We understand, says a London paper, that an allowance of 75,000l. will be made to the dealers who have paid the original duty since the 5th July last. In the week previous to the 11th ult., no fewer than twenty vessels arrived at the port of Liverpool from New York, and from the United States in all forty-five. The arrangements for the expedition to the interior of Africa, were completed. Captain Clapperton would soon set out, accompanied by Captain Pierce, and Mr. Dickson as a medical attendant. RECIPES. TO PRESERVE GRAPES. tions will be chiefly upon English works, some al- PRICES CURRENT. WHOLESALE. RETAIL. per from to from to ARTICLES. COFFEE, W.I. Green, . do. Common, An advance of 1 cent ... 28 7 10 11 18 19 20 25 16 17 18 20 HOME-MADE WINES.-Since we are accused, without foundation, of denouncing home-made wines, we have a right to assert, that if particular attention has been paid in this journal to any one subject more than another, it has been so paid to pointing out the best kinds, and the best method of cultivat- each number to No. 18. ing the vine, and of making wine. The present CANDLES, Mould, Dipt, and previous volumes abound in proof of this. To get prepared a translation of a most valuable essay FEATHERS, Live,.. CHEESE,. on the cultivation of the vine, which we are now FISH, Herrings,Sus. publishing, from a late number of the Baron FerShad, trimmed, rusac's Bulletin des Sciences, has cost us more pains FLAXSEED, Rough,. Where there are several bunches in one branch, than it does some people to make a book. The FLOUR, Superfine, city, bbl. 4 75 5 25 it may be cut off, leaving about 6 inches in length fame of Major Adlum's vineyard and his wine, and Fine, or more, of the wood, according to the distance, the existence of the pamphlet he has published on Susquehanna, superfi. between the bunches, and a little on the outside the subject, have been proclaimed through this FLAX, of the fruit at each end; seal both ends with com- journal, in every state in the Union. We have al- GUNPOWDER, Balti.. 25 lb 4 50 mon bottle wax, then hang them across a line in a ways admired his zeal, as we should that of every GRAIN, Indian Corn, dry room, taking care to clip out with a pair of scis-one who perseveres in endeavours to open, and to Wheat, Family Flour, do. Lawler,. sors, any of the berries that begin to decay or be- demonstrate the profits of a new branch of indusdo. Red, come mouldy, which, if left, would taint the others. try-but we have not gone "a tilting" against all Buckwheat, In this way grapes may be kept till February; but those who believe that we are not yet capable of Rye, if cut before the bunches are too ripe they may be supplying ourselves advantageously with wines of Barley, kept much longer. fine qualities; nay, we have so far ventured, contra Grapes may be kept by packing them in jars (eve- bonos mores, as to let in the declaration of a playful ry bunch being first wrapped up in soft paper,) and correspondent, that "home-made wines, whether of covering every layer with bran, well dried, laying grapes or gooseberries, persimmons or parsnips, a little of it in the bottom of the jar; then a layer were fit for any thing, but to drink"-and here is of grapes, and so on, a layer of bran and of grapes the "head and front of our offending." alternately, till the jar is filled: then shake it gently, and fill it to the top with bran, laying some paper SPORTS OF THE TURF.-The Norfolk steam boat over it, and covering the top with a bladder tied brought up on Tuesday last, two celebrated Virgifirmly on to exclude the air; then put on the top or cover of the jar, observing that it fits close. These nia horses-Henry and la Fayette. They are going, jars should be kept in a room where a fire can be it is said, to New York, to run match races. kept in wet damp weather. TOBACCO.-Very little improvement has occurred in the prices of tobacco of the highest quality-but The following method of making the extract of all of middling and inferior qualities of Maryland malt, has been found very efficacious in allaying a tobacco, have improved at least 20 per cent. within OIL, Whale, common, Linseed, troublesome cough, and in spitting of blood; and, the last month. Within a few days, 48 hhds., part if taken in time, would prevent a pulmonary con- of the crop of R. W. Bowie, of Prince George's, of PORK, Baltimore Mess, bbl 14 50 16 do. sumption. "red" quality, sold for 10 dollars per hundred round. PLASTER, cargo price, ton. 5 38 Let a peck of the best malt be ground and put Yesterday brought advices four days later from Eu- POTATOES, into an earthen pan; pour 6 quarts of boiling water rope; these, we understand, represent what (in the RICE, fresh, over it, stir it well and cover it up close. Let it phraseology of the market,) is called "a calm”—and SOAP, Baltimore White, stand 28 hours; after which, strain it through a clean are not calculated to advance or depress the present do. Brown, coarse cloth; then put it into a preserving pan over prices. WHISKEY, 1st proof, a gentle fire, stirring and skimming it all the while. PEACH BRANDY, 4th pr APPLE BRANDY, 1st pr Let it boil till it comes to a syrup that ropes, and is as thick as treacle. Put it into galley-pots, and when SUGARS, Havana White, c.lb. lo. Brown, cold cover it up close. A tea-spoonful of this may Louisiana, be taken in a morning, fasting, and at night going The subscriber offers for