(To be concluded in our next.) From the Complete Grazier. (Continued from p. 149, American Farmer.) In the course of the present work we have stated the various modes of consuming grasses to the most advantage; in the present section, therefore, it is proposed to give a concise notice of the best artificial grasses, or vegetables cultivated and considered in that light, and which are every way worthy of attention. CLOVERS. The country, generally, in this neighbourhood, is six dollars. The horse hay-rake is in very general wheat, &c., produced on one or two hundred acres. in a high state of cultivation; abounding with wheat, use in most of the eastern counties of Pennsylva-This building is much more convenient, costs less, rye, corn, oats, and grass. There not being much nia and in New Jersey, with which they can rake takes less room, and the business is more easily wood to interrupt the view, about four-fifths of the as much hay, and glean the grain stubbles as fast conducted, than by building corn-house, stable, carland in the above crops, and all of a beautiful green, as seven men can do with the hand-rake-which riage-house, hay and straw sheds all separate, as was a sight truly interesting to a citizen having a is a saving in both time and crop. The American some of our farmers do, requiring four times the relish for rural scenes. I was informed that there grain and grass scythes, spring-steel hay and ma- roof, which is the most costly part of building, were about twenty acres in vineyards, in the neigh-nure forks, are also in general use. I observed. some of which are frequently of a temporary chabourhood of that place. I saw Michael Eichelber- in many parts of Chester and Delaware coun-racter, and are often a disgrace to a handsome farm; ger s, containing six acres, about two of which is in ties, the farmers followed grazing either for beef or whereas the barn is a convenient, substantial, cheap full bearing, and planted in a slate loam about four butter. They manure and lime their land high-building, considering the accommodation it affords. feet apart each way; which I thought too close, as ly, until it is sufficiently strong to produce a good they had to dress them with hoes and spades, in- crop of smooth stalk meadow-grass, green grass, stead of the plough, which would lessen the expense (Poa pratensis,) and white clover, with which the of culture-an important consideration in this coun- land is soon covered. As the red clover fails with ARTIFICIAL GRASSES, OR GREEN CROPS. try, where labour is high and land cheap. They which the land is laid down after mellowing crops, might be so cultivated, if they were planted 4 by 8 this sward of white clover and green grass they or 10 feet apart. From appearances and some ex- carefully preserve, without ploughing, for many perience, I have no doubt but very good grapes and years; and in order to prevent its running out or wine may be raised in this country, if as regularly becoming hide-bound, as the graziers term it, they attended to as a field of corn. From York, I tra-sometimes scarify the sod and manure on the survelled towards Philadelphia by way of Columbia face in the winter. But if they are obliged to reand Lancaster. The former is a handsome village new the grass by ploughing, they give the land a situated on the Susquehanna river, and affords a good coat of manure and plough it about four or considerable market for lumber, &c., brought down five inches deep, and turn the sward very neatly; the river, which stops there on the way to Balti-immediately sow it down with wheat, which never more; much of which is sold to the wealthy far-fails to produce a good crop; the native grass comes There are four species of clover usually cultivamers and neighbouring villagers in this rich coun-up through the seams, and is much more vigorous. ted, each possessing various degrees of value, but try. Lancaster is about twelve miles distant, near But the graziers plough as little as possible, esteem- all of which are more or less useful in feeding catthe river Conestoga, and is said by some to be the ing a good crop of grass more profitable than grain; tle. largest inland town in the Union, and the land on when the cost of cultivating grain crops is coun- 1. White, or Dutch Clover, (Trifolium repens,) is the river, and in this limestone valley generally, is, ted; and when land is got into this state, it frequent- by no means a lasting plant on wet or swampy, I think, the richest, and in the best cultivation, (as ly rents for eight dollars per acre. By adopting a loamy, or clayey soils; but on dry, sandy, loamy grain farms,) I have seen. Though their buildings regular system of grazing, few hands are required; soils, it will thrive with great luxuriance, especially are commodious and many very neat, yet in some the land always looks handsomely, while it makes if it be often rolled. This sort is preferred for instances there is a want of neatness about and near the owner and the land rich together. The grazier sheep walks, and when closely fed down is of very them, so necessary to the comfort and pleasure of calculates that one acre of good rich native grass great utility; it is usually sown with red clover, rayfamilies, and which a traveller expects to see where will make a thrifty steer fat in four or five months, grass, or barley, and on dry soil produces most exthere is so much wealth. The land being rich, they which adds to his value one half-say he costs cellent hay. crop hard, as will appear by the following rotation, twenty dollars, when fat is worth forty-making an which they frequently adopt: 1st, corn; 2d, barley income of twenty dollars per acre. or oats; 3d, wheat, with manure; 4th rye; 5th, clo- One hundred acres at $20, is . ver and timothy. When they are not likely to have Deduct rent for land . manure for the barley or oat stubble, they omit the Wages for herdsmen barley or oat crop, and break the corn ground for wheat before harvest. Then the rotation is corn, wheat, rye, and grass seed. On the above system, not more than one-fifth of grass land is broken annually, and as they keep few cattle, and these most- The same land, after the cattle are off, ly soiled in the stable until after harvest, nearly four-will fatten at least three hundred sheep, fifths of the whole cleared part of the country is left only estimating the clear profit per head in harvestable crops; which, at this season, adds ve- one dollar, is. ry much to the beauty of the surrounding scene. In $800 150 Interest on first cost of cattle. Profit $2000 60 $965 300 the great valley, and near the city of Philadelphia, in many places, I observed they sowed the orchard $1265 This is a handsome income for a tenant; grass seed instead of timothy. The implements the owner would receive. 