Докладніше про цю книгу
Моя бібліотека
Книги в Google Play
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
CHAPTER I.
POPULATION
Requirements of Correct Statistics.-Census Enumerations.-Age and
Sex Grouping of Population.-Criticism of Accuracy of Census.-
Methods of Estimating Population.—Registrar-General's Official
Method.-Instances of Mistaken Estimates.-Estimation from
Number of Inhabited Houses.-Estimation from Birth-rate.-
Quinquennial Census.-Requirements of a good Census.-Effect of
Migration on Population.-Population Registers.-Progress of
Population.-Economic Value of Population.
CHAPTER II.
REGISTRATION OF BIRTHS AND DEATHS
History of Registration.-System of Registration.-Defects of Registra-
tion.-Number of Uncertified Deaths.-Number of Inquests.-
Improvements of Registration required.-Medical Registrars.—
Registration of Causes of Death.--Death from ill-defined Causes.
Lack of Uniformity of Nomenclature.-Classification of Diseases.
The Royal College of Physicians on Nomenclature and Classifica-
tion. The Registrar-General's Classification of Causes of Death.
Estimation of Prevalence of a Disease from its Mortality.-Economically,
Sickness more important than Death. -Attempts made to Register
Sickness. Requirements of Sickness Registration.-Information
now Available.-Object Prophylactic as well as Scientific.-Com-
pulsory Notification of Infectious Diseases.-Advantages of Notifi-
cation. Methods.-Extension of Notification.-Diseases to be Noti-
fied.-Effect on Zymotic Mortality.-National Registration of
Infectious Diseases.
. 15
CHAPTER IV.
MARRIAGES
Methods of Estimating Marriages.-Causes of High Marriage-rate in
Towns.-Influence of National Prosperity on Marriage-rate.-
General Decline in Marriage-rate.-Marriage Calendar.—Marriages
and Re-marriages.-Ages at Marriage.-Occupation as Influencing
Age at Marriage.-Marriage of Minors.-Duration of Married Life.-
Fecundity of Marriage.-Relation between Marriage and Population.
-Proportion of Population Unmarried.-Signatures in Marriage
Register.
PAGE
43
CHAPTER V.
BIRTHS
Estimation of Birth-rate.-History of Registration of Births.-Birth-
statistics of Counties of England and Wales.-Influence of Social
Position and National Prosperity.-Influence of Nationality.-Still-
Births.-Proportion of Males and Females at Birth.-Illegitimacy.
-Influence of Early Marriage and of Education on Illegitimacy.—
The Malthusian hypothesis.-Laws of Increase of Population and
of Subsistence.-Influence of Birth-rate on Age and Sex Constitution
of Population.-Natural Increase of Population.
CHAPTER VI.
DEATHS
. 54
. . 76
Estimation of Death-rate.-Death-rates for Short Periods.-General
and Special Death-rates.-Effect of Migration on Death-rate.-
Correction for Visitors.-Effect of Public Institutions.-Influence
of Birth-rate on Death-rate.-Opposite Views of Letheby and Farr.
-Influence of Age and Sex Distribution on Death-rate.—Proportion
of Males and Females in Population.-Method of Correction for
Age and Sex Distribution.-Standard, Recorded, and Corrected
Death-rates.-Factors for Correction.-Trustworthiness of General
Death-rates.
-
CHAPTER VII.
MALE AND FEMALE MORTALITY AT DIFFERENT AGES 98
Death-rates at Age-Groups.-False Methods of Estimating these.-
Infantile Population. Infantile Mortality.-Mortality in each
Month of First Year.-Causes of Infantile Mortality.-Insurance of
Children.--Mortality of Illegitimate Infants.-Female Mortality.-
The Standard Million,
Influence of Climate.-Influence of Season.- Mild Winters and Cool
Summers.-Seasonal Prevalence of Diseases.-Cyclical Changes.—
Effect of Conditions of Subsoil.-Effect of Race.-Effect of Marital
Condition.-Effect of Sanitation.-Increased Urban Population and
Lowered Mortality.—Effect of Sanitation on Phthisis and Typhoid
Fever.-School Life and Mortality
115
CHAPTER IX.
DENSITY OF POPULATION AND MORTALITY.
Estimation of Degree of Aggregation.-Relation between Density and
Mortality.-Urban and Rural Population.-Urban and Rural Mor-
tality. Apparent and Real Differences.-Effect of Density on
Mortality of Young.-Range of Action of Density on Mortality.-
Effect of Higher Degrees of Density on Mortality.-Size of House
and Mortality.-Artisans' Block Buildings.-Back-to-Back Houses.
-Causes of High Mortality from Increased Density.-Impure Air.
-Infectious Diseases.-Phthisis.-Poverty and Drunkenness.
