab. When this disease appears, the animal af abundant harvest of straw; but either from the un-weather, and cannot always be foreseen, as the fected must be separated from the rest of the herd, usual June storm, or the sudden and violent explo-weather that follows is more important than that' washed thoroughly with a strong soap-ley, and sion of heat just before the proper time of ripening which precedes the beginning. anointed with the following unguent, recommended arrived, the grain in nine cases out of ten is misera- I am one of a very few farmers who believe that by Dr. Norford, (Annals of Agriculture, vol. xv.) bly light and defective; and he who this year has wheat sown before the 1st of October is no better, Incorporate one ounce of fine flour of sulphur, two made two-thirds of a full crop of pretty good wheat, nor generally so good, as that sown at that time, drachms of fresh-pulverized white hellebore, three is among the most fortunate of farmers. even if it escape the fly; although the prospects in ounces of hog's-lard, and half an ounce of the water We had but little hessian fly, (I use the vulgar the fall and winter may be much more flattering. of kali, (as prepared in the shops,) so as to form an name,) and something more than usual of the fly We farmers almost all hanker after being able ointment. This is to be rubbed in at one time, and that depredates in the centre of the straw, and the to sow the last of August, or the first of Septemis said to be sufficient for a beast of six or seven liberal rains in the spring and early summer, nulli- ber, because our forefathers were so successful; stone: if properly applied, Dr. N. states that no re-fied the ravages of these insects, where the land while we resolutely shut our eyes upon the fact petition will be necessary, if the hog be kept per- was, as we call it, "in good heart." The season the winters then set in at least six weeks earlier fectly clean after the cure is performed. In case having arrived for sowing wheat, I propose to ar- than they now do. We act as if we doubted that there is a slight cough, he directs from half an rest your attention while I indulge in a few old fash- this change is the regular effect of a natural cause, ounce to one ounce and an half of crude antimony, ioned reflections upon that subject, which probably and as obstinately shut our eyes upon the changes according to the size of each animal, to be finely may fatigue you before I have done. The subject wrought by the hand of man upon our western pulverized and mixed with his daily food, for ten is an important one, as so much is at stake upon mountains and vallies. mixture while hot. days or a fortnight, when the swine will be perfect judicious or injudicious management; and to devise Having troubled you with my premises and dely restored. But if, from long neglect, the neck, means to avoid the great enemy of the wheat crop, ductions, the soundness of which, few men are more ears, (especially in the large, lop-eared hogs,) or has racked the brains for a long time, of us all. competent to pronounce upon, than the editor of other parts become ulcerated, they should be anoint- The idle fancy that the hessian fly passes a part of the Farmer, I will now mention a fact, parallel to ed every third or fourth day with a little tar oint his existence in the grain, and thus is perpetuated, which, every experienced farmer, perhaps in every ment, prepared by mixing equal parts of mutton sprung up in Pennsylvania twenty-five years ago; old neighbourhood, may bring to his recollection. suet and tar over a gentle fire, and straining such and as fast as experiment and light upon the sub- It is a very common thing in every neighbourhood, ject irradiates it in one place, you have found it for some one farmer, once in four or five years, to 5. Measles. This disorder exists chiefly in the springing up in another. The opinion yet exists, take it into his head to begin to seed wheat early in throat, which is internally filled with small pustules, and it will continue to exist, so long as the grain is September. If he is dashing and adventurous, or or tumours, that sometimes appear on the outward perforated and devoured by another insect. With-sees things more clearly than his neighbours, he surface of the neck. It is known by the languor out stopping to prove this negative position, which will sow his field; if he is of the more wary, I will and decline in flesh of the animal affected, and may any sceptic may prove to his own satisfaction, with not say timid, character, he will sow one bushel or be removed by giving small quantities of levigated the aid of a little scalding water, or quick-lime, a few more to ascertain the fact whether his concrude antimony in his food. will lay down a few affirmative positions, and thence jectures are true; that is whether it is better to sow 6. The Murrain, or leprosy, in swine, is indicated make the deduction, that although we cannot extir-early than late. In several of these experiments, I by shortness and heat of breath, heads hanging pate the fly, without totally abandoning the wheat have seen tolerable success; but all that I have pardown, staggering, and a secretion of viscid matter crop, we may yet, by a little concert against the ticularly noticed have been disastrous to the neighfrom the eyes. Cause: chiefly hot seasons, in con-common enemy, circumscribe his mischief within bouring fields without exception, and the success sequence of which the blood becomes inflamed.