800 used in this part of the country are as follows: a besides having his house, garden and orch- 200 $2265 2. Red perennial Clover, or Cow-grass, (T. medium,) better known by the name of marl-g -grass, continues longer in the land than the common clover, and vegetates spontaneously on marly soilsthough it has been cultivated with the happiest success on sandy, loamy, and heavy clayey lands. The time for sowing it is from the middle of April till the second or third week in May. This sort, as well as the common clover, is sometimes sown with flax on very highly-cultivated soils; and as flax is a forward plant, it may in general be removed sufficiently early to allow the clover time for growing. Red perennial clover, however, rarely succeeds when sown by itself, as it will not withstand the severity of winter without some kind of shelter. It produces abundance of seeds, which may be easily collected, and is more frequently employed for laying down land to grass. 3. Hop-clover, or hop-trefoil, or black nonsuch, (T. procumbens,) grows naturally in dry meadows and deep; after being well harrowed and slightly maikpastures, and flowers in June and July. It has lateed both ways three and a half feet apart; the corn This is a handsome income from about one hun-ly been strongly recommended to the attention of is then dropped and covered at those intersections, dred acres of land, and very little trouble attending agriculturists, by Mr. Amos, inventor of a new and and thinned to the stalks in a hill; is then once it, compared to a grain or tobacco farm. useful drill-plough, for laying down land to grass: harrowed and dressed with hoes or rakes; after There is a laudable emulation among the farmers when mixed with the preceding species, on light which the corn ground is kept clean and mellow by of Pennsylvania in building good barns, which ac- soils, it affords a most excellent fodder. the five-tined cultivator, run through it twice in a commodates their stock comfortably. In them they 4. Common Clover, (Trifolium pratense,) flourishrow, and repeated as occasion requires, leaving the stow away their hay and grain; when the wheat is es best on firm soils, and is obtained by sowing seed, ground level and mellow, ready to receive and re- threshed out the straw is replaced, ready to litter in the ratio of ten or fifteen pounds per acre, at tain the moisture. The surface not being much the stables and feed cattle. The provender is so various intervals between February and May. It reversed by the cultivator, is one advantage over convenient, that a boy can feed the stock of a con- is either sown in conjunction with spring coru, or ploughing in dry weather, as it does not bring the siderable farm in half an hour without going out of (which is better on grass farms,) with ray-gress; moist soil to the top to be dried. Also, in a distance doors-and as all the hay and straw is in one place, and, if it be mown when the ray-grass is coming of sixty miles I saw no person ploughing the corn; consequently all the manure, without much atten- into blossom, the lower growth will be materially as they say it brings the sods to the top, which they tion, centres in one body, and is by that means pre- increased, and a very considerable quantity of exwish kept at the bottom, as the best nourishment served, as they have mostly a cow-yard with a foun- cellent grass be obtained; beside which the clover the corn roots can have, and to have the sod rotted tain of water in it, in this the manure is kept, and will be effectually sheltered by the rye-grass from before ploughing for the wheat crop, which is at the cattle run during the day to get water, &c.—the consequences of severe frosts. The best modes times to succeed the corn. The cultivator is in Those barns are so constructed that the lower story of consuming clover having been already stated, general use in this and other parts of the country, holds all the stock, and frequently have granaries we shall only observe, for the convenience of colis strong and valuable, and costs only from five to land carriage-houses, with room for all the hay, lecting its seed, that the common clover is in flower from May to September, and that the ripeness of its seeds may be easily ascertained by the stalks and heads changing colour. By keeping 5 horses from the beginning of May SIR, Yorkshire, Jan. 13, 1825. As no one has favoured your correspondent B., in 5. Lucerne (Medicago sativa,) is of French growth, but was introduced into British husbandry about Mr. Young remarks, that the expense of raking, the middle of the seventeenth century; it flourishes mowing and carting, cannot be easily calculated, your journal of the 1st ult., with a method of dipping most luxuriantly in deep, rich, friable loams, though unless the quantity cultivated be sufficiently large sheep and tags, I have presumed to state my method; it will also thrive in any good, dry soil, and in the to furnish employment for a man, boy, and horse; i. e., first provide a tub 40 inches long at the top, 36 coldest climate; but the soil must be kept as free and that, though he has estimated the cost rather 'inches long at the bottom, 23 inches deep, 18 inches as possible from weeds, otherwise its luxuriant high, yet it is perhaps not exaggerated, if the loss wide at the top, and 13 at the bottom: such a tub will growth will be greatly impeded. In order, there- of time necessarily consequent on inadequate em- wash; say for 25 sheep or lambs, 3 lbs. of soft soap contain a 20-stone (160 lbs.) sheep; then prepare the fore, to clean the land, Mr. Young, sen'r, recom- ploy be duly considered. He would, therefore, fix dissolved in two gallons of soft water during the mends two successive crops of turnips or carrots, the annual expense at 51., as he thinks an acre of as the most successful preparatory step; but in case land cannot be cultivated for less, even under the process soft and warm,) in a tub, and 1 lb. of arsenic and 2 lbs. flour of brimstone, diluted together a fallow be preferred from convenience, a person most excellent management.