Class and Occupation.-Difficulties of Classification.-Methods of Com-
parison between Occupations.-Fallacies of Mean Age at Death.—
Dr. Ogle on Occupational Mortality.-Sources of Possible Error.—
Mortality in Individual Occupations. — Comparative Mortality
Figures. Causes of Mortality in Different Occupations.-Influence
of Foul Air and Dust.-Alcoholism and Lead-Poisoning.
Methods of Estimating.-Zymotic Death-rate.-Measles.-Scarlet Fever.
-Case-Mortality.-Relation of Scarlet Fever to Age and Sex.-
Geographical Distribution of Scarlet Fever and Diphtheria.-
Diphtheria.-Whooping Cough.-Fever. - Enteric and Typhus
Fever.-Diarrhoea.
. 133
149
. 166
CHAPTER XII.
SMALLPOX AND VACCINATION
. 191
Smallpox Mortality at Different Periods.-Smallpox Mortality at Dif-
ferent Ages.-Change in the Age-Incidence of Smallpox-Effect of
Vaccination on its Age-Incidence.-Effect of Vaccination on
Severity of Smallpox.-Effect of Varying Number of Cicatrices.-
Efficient and Inefficient Vaccination.-Why Smallpox not Extir-
pated.-Proportion of Population Unvaccinated.
CHAPTER XIII.
MORTALITY FROM SPECIAL DISEASES
Puerperal Fever and Childbirth.-Hydrophobia.-Cancer.-Increase and
Geographical Distribution of Cancer.-Phthisis.-Relation to Damp
Subsoil. Diabetes. - Dietetic Diseases.-Alcoholism.-Develop-
mental Diseases.-Premature Birth.-Local Diseases.-Violence.
-Accident.-Suicide.-Homicide.
. 205
Dr. Farr's Biometer.-Data for Life Table.-Method of Construction of
Life Table.-Shorter Method of Dr. Farr.-Mr. Noel Humphrey's
Method.-History of Life Tables.-Halley.-De Moivre's Hypo-
thesis. Dr. Price's Northampton Table.-Mr. Milne's Carlisle
Table.-Dr. Farr's English Life Tables No. 1 and No. 2.—English
Life Table No. 3.-Normal or Life-Table Population.-Healthy
Districts Life Table.-Upper-Class Experience Table.-Healthy
Males Table.-Clerical Experience Table. - Dr. Ogle's New
English Life Table.
Connection between Mean Age at Death, Expectation of Life, and
Number out of which One Dies Annually.-Mean Age at Death.-
Effect of Birth-Rate on Mean Age at Death.-Mean Age at Death
from Certain Diseases.-Mean Age of Living.-Mean Duration of
Life.-Complete and Curtate Expectation of Life.-Willich's and
Farr's Formulæ.-Probable Duration of Life.-Specific Intensity.
-Probability of Living a given Number of Years.-Probability of
Dying of any one Disease.
. 221
241
CHAPTER XVI.
THE DECLINE IN THE ENGLISH DEATH-RATE AND
ITS CAUSES .
Ages at which Decline in Death-Rate has Occurred.-Effect on Mean
Duration of Life.-Life Table Comparison the only Accurate
Method.-Effect of Extinction of any Disease on Mean Duration
of Life.-Causes of Greater Mortality at Higher Ages.—Expectation
of Life for each Year of Age.-Balance of Loss and Gain between
Old and New English Life Tables.-Causes of Increased and De-
creased Mortality.
262
CHAPTER XVII.
STATISTICS OF SICKNESS
Incapacitating Sickness.-Time Lost by Sickness per Annum.-Statis-
tics of Friendly Societies.-Number Constantly Sick per Cent.—
Economical Aspect of Sickness.-Expectation of Sickness.—Dura-
tion of Attacks of Sickness.
CHAPTER XVIII.
ARMY AND NAVY STATISTICS
275
Average Strength of Army.-Rates of Mortality and Sickness in Army.
-Average Sick-Time.-Causes of Sickness.-Ratio of Invaliding.-
Duration of Service and Age of Invalided.-Average Strength of
Navy. Rates of Sickness, Invaliding and Mortality.-Causes of
Sickness in Navy.
CHAPTER XIX.
STATISTICAL FALLACIES
Quetelet's Rules.-Fallacies already Exposed.-Classification of Fal-
lacies.-Fallacies from Paucity of Data.-Poisson's Formula.-
Fallacies owing to Inaccurate or Incomparable Data.-Non Cæteris
Paribus.-Alleged Deterioration of Recruits.-Comparison of Deaths
without Correction for Alteration of Population.-Fallacies con-
cerning Averages.-Mean and Extreme Values.-Mean Strength.-
Hospital Statistics.-Bed and Patient Death-rate.
292
xiv
XV
xix
315
. 319