sale, a flock of between six Loaf, to bed; and at other times when the cough is trou-and seven hundred fine, young, and healthy Merino Sheep. W. H. FITZHUGH. Ravensworth, near Alexandria, D. C. Sept. 11th, 1825. blesome. THE FARMER. BALTIMORE, FRIDAY, SEPTEMBER 16, 1825. WASHINGTON WHITE WHEAT FOR SEED. Amount of Inspections in the state warehouses, during the last week-410 hhds. MERINO SHEEP-FOR SALE. CONTENTS OF THIS NUMBER. Diseases incident to Cattle in general, continuedOn the Improvement of our Native breed of horned Cattle by importation, concluded-Cotton, table of Exports-Alderney Cow, propensity to fatten, weight and Those who would supply themselves with seed keep-White Flint Wheat, comparative value of-Antiwheat of superior quality, may procure it from W. dote to the Wevil-Weather and Crops-Wild Rice of Cooke, Esq. who has for sale, wheat of the above North America-Frederick Agricultural Society, Premidescription, of the crop of Tench Tilghman, Esq. ums for domestic productions-Essay on the Cultivation whose care and success in preserving his white of the Vine, by Mr. Brun-Chappuis, of Vevey, concludwheat in a state of great purity and perfection is ed-On Making and Preserving Cider-On the length. well known. of Gun-barrels-The Road to Health, or a Physician's opinion of Hunting-On the deleterious consequence of the use of Tobacco-Miscellaneous items-Recipes, THE LADIES' DEPARTMENT will be filled, we hope, to Preserve Grapes, Extract of Malt-Editorial-Adto their taste, in the next number. As our requisi-vertisement-Prices Current. 200 12 bush 75 1 00 c.lb. 3 25 3 50 12 14 18 6 8 9 10 No. 27-VOL. 7. AMERICAN FARMER-BALTIMORE, SEPTEMBER 23, 1825. AGRICULTURE. GENERAL OBSERVATIONS 209 sen the collar, and make it sit close and easily on farmer's interest to have a breed that is liable neithe animal while employed in draught. The car- ther to disease nor to any hereditary distemper. A case should be large, the bosom broad, and chest dark colour, and in cattle which are kept out all deep; the ribs standing out from the spine, both to the winter, a rough and curled pile, or coat of hair, ON BUYING AND STOCKING A FARM WITH CATTLE. give strength of frame and constitution, and like- are, in the popular estimation, certain indications "THE benefit," observes that enlightened agricul- wise to admit of the intestines being lodged within of hardiness; but it is obvious to every thinking turist, Mr. Young,* "to be derived from the occu- the ribs. Further, the shoulders ought not only person, that this quality, though in some respects pation of land, depends so much on the farmer be light of bone and rounded off at the lower point, inherent in particular breeds, depends, in a great commanding the requisite capital, that it is ex- that the collar may sit easily, but also broad, to im-measure, upon the method in which cattle are tremely necessary for the young beginner to be part strength; and well covered with flesh, that the treated. well advised on this essential point." Assuming it, animal may draw with greater ease, as well as to 8. Connected with hardiness of constitution, is therefore, as certain, that such a beginner is provid- furnish a desired point of fattening cattle. The early maturity, which, however, can only be attained with that indispensable requisite, we shall pro-back also ought to be wide and level throughout; ed by feeding cattle in such a manner as to keep ceed to state a few general hints on the buying and the quarters long, the thighs thin, and narrow at them constantly in a growing state. By an observ stocking of his farm with cattle, and shall intro- the round bone. The legs ought, below the knee ance of this principle, it has been found that beasts duce, under the respective accounts of rearing and and hock, to be straight, and of a moderate length; and sheep, thus managed, thrive more in three years, breeding the different species, such remarks on their light boned; clean from fleshiness, yet having joints than they usually do in five, when they have not suffi various merits and demerits, as will materially assist and sinews of a moderate size, for the united pur-cient food during the winter, by which, in the comhim in the course of his labours. poses of strength and activity. In these points all mon mode of rearing, their growth is checked. The first object of attention, then, is to consider intelligent breeders concur; but, as beauty of shape 9. A kindly disposition to take fat on the most the proportion between his stock, and the quantity too often depends on the caprice of fashion, it is valuable parts of the carcass, at an early age, of feed which will be necessary to support them. more requisite to regard. and with little food, when compared with the The nature, situation, and fertility of the soils that 2. Utility of form, or that nice proportion of the quantity and quality consumed in less fertile sicompose his farm, are equally worthy of notice, as parts to which Mr. Bakewell bestowed so much at- tuations, by which means the supply will be great well as the purpose for which he designs more par- tention, and which has already been noticed. er for the consumer. On this account, smaller ticularly to rear or feed his cattle; whether for the 3. The flesh, or texture of the muscular parts; cattle are recommended by C. G. Grey, Esq., pail, or with the view of supplying the markets. a quality wnich was formerly noticed