* ought to follow the ploughs, harrows. or extirpators, But, notwithstanding these heavy expenses, luin another tub by two gallons of warm water, beand collect all weeds for the purpose of a speedy cerne has, upon the fairest trials, been found fully cause the soft soap does not dilute kindly with the removal. It will be necessary to give the soil three adequate to them; and Mr. Young observes, that i arsenic. Commence dipping with as small a quanploughings, and as many harrowings, in the second the value of the food be computed according to theity of wash as will dip a small lamb, say 5 gallons spring, before the lucerne is sown, that it may be maintenance of cattle per week, it will pay nearly the diluted drugs; and for each sheep after add four of water, to which add two quarts from each of come as fine as possible; manure is not essential to cent per cent. its culture; but if used at all, it should be spread quarts of water and one pint from each of the drug with the first crop of carrots or turnips. vessels, and when a sufficient quantity of wash is not more than two without repeating; for I know in the tub, one mixture may supply two sheep, but from experience, that were the drugs mixed with The first use of lucerne is for soiling horses, or other cattle, from three to five of which may be Lucerne may be either broad-cast or drilled, or supported by the produce of an acre during the six propagated by transplanting; all of which methods summer months; the lucerne being cut twice a day have been successfully practised. The proper sea- and given in a fresh state to the cattle. For fat son is towards the middle or end of March, or not tening bullocks, also, Mr. Young thinks this plant first four sheep would imbibe as much of the soft twenty gallons of water at the commencement, the later than April; because, like the turnip, lucerne well calculated: the experiments made with this is subject to the ravages of the fly, and by early view, indeed, are not numerous, though they evince Soap as the last sixteen. All the mixtures should sowing it will attain a suflicient degree of growth, that lucerne is, in this point of view, far superior Twenty gallons of this mixture will wash 25 lambs be stirred frequently with a half-worn broom.so as not to be affected by the devastations of the to tares. This vegetable has also been successfully in wool, and as many ewes when new shorn, and so insect. If broad east, twenty pounds of seed (which employed in soiling sheep and hogs, and, as the should, if possible, be new.) will suffice for one acre; latter does not feed down so closely as the former most proper time for dipping, as then the lice, &c. on in proportion. I believe when new shorn is the if drilled, six pounds will be enough; if the seed be Mr. Young thinks they may be admitted upon la most abound, and the sheep have less wool to be deposited in equidistant rows of two feet. The cerne plantations with safety; and that a small field value of lucerne crops will be greatly increased by planted with it, near the farm-yard, "would be a well drained into the wash-tub, by laying them on injured by the arsenic, &c. The sheep should be sowing with oats, which Mr Young prefers to any admirable use and profit." to prevent the flies attacking the sheep. something suitable for the purpose: the sulphur is other grain, in the proportion of six pecks of the Lucerne is also made into hay, but this manage (To be continued) NATIVE BREED OF CATTLE. RURAL ECONOMY. POULTRY. FROM THE EUROPEAN MAGAZINE. SR-As the following account, together with the few observations I have made on the management and feeding of fowls, may prove acceptable, and afford some useful hints to many among the numerous readers of your entertaining and widely-circulated In the 17th number of the American Farmer, miscellany, you will oblige me by giving them a you notice Col. Pickering's four letters on improv-place in your work. will require but little attention till the following MR. EDITOR, year, excepting that it will be advisable to hoe the transplanted crops once or twice during the intervening period. ing the native breed of cattle, very justly observing, I procured two pullets of the black Spanish kind, The expense of cultivating lucerne is very consi-the public will be much indebted to Col. Pickering which were batched in June, 1818, and fed them derable, and should not be incurred by the young for the discussion upon this important subject." constantly myself twice a day, alternating their food, farmer without much reflection; though the great You add-"in the outset of which he observed, at that is, I gave them corn in the morning, and in the profit it affords is certainly no mean inducement to any rate improvements may go hand in hand, and afternoon boiled potatoes mixed with fresh bran, attempt its culture. The expense of drilled lu- be mutually beneficial to both sorts of improvers.' but I never allowed them to take a full meal of corn. cerne, Mr. Young computed (in 1796,) for the first year to be as follows: Two spring ploughings, extra Eight pounds of seed, Drilling, Horse-hoeing in autumn, Hand hoeing in do. First year, Rent, tythe, and rates, 1.0 18 0 0 26 7.1 18 6 ANNUAL. 7.1 10 0 0 10 2 Four hoeings, Three hand-hoeings, Five mowings, Raking together, Loading and carting home, Manuring, to the annual amount of Clear profit, Pray allow me to quote, what Col Pickering DID They had a small orchard to range in, where, in the SAY IN THE OUTSET, in the first paragraphs, of the course of the day, they occasionally picked up worms first number, upon improving the native breed of and other insects; and, I have observed that poultry of all kinds eagerly seek for animal food even after cattle. "Whereas half a century, or more might elapse, they have sati ted themselves with corn: indeed, I before a general improvement by foreign crosses, conceive a portion of animal food essentially requicould be effected. It remains, too, to be ascertain-site to preserve them in a healthy state. ed, whether any other breeds, really deserve the The above mentioned pullets began to lay about preference in New England, to our native race, the middle of November, and continued to do so till improved as it may be, and in so much less time within the last ten days, when they began to moult than will be possible by means of a small number their feathers, having produced three hundred and of imported cattle." sixty-seven eggs much larger and finer than those of I have long entertained, and repeatedly express the common fowl