I have not included in this list the Alexandrian Fathers, Clement of Alexandria and Origen, though they occupy a considerable place in the development of human thought. The student is referred to Bigg's Bampton Lectures for 1886, The Christian Platonists of Alexandria. The reader will remark that no space has been assigned to Roman Philosophers. The truth is that Roman philosophy was almost entirely modelled on Greek; the various Roman writers on philosophical questions did not succeed in making any real advance. The best " philosophers' of Rome were often eclectic. Even Cicero, interested as he was in the work of the Schools, contributed little or nothing to human thought. None the less we must allow him this: he breathed a new spirit into the dry bones of the later philosophies. And he made, almost more than any other writer, "the thoughts of the great masters of old the common property of mankind." BIBLIOGRAPHY OF WORKS BY SIR WILLIAM SMITH (1813-1893) DICTIONARY of Greek and Roman Antiquities, 1842, 1848; 3rd edition, enlarged, 1890-91; ed. by F. W. Cornish, 1898; smaller edition, 1853; Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography, 1844-49, 1850-51, 1877-87; revised edition by G. S. Marindin, 1904; Chronological Tables of Greek and Roman History, etc., 1849; History of Classical Learning, Lectures delivered at Opening of New College, London, 1851; Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography, 1854-57; History of Greece, 1854; smaller edition, 1860; Latin-English Dictionary, 1855, and later editions; Dictionary of the Bible, 1860-63; revised edition by H. B. Hackett and E. Abbot, 1867-70; ed. by S. W. Burnum, 1871; by W. Smith and J. M. Fuller, 2nd edition, 1893; for Families and Schools, 1865, 1866; A Primary History of Britain for Elementary Schools, 1873, and many later editions; Atlas (with Sir George Grove), 1875; Dictionary of Christian Antiquities, 1875-80; Dictionary of Christian Biography (with Dr. Wace), 1877-87. As an Editor, Sir William Smith's name is associated with a series of "Students' Manuals," and the "Principia" series; he was also editor of Gibbon, and of portions of Tacitus and Plato; the Histories by Hume, Hallam, and Gibbon, and the Greek Grammar, by Curtius, were adapted by him to the use of students. In collaboration with L. Schmitz he translated the third volume of Niebuhr's Rome. In 1867 he became editor of the Quarterly Review. OTHER CLASSICAL DICTIONARIES DAREMBERG : Dict. des Antiquités (Grecques et Romaines). Very complete work, commenced in 1877. Still in progress. BAUMEISTER: Denkmaler des Klassichen Altertums, etc. (1884). An interesting German work in three volumes, used largely by Classical Societies. LEMPRIÈRE (JOHN): Bibliotheca Classica, or Classical Dictionary. First published in 1788. There have been numerous editions since and it is still a useful work. SEYFFERT: Dictionary of Classical Antiquities. Translated from the German, 1902. A Companion to Greek Studies: Cambridge, 1905. A Companion to Latin Studies: Cambridge, 1910. A NOTE ON CLASSICAL ARCHITECTURE See Illustrations on bages 585-588 THERE are two chief divisions of ancient classic architecture: (1) Greek; (2) Roman. The distinguishing styles are called Orders, which may be (roughly) classified as follows: GREEK: Doric; Ionic; Corinthian. Of these Orders, the Greek are alone true; the Roman are adapted. Though the Roman Orders were never used by the Greeks, the Doric, Ionic and Corinthian were common to both Greeks and Romans. Of the three "true" Orders used by the Greeks, the Doric is the oldest and, in many ways, the noblest. The greatest example of Doric in the world is the PARTHENON at Athens.1 Another grand example of Doric is to be seen in the great temple of Poseidon at Paestum (6th cent. B.C.). This Order has no "base"; the capital is simple and massive; the shaft fluted; and the entablature far more significant than in the other Orders. The Ionic Order is easily distinguished by the spiral volutes on the capital. The shaft of the column is fluted; 2 the base is known as 99 Attic (i.e. two torus mouldings separated by a scotia with intervening fillets). Among ancient examples, we may mention the Portico of the Erechtheum at Athens; among modern, the façade of the British Museum. Roman Ionic does not differ, in principle, from Greek; but note: the cornice is deeper, the frieze narrower, the volutes smaller, and the shaft is plain. The Corinthian Order was employed by the Greeks but little, the most noteworthy examples now extant being the Choragic Monument of Lysicrates at Athens, and the temple of Olympian Zeus at Athens. With the Romans this Order was a great favourite, as it exactly suited their ideas of superabundance and magnificence. The finest example of Roman Corinthian is the PANTHEON at Rome. The distinguishing feature of the Order is the "foliated capital," often most elaborately carved. The base of the Corinthian column is not unlike the Ionic, and is superimposed on a stylobate, or square plinth. Roman Corinthian differs from Greek in the following respects there are no "antefixae " carvings on the top; the crowning moulding is supported by carved consoles, beneath which runs the egg-and-tongue moulding. Besides this, the capital differs in many details; and the shaft is frequently plain, whereas in Greek Corinthian the shaft is fluted. A good example of the Roman "composite " Order is to be found in the famous Arch of Titus (Rome). The following dates are significant in the history of Classical Architecture : Middle of 5th cent. B.C. The building of the Parthenon. B.C. 27. The building of the Pantheon at Rome. 1 The Romans used this Order but little; its plainness and severity of outline did not suit their tastes. 2 Generally, 24 flutes with fillets between, the flutes being semicircular. In the Doric column there are 20 flutes, so arranged as to touch each other. A SMALLER CLASSICAL DICTIONARY ABACAENUM, an ancient town of the Siculi in Sicily, W. of Messana, and S. of Tyndaris. ABĂCUS: (1) in architecture, the flat stone on the top of a column; (2) a dice board; (3) a mathematician's table, covered with sand, on which figures were drawn; (4) a counting board; (5) a sideboard. ABAE, an ancient town of Phocis, on the boundaries of Boeotia; celebrated for an ancient temple and oracle of Apollo, who hence derived the surname of Abaeus. ĂBANTES, the ancient inhabitants of Euboea. They are said to have been of Thracian origin, to have first settled in Phocis, where they built Abae, and afterwards to have crossed over to Euboea. The Abantes of Euboea assisted in colonising several of the Ionic cities of Asia Minor. ĂBANTIADES, any descendant of Abas, but especially Perseus, great-grandson of Abas, and Acrisius, son of Abas. A female descendant of Abas, as Danaë and Atalante, was called Abantias. ĂBĂRIS, a priest of Apollo, came from the country about the Caucasus to Greece, while his native land was visited by a plague. He is said to have taken no earthly food, and to have ridden on an arrow, the gift of Apollo, through the air. ÅBAS. 1. Son of Metanīra, was changed by Demeter into a lizard, because he mocked the goddess when she had come on her wanderings into the house of his mother, and drank eagerly to quench her thirst.-2. Twelfth king of Argos, grandson of Danaus, and father of Acrisius and Proetus. When he informed his father of the death of Danaus, he was rewarded with the shield of his grandfather, which was sacred to Hera. This shield performed various marvels, and the mere sight of it could reduce a revolted people to submission. ABDERA, a town of N. Thrace. It was the birthplace of Democritus and Protagoras, the philosophers; but its inhabitants, notwithstanding, were accounted stupid, and an "Abderite was a term of reproach. ÅBELLA or ÅVELLA, a town of Campania, not far from Nola. It was celebrated for its fruit trees, whence Virgil calls it mālifĕra. B |