- much narrower limits than is his present sphere. has only been seen by a comparison with the injurRemedy: boil a handful of nettles in a gallon of The first position, then, which I shall affirm is, ed wheat, immediately around; not on comparison small beer, then add half a pound of flour of sul- that wheat is the favourite and almost exclusive with wheat without the sphere of the mischief of the phur, a quarter of a pound of pulverized aniseeds, plant which affords sustenance to the hessian fly. hot bed. I will therefore mention two experiments, three ounces of liquorice, and a quarter of a pound 2d. That the hessian fly, like other insects and the first, and another the last, that I have particuof elecampane. Give this liquid in milk, at six animals, is increased and multiplied by the quantity larly noticed. doses; and keep the diseased animals on wholesome of food afforded him, and that to continue the race Mr. J. P. an old and intelligent farmer on Kent food. But the best preventive is to keep swine of every new flight of fly, it is necessary to it, to island, believing the island to be more exempt from clean and cool in summer, and to allow no carrion, find the plant in that particular stage of growth fly than other places, determined to sow early in or filth whatever, to remain near their styes. somewhere, which is known to be suitable to it, September. His crop although not fine, was the [Complete Grazier. upon its first escape from the chrysalis. best in the immediate neighbourhood. The very 3d. That from the correct time, as given by Gen. late sown wheat that year was nearly totally ́desCocke, required for the progress of hatching and troyed; whilst all sown after Mr. P's, was injured. existence, till the maturity of this insect, which has This induced several of his neighbours to try the Queen Anne's county, Oct. 1st, 1825. been witnessed by almost every farmer, it is evident, like experiment the year after. HAVING now a little leisure, and feeling something there are constant successions of broods throughout The neighbourhood was then filled with fly, and more in the mood of prosing than happens once in the whole of the year, from March till November. the result was, with the exception of one crop, Mr. a year, I will avail myself of this opportunity to 4th. That the stock of fly is at its lowest ebb in J. W's, a wide spread desolation through the whole state to you, that the corn crops in this and the July and August, when the wheat plant is in the neighbourhood, with all the wheat both early and three adjoining counties are, in my opinion, shorter most unpropitious state to nurture it; and is again late sown; and these farmers hastened back to their than I have ever known them; even in that disas- after that period amply replenished by the food from October sowing. DEAR SIR, HESSIAN FLY. trous corn-year of 1816, when the crop was ruined the vegetation of wheat in the stubbles in wet sea- The last instance that I mention, occurred immeby frost in every month in the year, and when the sons, and by the hand of the seedsman-when one diately in my own neighbourhood, near the extrepractical philosophy of that day taught us to believe, farmer will begin in August and another finish in mity of a long neck, not much infested with the inthat the absence of the usual quantum of heat was December, and the whole interval be filled up by sect, when we all sowed about the same time. Mr. caused by the large spots on the disc of the sun, somebody in the neighbourhood at work! W. R. sowed about twenty bushels of Lawler early which were obvious to the naked eye for months Hence I draw this conclusion: that the hessian in September, for experiment; then saved his corn together. I suppose, like other matters of farming, fly is an enemy that we cannot successfully war fodder, and went on in October, to sow his crop. a few years more of experience will settle the dis- with single handed; and that to keep him down we The result was that the twenty bushels of Lawler puted question, and a certain knowledge, whether can only succeed by an united effort. To extirpate looked well through the fall and spring, but produthey are the means of increasing, or abating heat. him I believe impossible, without, as I before said, ced but a poor crop at last, and the residue of his We shall ascertain whether these spots be burning giving up the crop. If, therefore, a county or a field suffered much with the fly. The year followmountains in the sun, or some other irregular in-state would agree to begin on a given day, and ing, his crop, and the farm next adjoining him, and truders, thrusting themselves between the glorious finish on a given day, there is on my mind no doubt adjoining next below mine, suffered very much orb they seem fixed upon, and the one less lumi- that we might put this enemy at defiance; without more than any other farms within my observation, nous, on which we are stationed. such a regulation we cannot. Upwards of twenty though there was but little depredation generally, I am thoroughly persuaded, and it is the current years of my own experience, and a comparison of and next to none from hessian fly on my farm. opinion, that from the severe drought, and intense ideas with a great number of intelligent and expe- The conclusion then that the sowing of a field or heat without moisture, that the four counties spoken rienced farmers, warrants me in saying, that the patch of wheat before the best time generally to beof will not make as much as will be requisite for best time on this shore to begin, is from the 1st to gin, is both extremely mischievous in operation, as their own consumption, with even more strict eco- the 6th of October, and to finish from the 15th to producing a nursery for the insect; and is in itself nomy than is usually practised. The season having the 20th of the same month. This variation is to an unfair mode of comparison, because it sows the |