Seven eggs weigh one pound avoired the opinion, that a fine breed of cattle, peculiar dupois, so that I have been furnished with the asly adapted to the combined objects of the farmers tonishing weight of more than 53 pounds of nutriof Massachusetts, and indeed of all New England, tious and wholesome food from two hens. They were might be most readily and extensively obtained, by never broody, nor shewed a disposition to sit at any the spirited exertions of substantial farmers to im-time during the whole season, and I understand this prove our native breed. FRIEND SKINNER, Mattoponi, 7th August, 1825. MORTAR OF POTATOES. ly the same, if gathered and cured at the proper season. I therefore have to request you to instruct I was thinking of giving thee some account of the me, as soon as convenient, in the best manner of In a court yard there was a wall, the part of which curing it-and as soon as I hear from you, I shall extreme drought and bad appearance of our crops, nearest the ground had been repaired ten times, so follow your instructions, and forward immediately both of corn and tobacco, when it occurred to me that the mason hesitated to repair it any more, when such a quantity as will enable the manufacturers to I would look over thy paper of the 5th inst., to see I proposed to him to mix boiled potatoes with his judge of its value." what was said about it in other sections of the coun- plaster. Let me confess it; he laughed in my face, try, when my eye caught thy "clear and simple di- and shrugged his shoulders. However, I went to ted to the New York Statesman, a correspondent of This letter to Mr. Skinner, having been transmitrections for making cider," in reading of which I the hog's trough, took out some boiled potatoes, the Editor of that paper has politely communicated was much amused by thy humourous dialogue be- and put about a pound into the mason's trough. The the following instructions.] tween my neighbours "Likeit and Strikeit." In- repair was completed, and the wall has remained in deed, friend Skinner, I am not aware of their being good condition for several years, offering the follow- Sumach. In reply to the inquiries of John Foley, more addicted to the use of "burning liquors" than ing phenomenon, viz.-It retains its solidity, not- Esq. of Louisiana, through the medium of the Ameothers; and, perhaps, the neighbourhood of Matto- withstanding the efflorescence on the surface of salt- rican Farmer, as to the proper time for gathering, poni is as exempt from a too free use of them as petre, which is found crystalized. The result natu- and best manner of preparing Surch for market, most places, your great city excepted, where you can rally led me to mix boiled potatoes in the composi- one of our correspondents has enabled us to furnish indulge in a more agreeable beverage; though we tion of the coat of plaster, and still more of argilla the following information. will challenge you in pure spring water, and I could ceous earth; which has perfectly succeeded on a The branches of the American Sumach, for dyewish thee had a fountain as clear, pure and cool this shed in a garden, which is exposed to every wind, ing and tanning, should be gathered, on or about hot, dry weather, as the "Tan Yard spring," which, and the sides of which are composed only of hurdles, the 20th of July, when the plant is in its milky state, no doubt, is sometimes injured by the "Colonel's covered over with a mixture of argillaceous earth and must not be exposed to rain or dew, but dried treat." I am sorry to say, that the rain thou speak- and boiled potatoes. under sheds. When thoroughly dried the cuttings est of passing over thy friend "Bowie's corn," past If these particulars could come to the knowledge are to be threshed upon the barn floor, in the same too high to reach it, and that both the "unrighteous of the poor people in the country, their wretched manner as grain, and the threshing sifted through a and righteous" seemed to fare alike, as there seems hovels would become habitations dry withinside, and riddle, same as grain, then packed in sacks, when it to be no benefit from such a passing. Now, if thee consequently healthy. will visit thy friends during this very severe drought, thee may receive a hearty welcome, get pure spring water, and mix it if thee pleases with a little of the "burning liquors," having no "malt-beer or fumi NEW VERTICAL KILNS. is ready to be sent to market. The peculiar excellence of this valuable material consists in its being gathered in the proper season, preserved free from the sun, from all dampness, and also in the fineness J. JONES, respectfully solicits the attention of per- of the threshing. The rays of the sun, after gathergated cider to offer thee-but such as we have on sons engaged in the corn trade, to his VERTICAL ing, will extract the colour, and dampness injures Mattoponi thou art heartily welcome to, and if we KILNS for drying grain, by which perfect sweetness its dyeing and tanning qualities. The more bright, should be lacking in good things for thy accommo- and equality of drying is ensured; nearly all the la- green, and fresh it appears, the more ready the sale, dation, then we will try thy friend C's store. Thee bour is saved, as the grain continues in slow motion at the best market price. shall also have thy water in a "stone pitcher," for during the whole time it is drying, and regularly diswhich thee seems to have a liking, and thy horse shall charges itself; the consumption of fuel is very small, some of the particulars mentioned by Philips:] [Of the history of the Sumach, the following are be put to sweet hay, which will save our "old paling." and the Kiln, though occupying very little space, I am pleased with thy publication, and trouble thee will dry on an average, nearly one hundred quarters The name of Sumach for this shrub is the same with this to let thee know it, and at the same time per day, or the quantity may be increased to any by which it is distinguished by the Arabs. The to inform thee, that however inattentive we may be, required extent.