only by butch-("Letters and Papers of the Bath and West of In fact, it will be expedient to observe the greatest ers, but the knowledge of which the enlightened England Society," vol. x. p. 262,) as generally havexactness in this proportion, because, in case he farmers or breeders of the present day, have not ing a more natural disposition to fatten, and as reshould overstock his land, his loss will be certain blushed to acquire from them: although this quali- quiring, proportionably to the larger animal, less and great, while, on the other hand, he will incur ty necessarily varies, according to the age and size food to make them fat; consequently, the greater a diminution in his profit, if he should not stock his of cattle, yet it may be greatly regulated by atten- quantity of meat for consumption can be made per land with as many cattle as it will bear. tion to the food employed for fattening them. As a acre. In stall feeding," the nature, method and Formerly, a great prejudice prevailed in favour knowledge of this requisite can only be acquired advantages of which will be stated in a subsequent of big-boned, large beasts; but it has been ascer- by practice, it is sufficient to state, that the best chapter, he remarks that, "whatever may be the tained that this breed is, in point of profit, much sign of good flesh is that of being marbled, or hav-food, the smaller animal pays most for that food. inferior to the middle sized kind; and, by a careful ing the fat and lean finely veined, or intermixed, In dry lands, the smaller animal is always sufficientattention to the selection of stock, no inconsidera when the animals are killed; and, while alive, by a ly heavy for treading, in wet lands, less injurious." ble progress may be made towards the improvement firm and mellow feel. And as to milk, he is decisively of opinion, that the of the different species. Among the various pro- 4. In rearing live stock of any description, italler animal produces more goods for the food fessional breeders of modern times, few have attain should be an invariable rule to breed from small- she consumes, than those of a larger size. ed greater celebrity than the late Mr. Bakewell, of boned, straight-backed, healthy, clean, kindly-skin- 10. The hide of cattle is also worthy of noticeDishley, to wham ano indebted for many new ed, round bodied, and barrel-shaped animals, with as, by the simple touch, both butchers and graziers and important improvements in the science of rear-clean necks and throats, and little or no dewlap; are enabled to judge of their dispusilion to atten ing cattle. The principle which he invariably carefully rejecting all those which may have heavy Sir John Sinclair has justly remarked, that "when adopted was, to select the best beast, that would legs and roach backs, together with much appear-the hide or skin feels soft or silky, it strongly indi weigh most in the valuable joints; so that, while he ance of offal. And, as some breeds have a tenden-cates a tendency in the animal to take on meat: gained in point of shape, he also acquired a more cy to generate great quantities of fat on certain and it is evident, that a fine and soft skin must be hardy breed; and, especially by attending to the parts of the body, while in others it is more mixed more pliable, and more easily stretched out to rekindliness of their skin, he became possessed of a with the flesh of every part of the animal, this cir- ceive any extraordinary quantity of flesh, than a race which was more easily fed and fattened than cumstance will claim the attention of the breeder thick or tough one. At the same time, thick hides any other. as he advances in business. are of great importance in various manufactures. Till within a few years, the invariable practice 5. In the purchasing of cattle, whether in a lean Indeed, they are necessary in cold countries, where was to judge by the eye only, without regarding the or fat state, the farmer should, on no account, buy cattle are much exposed to the inclemency of the other qualities of the animal intended to be pur- beasts out of richer or better grounds than those seasons; and in the best breeds of Highland cattle chased; but, in the present improved age, a more ra- into which he intends to turn them; for, in this case the skin is thick in proportion to their size, without tional mode of forming the judgment is adopted. he must inevitably sustain a very material loss, by being so tough as to be prejudicial to their capacity The sense of touch is now brought in aid of the sight; the cattle not thriving, particularly if they be old. of fattening." and, by repeated practice, the art of judging of the It will, therefore, be advisable to select them, either 11. Working, or an aptitude for labour: a point kindliness to fatten has been brought to such per- from stock feeding in the neighbourhood, or from of infinite importance in a country whose popula fection, that any well informed breeder, who has such breeds as are best adapted to the nature and tion is so extensive as that of Britain, and where personal experience, can, on examining lean beasts, situation of the soil. the consumption of grain by horses has so material tell, almost instantaneously, in what points or parts they will, or will not fatten. In the selection, therefore, of live stock in general, the young farmer will find it necessary attentively to consider the following particulars: 6. Docility of disposition, without being deficient an influence on the comforts and existence of the in spirit, is of equal moment; for, independently of inhabitants. As, however, there is a difference of the damage committed by cattle of wild tempers on opinion on this subject, the reader is referred to the fences, fields, which inconvenience will thus be ob- fifth section of this chapter, where the question is viated, it is an indisputable fact, that tame beasts fully discussed. require less food to rear, support and fatten them— 12. Whether kine be purchased for the plough, or for the purpose of fattening, in addition to the essentials already stated, it will be necessary to see that they are young, in perfect health, full mouthed, and not broken either in tail, hair, or pizzle; that the hair stare not, and that they are not hide-bound; otherwise they will not feed kindly. The same remark is applicable to cows intended for the pail, the horns of which should be fair and smooth, the fore head broad and smooth, udders white, yet not 1. Beauty, or symmetry of shape; in which the form is so compact, that every part of the animal consequently every attention ought to be paid, earbears an exact consistency, while the carcass should ly to accustom them to be docile and familiar. be deep and broad, and the less valuable parts (such 7. Hardiness of constitution, particularly in bleak as the head bones, &c.) ought to be as small as pos- and exposed districts, is indeed a most important resible. For working cattle, more particularly, Mr. quisite; and, in every case, it is highly essential to a Marshall states the following proportions as being essentially necessary, viz: That the neck be thin and clean, to lighten the fore-end as well as to les Farmer's Calendar, ed. of 1804, p. 481. * As this word may probably often appear in the course of the subsequent pages, it may not be altogether irrelevant to state, that it implies a skin which feels mellow, i. e. soft, yet firm to the touch, and which is † Sir John Sinclair's "Hints regarding Cattle," in the equally distant to the hard, dry skin, peculiar to some Farmer's Magazine, vol. iii. p 154. 27-VOL. 7. cattle, as it is from the loose and flabby feel of others." *Chap. III. Sect. II. "Hints regarding Cattle," p. 157, &c. 210 fleshy, but in and loose when empty, to hold the greater quantity of milk, but large when full; provided with large dug-veins to fill it, and with four long elastic teats, in order that the milk may be more easily drawn off. Weight of quarters and hide. 912 lbs. 1012 lbs. or seven pair only have been trained to the yoke the oldest of which are four years old; three pair of which we improve. They appear to possess all of the requisite qualities desirable in the labouring ox, Total 1012 lbs. which is the exact weight. He being remarkable for docility, activity, and to en13. Age. Beside the rules above stated, there run with the cows through the summer until about dure heat and fatigue. Their colour, a beautiful are some particulars with regard to the age of neat the 1st of September. At that time was put to feed mahogany red, has always been a favourite one in or black cattle, and sheep, which will merit the far- for the purpose of fattening, and had pumpkins given the northern states for working oxen. A pair of mer's consideration. him occasionally until December, and then he was unspotted bright red oxen would always, in conse"Sheep, in general, renew their first two teeth sent into the stable and fed with a half a bushel of quence of their colour, sell from six to ten dollars from fourteen to sixteen months old, and afterwards cob meal per day, until the first of February, at higher than any other description of colour of equal every year, about the same time, until they are which time he was slaughtered. His beef was very size and shape. I remain your friend and humble serv't, turned three years old, or rather three shear, to good. We noticed a letter published by Mr. Powel, written to him by a Mr. E. Wolcott, of E. Windsor, Connecticut, which appeared in the American 9 Farmer of the 15th July, wherein is stated, “I have seen the imported Devons, both in Connecticut and Maryland, and have never had but one opinion of East Hartford, August 30th, 1825. them, which is, that they are inferior to our native stock." We are unacquainted with Mr. Wolcott, Gentlemen-Yours of the 24th inst. came safely he never having, in his travels, called upon us to see old, when they get two new teeth; at three they the bull I purchased of Mr. Hudson, and the man- Devons are principally owned, and had been better "Neat cattle cast no teeth until turned two years to hand, requesting me to give you the weight of our stock, but we have the candour to believe, had he resided in Litchfield county, the district where the get two more; and in every succeeding year get ner of feeding him. You doubtless saw him at the two, until five years old, when they are called full- cattle show, and noticed the condition he was in at acquainted with them, his prejudices against the mouthed, though they are not properly full-mouthed that time. I then sent him into the stable, and fed Devons would have changed into warm partialities until six years old, because the two corner teeth, him on meal and potatoes (principally potatoes,) in their favour. Perhaps he did not have the pleawhich are last in renewing, are not