—Applications, addressed (post free) Greeks called it Poug rhus, and rhous, from the verb yet, perhaps, we are not more so than thy friends J. Jones, 150, High Holborn, London, will meet rheo, I run, or flow, on account of the nature of the are in many other sections of thy country-nay, if immediate attention. [English paper. thee had laid thy scene somewhere on the south side of the Patuxent, say about H. C**** where thou mayest be well acquainted, it might have been more appropriate. Though thou must be assured i am gratified with thy publication-it amuses, and at MISCELLANEOUS. root, which spreads itself to a great distance, sending up numerous suckers The Latins followed the Greek name of this plant; but as its seed was anciently used for seasoning meat instead of salt, it was called Rhus Obsoniorum*, and Rhus Coriaria, from its use in dressing of leather, and for which the same time may correct evil habits where they Natural order, Dumose. A genus of the Pentandria purpose its branches are still in great demand among ⚫xist. Thy friend, A PLANTER. N. B. The drought is excessive, and our crops have a miserable appearance, though not so bad as in the year 1816, when the spots were so frequently seen in the sun, and frost every month through the summer, which may be mentioned to W. Howard. *How has a Planter fallen in'o the mistake of treat Trigynia class. "Not a flower the Turks for tanning their Morocco leather. The elm-leaved sumach, rhus coriaria, grows naturally in India, Syria, about Aleppo and Rama, in Italy, Spain, and the south of France, and also near Algiers in Africa. But shows some touch, in freckle, streak, or stain, Of his unrivalled pencil. He inspires Their balmy odours, and imparts their hues, And bathes their eyes with nectar, and includes, Dr. Turner says, in his Herbal of 1568, "the SuIn grains as countless as the sea-side sands, mach groweth in no place of England, or GermaThe forms with which he sprinkles all the earth." nye, that ever I sawe, but I have sene it in Italy, a [Of all the shrubs that variegate and beautify our little from Bononye, in the mounte Appennine." It fields, there are few more beautiful than the Sumach appears, however, to have been cultivated in this ing as coming from us, what appears on the very face growing in its natural luxuriance. We have often country previous to 1597, as Gerard mentions it in of it as addressed to us? Our correspondent probably been surprised that gentlemen who go to so much his Herbal of that year, and from the Catalogue of thought it necessary to take some location, some ground expense to ornament their lawns and pleasure the botanic garden at Oxford, it appears to have to stand upon, while he told his story; but in describing grounds with costly exotics, should leave this exqui- been planted there before the year 1648. a too prevalent custom, meant, we dare say, no personal site shrub to live and die neglected, in obscurity. The flowers of this species of sumach grow in application. But we, too, profess to know something The branches are clean and polished, and the leaves loose panicules at the end of the branches, each paof these Mattoponi boys, and none know better than of the most delicate colour and figure, with which nicule being composed of several thick spikes of they in what consists the good things of this life. We the berries form a striking and beautiful contrast. flowers sitting close to the footstalks; they are of a should be afraid, however, nowithstanding the kind in-it has, for the sake of ornament and cleanliness eve-whitish herbaceous colour, and appear in July, but vitation of our friend, to be caught amongst them in ry thing to recommend it; but that it is not a costly seldom if ever ripen their seeds in England. these dog days stranger, expensive to purchase, and more expen- The Virginian sumach, rhus typhinum, is a native sive to keep. But though slighted as a native plant, of North America, as its name imports. Parkinson we apprehend the Sumach will come to be prized is the oldest author who notices it in this country: as an object of value for cultivation. Its spontane- he tells us, in 1629, that it was then "only kept as a ous and luxuriant growth in a great portion of the rarity and ornament to a garden and orchard." This country, indicates the congeniality of our soil and cli- species of sumach was formerly called the Stag's mate to its production; and in the American Far mer of the 22d ult. it is stated by Mr. Foley, Post *The Tripoli merchants still find sale for the seeds Master at Assumption, in Louisiana, that it grows of this shrub at Aleppo, where they are in common use here very large, and I presume as our climate is there at meals to provoke an appetite, being ground inte somewhat similar to Sicily, the quality must be near-powder as we grind mustard seed. horn tree, from the branches being shaped like those the root, are bought and employed for dying an us, who are seated in the front parts of this counof the stag's-horn, and like them covered with a soft orange yellow. The leaves and stalk, when bruised, try, adjoining to the salts. Of the wild vines, which velvet-like down, which, both in colour and texture, have an aromatic but pungent and acid scent. are most of them great bearers, some wine has been resemble that of a young stag's-horn. The sumach called Sicily and Malaga, are the most made, which I drank of. It was very strong, and The leaves are long, and elegantly pinnated with sought after, and produces the greatest price. It well relisht; but what detains them all from offersix or seven pairs of leaflets, terminated by an odd looks much yellower when ground than the Ameri- ing it in great quantities is, they add, that this one, which hang in a most graceful manner. The can, and works more powerfully. It is the rhus cori-grape has a large stone and a thick skin, and conseshrub grows fron ten to fifteen feet in height, and aria, which grows naturally in Syria, Palestine, quently yields but a small quantity of wine. Some therefore should fill a middle station in the shrubbe-Spain and Portugal, as well as in this country, yet essays of this nature have been made by that hon. ry, between tall evergreens and lower shrubs. The the American is very inferior to that obtained from knight, Sir Nathaniel Johnson, of South Carolina, variety this plant affords in the autumn, by the gay Spain and Sicily. It is altogether probable that the who, as I am informed, has rejected all e otic vines, tints of its foliage, is not surpassed in beauty by any deficiency in the American sumach arises from their and makes his wine from the natural black grape of shrub we possess, as it is sometimes quite purple, gathering from the wrong species, from the mode of Carolina, by grafting it upon its own stock. What and at others of a fine red, before it changes to its cultivating