perfectly up un- three months; then killed him. sure of attending the last cattle show at Hartford, til they are six."t where were exhibited from Farmington, a number The horns of neat cattle, also supply another criof half-blood Devons, sired by Holkham, which terion by which the judgment may be assisted, afwere so much admired, and in competition with ter the signs afforded by the teeth become uncertain. every other breed, short horns not excepted, took When three years old, their horns are smooth and every premium. They were from five months to handsome; after which period there appears a cirthree years old. The same was the fact in regard cle, or wrinkle, which is annually increased as long to our last cattle show in Litchfield, the account of as the horn remains; so that, according to the num- weigh 400 lbs. if slaughtered. which, owing to an unfortunate circumstance, has ber of these circles or rings, the age of a beast not been published. Mr. W. speaks of the celebratmay be ascertained with tolerable precision, unless ed Bissell ox, slaughtered in Boston, in 1809, which such wrinkles are defaced or artificially removed, NOTE. We sold the above bull to H. Hudson, he supposes "resembled the improved short horn by scraping or filing; a fraudulent practice, which Esq., of Hartford, when about seven months old. breed" Is he not aware that, that ox had long is but too frequently adopted, in order to deceive He was sired by Holkham, and out of a smallish spread horns. In order to show by the straws which the ignorant or inexperienced purchaser with res- native cow that weighed alive, at the time we sold way the wind blows, as the saying is, we will copy the calf, 812 lbs. At the time we saw him at the from the Connecticut Mirror, a paper published in post to the real age of the animal. [Complete Grazier. cattle show he was not in high order, and when Hartford, a paragraph published soon after the last killed was three years and nine months old. cattle show in that city. six, while others think that they renew the whole | MESSRS. S. HURLBERT & Co. eight fore teeth. COKE DEVONS. Winchester, Litchfield county, Conn. 14th Sept. 1825. of the Weight as follows-Tallow, Total, Hide and quarters, . 150 lbs. 1139 1289 "The Devonshire breed of cattle.-Whoever went Farmington, 12th August, 1825. about the South Green, on the day of the show and fair of the Hartford county Agricultural Society, must Gentlemen-I received a line from you respect-have observed the beauty, size and colour of the cattle ing the weight of my bull which was killed last exhibited. The best of them were of the Devonshire breed. They not only obtained all the premiums, March. but drew the most attention from the by-standers. There were many other fine specimens of cattle, but we have been told that farmers almost universally preferred this breed. Ed. Con. Mirror." J. S. SKINNER, ESQ. Sir.-You remarked in your valuable paper 8th of July, that you supposed we could give you some particulars, some weights and measures illus trative of the quality of the Devons; what they have yielded in milk, butter, cheese, beef, &c. and how they have compared in the yoke, at our cattle shows, with other breeds. When the fact is considered that Holkham is the first bull of the Coke Devon He was put into the stable in August, when he Our object, when we commenced, was merely to give the weight of the three bulls, in doing which breed ever in Connecticut, and that his oldest calves returned from* Northfield, and was fed with coarse are only 4 years old, no specimens of large fat oxen poor hay, without any other feed, until some time three very respectable farmers who owned and killed we thought best to introduce the letters from the can yet be expected, nor of large quantities of milk December, calculating to keep him another season. never known those of any breed give as rich milk. From that time till the 20th of March he was fed their propensity to fatten. Hereafter we may furor butter; but of the heifers we can say we have He being somewhat cross, I concluded to fat him. them. From their feed and age, those experienced in matters of this kind, will be enabled to judge of nor have we ever owned cows that gave as much with meal and potatoes, and then killed. nish you with some more particulars, as to weight and measure, what they yield in milk, butter, cheese, &c. &c. We remain, respectfully, Your most obedient, SAM'L HURLBERT & CO. I remain, yours, in ALDERNEY CATTLE. milk at the same age, with the same advantages of ELIAS LEWIS. feed. This is a general remark of all those who own the stock. The breed is so highly valued in N. B. Said bull was three years and two months Connecticut that few have been slaughtered. We, old, when killed. however, give you the account of three bulls, the The superiority of the Devons does not consist only ones we know of the kind that have been kill- in largeness of size, (as that is not desirable with ed, as contained in letters from Messrs. Cowles, the other qualities usually attached to it,) for in that Spencer and Lewis. respect they will about average with the native JOHN S. SKINNER, Esq. breeds of New England. Their properties for makNew Hartford, 2d August, 1825. Dear Sir,-I find in the American Farmer of the ing beef are smallness of bone; a great inclination 16th inst. a statement of the weight, and fatting to fatten; the fine quality of their beef, and its unan exact statement of the weight and feed of my their heavy weight compared to the size of their that Alderney cattle are not quick feeders, nor of Gentlemen.—It will be difficult for me to give you usual proportion in the most desirable parts; and propensity of an imported cow, given by Mr. Thomp"a pretty general opinion having prevailed, bull, but have collected all the information from re-frame. Owing to the great demand for bulls of this collection, possible. | stock with us, few have been altered for oxen. Six a size to be an object for graziers or victuallers."That Mr. Creighton's cattle came from Alderney, *Mr Lewis let said bull for the season to a gentle- has never been denied; but that they were what are man in Northfield. called in Europe, "Alderney," or have been receiv MESSRS. S. HURLBERT & Co. Culley's "Observations on Live Stock," 8vo. p. 211. son, ed in America, as such, has been contested from the from a watering-pot, and mixed afterwards in al- quite half a bushel; the forage was conveyed in date of their importation. ternate layers, until the whole mess is put in. The bags to the steam-house, and their weight ascertainMr. Creighton, is a liberal gentleman, who had steam is then turned in through the pipes m m, and ed when filled. The whole amount of meal conno knowledge of farm stock, and employed a Colo- the whole stirred. Sixty bushels can be cooked in sumed, is ascertained from the mill account, and nel of the Royal Invalids, and another officer, to se- an hour and a half, in each trough. the amount of forage from the number of bags of lect for him fine animals, to improve the breed of With food thus prepared, I supported, in good known weight consumed daily. milch cattle in America. order, thirty-two head of stock, from the 10th of The daily allowance to the horned cattle At the Maryland Cattle Show, of 1822, it will be December until the 19th of April, inclusive-being was,. 1 bushel of meal seen, that a young bull, bred upon one of the best one hundred and thirty days, at an expense of $124; managed estates in the country, was exhibited, as as the following statement, taken from my account of this pure imported Alderney breed; that the pre-book, will show: mium was awarded to him; but that the judges say, "For the best bull under two years of age, they award to General Ridgely, of Hampton, the premium of a piece of plate, of the value of $15, for his bull of seventeen months old, said to be a full blooded Alderney." "They considered him a very well grown and fine animal, but from his form and points, they cannot but presume, there must have been some accidental cross in his breeding."* J. MASON, (District of Columbia.) JOHN HARE POWEL, (Philadelphia County.) J. CHAUNCEY, (U. S. Navy.) 6 Farm Horses 2 Saddle do. 2-a brood Mare and colt 16 6 Draught Oxen 6 Milch Cows 3 Yearlings. 16-Total 32. 60 bushels of mill stuff, at 15 cents, For S2 head, for 132 days, less than three 88 lbs. of corn husks, and af- For the horses, . 2 bushels of meal The horned cattle had more than they could eat; $124 00 tions. Three measures of chopped forage for one of Ample testimony was at hand to show, that this bull was of Mr. Creighton's pure blood. It has been believed, that this animal, and all his family were of Norman blood. It is evident that the committee did not consider him "from his form and points" of pure Alderney blood. It is not intended to dispute with Mr. Thompson, any fact which he states. He requires no certificate to establish his assertions; it is but his opinions upon cows which any man who knows him would desire in a newspaper to confute. Philadelphia County, Sept. 17, 1825 CURWEN. ON FEEDING FARM STOCK. MR. SKINNER, Baltimore county, 1st Sept. 1825. Sir-In compliance with your reiterated requests, I now present you with an account of my feeding farm stock with steamed food. A, is the cistern to hold water for supplying the boiler and wetting the food; from the bottom of which the pipe (a,) conveys the water into the boiler. The requisite quantity is regulated by a float, that rests on the water in the boiler, suspended by the rod (c,) from one end of the lever, (d,) fixed by a support (f,) on the upper edge of the cistern, and balanced at the other end by the weight (h,) suspended in the water of the cistern. Two other pipes, (k k,) proceed from the bottom of the cistern, and furnish water either for boiling or steaming, to the two troughs (,) into which the food is put. The furnace B, contains the boiler, from which the two pipes (m m,) convey the steam to the bottom of the troughs, to prepare the food. The cost of the apparatus, with its fixtures and furnace, was $225. I have used it three years, without accident or derangement in any part. What repair it may now need has been occasioned by the wear to which all machines are liable. The food is prepared by chopping corn stalks, fodder, straw, or hay, with Eastman's cylindrical straw-cutter, the best implement I have seen. About five or six inches in depth of water is introduced into the troughs from the cistern, through the pipes kk-on that a layer of chopped forage is laid; then a layer of meal, and some water sprinkled on it *American Farmer, Vol. 4, p. 114. Mr. Thompson states, that Com. Chauncey had a calf from this cow. [See Editorial head.