it, from the quality of the land, or from improvement this may arise to, I cannot tell; but in last feuillemort colour. It is one of the trees that is having been grown in too northerly a climate. I other species, I own grafting and imbudding yields particularly handsome to look down upon. should consider that Louisiana would be admirably speedy fruit, though I never found that it made calculated for raising it. It is diligently cultivated them better." This shrub, as well as the elm-leaved sumach, is used for tanning leather; and the roots are used in medicine in Virginia and Carolina. The sumach sends up numerous suckers, by which means it is so easily increased, that there is little occasion to sow the seed when once a single plant is obtained. The Hortus Kewensis notices eleven species of this plant that will endure our winters, and nine species that require the green-house, and one the stove. in Spain and Portugal. The shoots are cut down So much for vines: in another part of the same to the roots every year, then dried, that they may be work, speaking of the natural history of the oposground to powder in a mill. sum, he says, (p. 120,) "the female doubtless breeds As the cultivation of sumach is become important her young at her teats; for I have seen them stick from its great consumption, I have taken some pains fast thereto when they have been no larger than a to collect the following botanic description, that no raspberry, and seemingly inanimate. She has a mistake may be made by our patriotic cultivators. paunch, or false belly, wherein she carries her young Coriaria-elm-leaved sumach-leaves pennate; after they are from those teats, until they can shift leaflets oval, bluntly serrated, downy beneath; their for themselves. Their food is roots, poultry or wild [Since the above was sent to the press, we find common stalk winged in the upper part; flowering fowl; they have no hair on their tails, but a sort of the following further notice of the article from the in July, and retaining its dense, branched, ample, a scale or hard crust, as the beavers have. If a cat pen of a certain Mr. Hopson, unknown to us, but by upright clusters, of deep red, rough, coriaceous ber- has nine lives, this creature surely has nineteenhis very useful writings under that name in the New ries, even till winter, after the leaves are fallen. for if you break every bone in their skin and mash York papers. This is in fact the very gentleman The tree is of a dwarf bushy habit, with spreading their skull, leaving them for dead, you may come whom we had in our mind's eye, when we requested ascending, round, downy branches, of a soft spongy an hour after and they will be gone quite away, or friend Prentiss to publish Mr. Foley's inquiries. It texture. Leaves from eight inches to a foot long, of perhaps you may meet them creeping away. They was a bait at which we were sure he would bite. about five pair of leaflets, with an odd one; paler, are a very stupid creature, utterly neglecting their downy, and veiny beneath. Flowers greenish, each safety. They are most like rats of any thing. Many of his communications on the subject of prac-with a large hoary germen, which becomes a glo-I have, of necessity, in the wilderness, eaten of them; tical manufactures, and the useful arts, may have unfortunately for us and our readers, escaped us; bular, crimson, hair berry, the size of an elder ber- their flesh is white and well tasted, but their ugly such as we have seen we have uniformly transplant- ry. The taste of this fruit is very acid and astrin- tails put me out of conceit with that fare. They ed to the American Farmer. We must regret that gent. climb trees, as racoons. Their fur is not esteemwe cannot reckon him amongst our own corresponed nor used, save that the Indians spin it into girdents, chiefly because some of his writings in other THE NATURAL AND CULTIVATED PROdles and garters." ohannels may escape us, for we have no hesitation in copying whatever we see that is good, being much better pleased to get a good article at second hand As they appeared to an acute observer, more than than an original one of inferior merit.] From the New-York Statesman. HOPSON. DUCTIONS OF THE CAROLINAS, MR. SKINNER,. century ago. a On page 163, on the natural and cultivated productions of the country at that period, viz. 1706 — "But waving this subject till some other opportunity, I shall now give you some observations in general concerning Carolina: which are, first, that it lies as convenient for trade as any of the plantations in America; that we have plenty of pitch, tar, skins Be Ryeland, N. C. July 10, 1825. I observe, from an extract in your paper, that a Without any preface, I intend giving you a few Mr. Foley, of Louisiana, is desirous of having some extracts from a very rare work, which as it is not of deer and beeves, furs, rice, wheat, rye, Indian information relative to the shrub called sumach. It known, I will give the title in its full length: "The grain, sundry sorts of pulse, turpentine, rosin, masts, is an article which has come under my notice for History of Carolina, (both North and South.) con-yards, planks and board, staves and lumber, timber many years, as a dealer and as a dyer. The con- taining the Exact Description and Natural History of many common sorts, fit for any uses; hemp, flax, sumption of sumach in this country is already con- of that Country, together with the Present State barley, oats, buckwheat, beef, pork, tallow, hides, siderable, and is much increasing. It is used by the thereof and a Journal of a Thousand Miles tra whalebone and oil; wax, cheese, butter, &c. dyer, and for tanning of leather; and Turkey leather velled through Several Nations of Indians, giving a sides drugs, dyes, fruit, silk, cotton, indigo, oil and is all tanned with this shrub. particular account of their Customs, Manners, &c. wine, that we need not doubt of as soon as we make I am not prepared to give information on the pro- by John Lawson, Gent. Surveyor General of North a regular essay. The country being adorned with per time of gathering the shrub, nor have I been able Carolina.