} MARYLAND AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. pagates itself in hedgerows and on banks, by suck-gerous, or a nuisance to the road. It was 13 feet It appears in No. 21, Vol. 7, page 167, that "Aers from its far extending roots, will easily account in circumference at bottom, and 6 feet 6 inches at for the quantity now found in such situations. It the height of 44 feet. Before the hard frost of Friend of the Plough," has adopted an erroneous must have been a happy exchange for Britannia, 1739-40, which injured its top, it measured 110 impression, which it may not be amiss to correct, when she banished the wolf from her shores, and feet from the ground. It was in the year 1600 that particularly as remarks occasionally made in conver-received the elm into the bosom of her woods. Our Sir Francis Bacon planted Gray's-inn walks with sation, induce the belief that he is not the only one neighbouring shores are not yet entirely free from elms, eight of which were standing in the middle of under that error. He speaks of the Maryland Ag- these plunderers of the fold. It was formerly the the last century. ricultural Societies, on the Eastern and Western custom in France for the hunters to suspend the Madame de Genlis speaks of an elm of great shores, as if they were two independent societies. skins of these animals on their church doors; but size in this country; in the hollow trunk of which, It was once (see American Farmer, Vol. 5, p. 48,) in later times, an elm was planted in their country she says, a poor woman gave birth to an infant, and thought by some persons "expedient to form the church-yard, on which these trophies were hung, where she afterwards resided for a long time. This Maryland Agricultural Society, into two independ- probably, with the idea that they would deter these tree, which is a great curiosity, is still standing in the ravenous animals from tearing the dead bodies out village of Crawley; but as the parish is not willing to of their graves, which was no unfrequent occur- be burthened with all the young elms that might have rence, when hunger drove them from the moun- been brought forth from the trunk of this singutains or the forests. Long after these kinds of of-lar tree, the lord of the manor has very wisely put ferings ceased to be made, the custom of planting up a door to the entrance of this lying-in hospital, elms in front of village churches was preserved; and which is kept locked, except upon particular and it is this tree which still graces their cities and occasions, when the neighbours meet to enjoy their towns in their justly boasted boulevards, under the pipe, and tell old tales in the cavity of this elm, shade of which patient industry throws the thread, that is capable of containing a party of more than and places the pin so accurately on the cushion, a dozen. The interior of this tree is paved with warbling her native airs under this verdant roof, as bricks, and in other respects made comfortable for ent societies, one for the Eastern, and the other for BOTANY. ELM-ULMUS. S. Natural order, Seabrida, Amentacea, Juss. A ge- happily as the wealthy dame, who, bedecked by those that it embarks. nus of the Pentandria Digynia class. Fœcundæ frondibus ulmi.-Virgil. [We have always esteemed our native elm and the locust, as amongst the most useful for shade and timber, and the most beautiful for ornament, to be found in our forests. the art of the humble lace-maker, can sing or sigh A few detached elms before clumps of pines or under the gayest dome of the proudest saloon. firs, add greatly to the beauty of the plantation, as English towns are strikingly deficient in these the extreme softness of the colour of the elm leaves agreeable avenues, whose shade renders the sum- in the spring, and the delicate manner in which mer promenade so agreeable, and gives such cheer- they seem sprinkled over the branches, have a defulness to the entrance of towns; for there can be lightful effect. no sight more pleasing to the traveller, than that of "No numbers can the varying robe express, beholding the humble stalls of the little fruit mer- While each new day presents a different dress." The letter of our correspondent will answer an The autumn changes the full green foliage of the interesting purpose, if it should lead our readers in chants, intermixed and overlooked by the knitting grandmother or netting grandfather, with here and elm to a yellow or ochre colour, which enlivens the different parts of the Union to give accounts of the there a seat occupied by the wounded soldier; nor is dark tints of the fir, scarce less agreeably than its largest and most celebrated trees in their vicinity. the fume of the sailor's pipe so offensive in this situa- juvenile shades. This tree varies exceedingly in Nothing can be more natural, or more congenial to virtuous emotions, than the veneration which is al- tion, as at the checquered door of the narrow street. the colour of its foliage, as well as in the size of its Spain owes her vistas, which are the pride of leaves, by the least change of soil. Thus we often ways felt for large, respectable old trees, that we Aranjuez, Casel del Campo, Madrid, and other see two neighbouring elms, whose roots have run have known in our youth. It grows out of the associations connected with them in our memory, and royal demesnes, to the union of its Philip with Mary into different strata, forming almost a different vaof England; as before that period elms were not riety of this tree. so strong is the principle, as