-Printed in London, for T. Warner, at pleasant meadows, rivers, mountains, hills and rich to collect any instructions relative to it from works the Black boy, Paternoster Row, 1718." pastures, and blessed with wholesome, fine air, published on the subject. I should presume, how- The extract, or extracts, relate to the natural especially a little backwards from the sea, where ever, that the proper time would be when the annual grape vines, at that time seen by Mr. Lawson in the the wild beasts' inhabit, none of which are vorashoots arrive at their full degree of foliage. I should woods of North Carolina, I presume, as he lived in cious." deem the most important fact to the cultivator to be that state, near the town of Bath. He says (p. 112,) "There cannot be a richer soil; no place aboundthe obtaining of the right species, for the varieties "As for that noble vegetable the vine, without doubt ing more in flesh and fowl, both wild and tame, beare numerous, and among them only one appears to it may, in this country, be improved and brought to sides fish, fruit, grain, cider and many other pleabe cultivated on the European continent for the use the same perfection as it is at this day in the same sant liquors; together with several other necessaries of the dyer and tanner. When the right kind has latitude in Europe, since the chiefest part of this for life and trade that are daily found out, as new been obtained, and the shoots gathered and well dri-country is a deep, rich black mould, which is up to discoveries are made. The stone and gout seldom ed, it will be necessary, in order to give to it the Eu-wards the freshes and heads of our rivers, being trouble us; the consumption we are wholly stranropean value, that it should be ground to a fine very rich, and mixed with flint-pebbles and other gers to, no place affording a better remedy for that powder. stones; and this sort of soil is approved of (by all distemper than Carolina." There are several species of sumach in this coun-knowing gardeners and vignerons,) as a proper Thus we learn from one who had an opportunity try. The rhus coriaria, or elm-leaved; the rhus gla-earth, in which the grape chiefly delights: and what of seeing this country in its earliest settlement, how brum, called scarlet sumach, from the colour of its seems to give a farther confirmation hereof, is, that wonderfully it was, and is blest, by the hands of acid berries-the rhus tyhinum, called Virginia su the largest vines that were ever discovered to grow Providence. mach-the rhus copaliinum, or the lentiseus leaved wild, are found in those parts, oftentimes in such sumach, &c. plenty, and are so interwoven with one another that ras cetiaus, or Venice sumach, is also an it is impossible to pass between them. Moreover. important article in dying. It is contaonly called in these freshes towards the hills, the vines are young fustic, the stem and trunk of the shrub, and above five times bigger than those generally with Lawson was here in 1706, and was employed in the capacity of a surveyor; and therefore much among the Indians. He was killed by the Tuskaroras, on the Neuse river. The work is exceedingly rare; I wish you had it, as it throws much light on the natural history of nal, original cost, 1200; present value, 14,600; annual our country, particularly the "Carolinas." Yours, A CONSTANT READER. QUANTITY OF BLOOD IN ANIMALS. dividend, 1130, and bonus. Coventry canal, original When the present Archbishop of Canterbury was RECIPES. TO KEEP OFF THE BEE MILLER. THE FARMER. BALTIMORE, FRIDAY, AUGUST 12, 1825. COMMUNICATED. Legislature. The patronage of the state has been given in a thousand forms to every particular interest, and the more isolated and particular, the more apt have been all applications to succeed before the Legislature; but what has been done for the plough? It will be proposed at the next session to give, out of the proceeds of lotteries, of some other fund, the sum of only $100 for each county, on the following plan and principles. In premiums, to be distributed by the Maryland Agricultural Societies on the Eastern and Western Shores, for the best crops and the best manufactures, from each county respectively. If there be no competition from a county, then the sum allotted to it to be reserved or to go into the general funds of the Society. The law to be limited to five years, Those who have not considered the subject must first made a bishop, it was of course supposed to be A PRACTICAL QUESTION— -To Candidates for the next be surprised at the quantity of blood which passes through the noble family to whom he is related, and through the heart of any moderately sized animal particularly at the request of the beautiful Duchess. in the course of twenty-four hours. In man, the The following lines were written on the occasion:quantity of blood existing in the body at any given "Old poets tell, how could it be? moment, is probably from 30 to 40 pints. Of these! That Venus rose from out the sea; an ounce and a half, or about three table spoonsful But modern times more wonders showThe see from Verus rises now." are sent out at every stroke, which multiplied into 75 (the average rate of the pulse,) give 1125 ounces, or seven pints in a minute-i e 420 pints, or 25 gallons in an hour, and 1260 gallons-i e. nearly 24 hogsheads in a day. Now, if we recollect that the whale is said to send from its heart, at each stroke, 15 gallons, the imagination is overwhelmed MR. SKINNER, with the aggregate of the quantity that must pass After trying the remedy against the bee miller, through the heart of that animal in 24 hours. It is recommended in your Journal, Vol. 5, No. 6, and a general law, that the pulse of the larger animal is various others, all, of which proved ineffectual, I slower than that of the smailer; but even if we put had recourse to mercurial ointment; and this I am inthe pulse of the whale so low as twenty in the mi-duced to believe, if it be applied early in the spring, to try its effects. nute, the quantity circulated through the heart, cal- as the fly makes its appearance, and renewed once This is the rough outline of the system. Will culated at 15 gallons for each pulsation, will be or twice during the season, will entirely expel them. you or will you not support it? that is the question. 