to have often prompt-known in Spain, Philip II. having caused them to Of the American elms cultivated in this country, ed men of refined feelings and poetic imagination, be taken from England, and planted in his native the Hortus Kewensis notices three varieties; the to address these venerable objects as though they land. The elm is an aboriginal of Barbary, as well first of which was introduced or planted by Mr. were intellectual beings, possessing moral worth as the south and south-east parts of Europe. Lin-James Gordon, in 1752, who also cultivated the and agency in the relations of society. We recolnæus says, it is rarely to be found above Helsing hornbeam-leaved elm, in 1760, which is also a nalect that under these influences, a beautiful ode was and Finland. tive of North America, as well as the drooping elm, addressed by the late amiable and talented Doctor The elms of England are scarcely less remarked which takes its name from the pendant position of John Shaw, of Annapolis, to the old poplar on the for their age, bulk, and beauty, than the British its branches, and is also distinguished by its smooth college green, so well remembered and beloved by oaks, which form alike the world's just wonder, the oblong leaves. every one who had the fortune, in past times, to be Columella tells us, that the Romans fed their educated at that once distinguished seminary of guard of friends, and the scourge of foes, [except Americans.] Mr. John Ray, the botanist, mentions cattle with the leaves of the elm; for which purlearning--St. John's College. In passing this old an elm which was felled in Sir Walter Bagot's park, pose, Evelyn says, they are not to be despised; for poplar a few weeks since, we could not but pause to in Staffordshire, that measured 120 feet in length, being suffered to dry in the sun, on the branches, reflect on the number of distinguished men who and was at the stool 17 feet in diameter. When and the spray stripped off about the end of August, Lad, in a great measure, acquired under its friendly sold, its head alone produced forty-eight wagon- these he directs to be placed in a dry barn, and shade the principles of their character, and the loads of wood to burn, and its trunk, besides six- says, when hay and fodder is dear, they are of foundations of their eminence in the various avoca- teen blocks, furnished eight thousand six hundred great service, and that the cattle will eat them in tions and pursuits of their subsequent lives. We and sixty feet of plank; its whole mass was valued preference to oats, and thrive exceedingly well with should suppose this old poplar to be considerably at ninety-seven tons. them. But since the introduction of clover, and more than twenty feet in circumference at two feet This quality in the elm, which insures a constant other exotic grasses and plants, so abundantly into from the ground, and should be glad to have its ex-shade during the summer months, has secured it a our fields, the trees are but rarely robbed of their situation in most of the public, as well as the royal verdure to feed our cattle: yet we are surprised not We suppose that no loving observer of nature ever passed through the town of Pittsfield, in Mas-gardens of Europe. Henry IV. of France, planted to see the fallen leaves collected in the autumn, sachusetts, who does not recollect its noble elm, its an elm in the Luxembourg gardens of Paris, which since every gardener knows that no manure is su steepled church, and its neat, cleanly, white paint-led both tree and monarch to the dust. stood until the late revolution in that country level-perior to decayed leaves. We learn from the plays of M. Accius Plautus, ed dwellings, with their porticoes ornamented with Queen Elizabeth, who was contemporary with that elm twigs were anciently used as instruments Henri Quatre, it is said, planted an elm, with her of castigation; for this comic poet speaks of a rogue own hands, at Chelsea, where she spent a part of who had been chastised so often, that he had wasther early days in a palace belonging to her father. ed all the elms in the country, in rods and cudgels. Ar the present time, when ages have so happily This elm stood at the upper end of Church-lane, Elm timber is in great esteem for pipes that are blended exotic and native beauties in our woods, near the place where the turnpike now is, and was constantly under ground; and it is incalculable what the elm is never seen in those forests that keep their a boundary of the parish on the north side. It was a quantity of these trees were swallowed by the original character. It seems to have followed culti-felled, to the great regret of the neighbourhood, on numberless streets of our monstrous capital before vation and enclosure, and is principally to be found the eleventh of November, 1745, and sold for a iron pipes were placed in its stomach; and which, in the neighbourhood where the town has been rear-guinea, by the lord of the manor, who was no other together with substituting that metal instead of elm ed; or it marks the spot where the village once than the worthy Sir Hans Sloane, which induces for our last habitations, must be the means of makstood; and the rapid manner in which this tree pro- us to think that the tree must have become dan-ling elm timber more plentiful for other purposes. act measurement. vines. Phillips makes the following interesting remarks on the English elm:] |