432,000 gallons-equal to 8000 hogsheads in twen- It is not a costly article, and with a little trouble ty-four hours. The consideration of this amazing can be made by any family. It is necessary to requantity is, however, a subject of mere empty won-mark, that the hive should be tight, smooth, and leder, if not accompanied with the reflection, that, in vel, at the bottom; the bench on which it rests, must order to produce the aggregate amount, the heart be planed and made to fit it nicely. After the hive is kept in constant motion; and that, in fact, it is is placed where you design it to remain, mark it days of November next. incessantly beating, as it is termed, or throwing out around, and then remove it a little, until you spread Premiums will be given in appropriate pieces of the blood into the arteries, from the first period of on a thin coat with a case knife, all around the silver plate, for horses, cattle, swine, sheep, impleour existence to the moment of our death, without thickness of the plank your hive is made of, except ments of industry, ploughing matches, family manuany sensation of fatigue, or even without conscious- just where the bees will enter, it is then ready to factures, butter, crops, and fermented liquors. The ness, excepting under occasional corporeal or men- place again where it may rest secure, but it will be general regulations will be the same as at our exhital agitation. [Dr. Kidd, Edin. Phil. Journal. best to examine occasionally, and to keep the bot-bitions.. A Friend of the Plough. CATTLE SHOW.-The Dorchester Agricultural Society will hold their first cattle show at Cambridge, on Thursday and Friday, the 10th and 11th tom of the hive clean, until late in the season, when A most laudable and beneficial spirit has been the bees will occupy it and guard its entrance during thus manifested by the farmers of that enlightened the night, as I am inclined to think it is at that time and hospitable county, who have in the fulness of the egg is deposited. Yours, very respectfully, ROBT. C. STEPTOE. CUCUMBERS. NATURAL LIFE OF TREES. There are various opinions respecting the full their zeal and the soundness of their discretion, afage or natural life of trees. The few following inforded, exclusively, the means of making this pubstances will show the length of time which trees lic display of their actual agricultural condition. It have been known to exist. Mr. Galyne and others, would be unreasonable to expect in the commenceimagine that from 300 to 400 years form the natument, extraordinary excellence in any branch of husral life of the oak tree. An oak was felled in April, bandry; but to the work of improvement, in agricul1791, in the park of Sir John Rushout, bart., at Cucumber seeds should be steeped for two days ture no less than in morals, it is often expedient to Northwick, near Blackley, Worcestershire, Eng- in milk and honey before they are set, to make the discover our defects and our faults. Presumptuous land, judged to be about 300 years old. It was fruit sweeter and pleasanter. Pliny says, to make a and irreclaimable are they who maintain that they perfectly sound; contained 634 cubical feet of tim delicate sallad of cucumbers, boil them first, then have nothing to learn; or, as our correspondent on ber in the trunk, and the arms were estimated at peel them from the rind, and serve them up with oil, the first page more elegantly expresses the same 200 feet more. In Mr. Gilpin's work on forest vinegar and honey. Columella has recorded a vari-thought-The buoy is sometimes as important to scenery, there is an account of oak trees in the ety of wonderful stories respecting the garden cu- the mariner, in showing him where he ought not to New Forest, which had marks of existence before cumber; and some English authors of great celebri-go, as is the pilot, at another, in directing him where the time of the conquest. The tree in the same ty, have stated that when a cucumber vine is grow he may." We should be glad to see an agriculforest, against which the arrow of Sir Wm. Tyrrel ing, if you set a pot of water, about five or six inch-tural exhibition got up in every county of the state, glanced, and killed King William Rufus, remains es distance from it, it will shoot so much in twenty- and the premium objects and products of each counstill a tree, though much mutilated. In Mr. Robt. four hours as to touch it; but that it will shrink from ty contending for the palm of excellence at the state Low's "View of the Agriculture of Nottingham- oil and turn fairly away from it. shire," several trees are said to have been lately felled in Sherwood Forest, which were found to have cut in them I. R. or In. R. (Rex.) and some had a crown over the letters. Mr. McWilliam, in TETTER WORM. exhibitions here and at Easton. But what hope can be formed of general improvement, where the lawgivers of a state essentially agricultural, deem the interests and the dignity of agriculture unworthy of After I had the tetter nearly twenty years on legislation; nay, where the people, the planters and his "Essay on Dry-rot," goes still farther: he says, my hand, and had used dollars worth of celebrated farmers of the state, in choosing their delegates, that many trees might be mentioned in this and tetter ointment, which took off the skin repeatedly only ask-who will you turn out? who will you put other countries, which bear sufficient testimony of without effecting a cure, a friend advised me to ob- in? but never inquire what broad foundation they their being far above 1000 years old; and he gives tain some Blood Root (called also Red Root, Indian are going to lay in the laws of the state, for the more reasons for believing, that several trees now exist Paint, &c.) to slice it in vinegar and afterwards wash profitable employment of its natural resources-Its above three thousand years old! the place affected, with the liquid. I did so, and in susceptibility of raising sheep-its improvement by a few days the dry scurf was removed, and my dis- canals, by better systems for making new roads and eased hand appeared whole as the other. repairing old ones-for preserving timber by conThe following statement will show the vast in- I could scarcely believe that a perfect cure was fining hogs, which under any circumstances is real erease in the value of canal property. Old Birming so speedily accomplished by this simple remedy-economy, &c. &c. hamı Canal, original cost per share, 1140; present but as nearly two years have past without the least value, 12,840; annual dividend, 100.-Stafford and appearance of its return; I need no longer doubt the [We find it impossible to make room for all the Worcester canal, original cost, 140, present value, fact: and for the benefit of others, I wish the value handbills of Agricultural Exhibitions. If great res1960; annual dividend, 140. Trent and Mersey Ca-lof the Red Root to be more generally known. pect for the parties generally, and particular person |