sidered to devolve on them in virtue of their primacy was that of watching over the observance of the canons. The limited right of hearing appeals, granted to them by the Council of Sardica in 347, was avowedly an innovation, of purely ecclesiastical origin, and moreover was never admitted or exercised in Africa or the East. Many national Churches, like the Armenian, the Syro-Persian, the Irish, and the ancient British, were independent of any influence of Rome. When first something like the Papal system was put into words by an Eastern Patriarch, St. Gregory, the greatest and best of all the early Popes, repudiated the idea as a wicked blasphemy. Not one of the Fathers explains the passages of the New Testament about St. Peter in the ultramontane sense; and the Tridentine profession of faith binds all the clergy to interpret Scripture in accordance with their unanimous consent.

66

"To prove the doctrine of Papal infallibility nothing less is required than a complete falsification of Church history." An overwhelming mass of evidence against the infallibility of the Pope is collected in the work before us. The chapters on 'Forgeries," "Encroachments," "Interdicts," The Inquisition," "The Cardinals," and "The Curia," contain the pith of the story. The edifice, based on a huge substructure of forgeries, was gradually reared through the patient toil of centuries of chicanery and violence-each weapon being employed in turn, as occasion served, with a persistent cruelty and cunning which it would be difficult to parallel in history-till it now only awaits its final consummation, when the darling dream of the infallibilists shall have been erected by the approaching Council into an article of faith.

ART. X.-SYNOPSIS OF THE QUARTERLIES, AND OTHERS OF THE HIGHER PERIODICALS.

American Quarterly Reviews.

BAPTIST QUARTERLY, October, 1869. (Philadelphia.)-1. University Corporations 2. F. W. Robertson on Baptismal Regeneration. 3. Growth and History of Language. 4. Mr. Lowell's Poetry. 5. Balaam, the Prophet of Syria. 6. Exegetical Studies.

BIBLIOTHECA SACRA, October, 1869. (Andover.)-1. The Resurrection of the Body. 2. The Natural Theology of Social Science. 3. The Königsberg Relig ious Suit. 4. Mount Lebanon. 5. The Doctrine of the Apostles. 6. The Brethren of our Lord. 7. Rival Editions of the Text of the New Testament as contained in the Codex Vaticanus.

CHRISTIAN QUARTERLY, October, 1869. (Cincinnati.)-1. The Church of the Future. 2. Life and Times of Alexander Campbell. 3. Ancient Hymnody.

4. Ecumenical Councils. 5. Women's Work in the Church. 6. Jerusalem. EVANGELICAL QUARTERLY REVIEW, October, 1869. (Gettysburgh.)-1. Justification by Faith. Article Fourth of the Augsburg Confession. 2. The Sabbath Question in its Historical Relations, and Bearings upon the Faith and Life of the Church. 3. Communion with God. 4. Ecclesiastical Purity. 5. Daniel and his Prophecies. 6. The Relation of the Text to the Sermon. By Dr. Kahle, Pastor at Caymen. Translated from the German. 7. Patrick Henry. FREEWILL BAPTIST QUARTERLY, July, 1869. (Dover, N. H.)-1. The Divine Prerogative to Save and to Destroy. 2. The First Resurrection. 3. Christ's Exaltation and Universal Drawing. 4. Rationalism. 5. The Doctrine of God's Special Providence. 6. Christianity a Mission Work. 7. The Doctrine of Paul and James on Faith and Works, compared with the Teachings of Christ. 8. God's Way of Salvation. 9. Impediments to Self-Knowledge. MERCERSBURG REVIEW, October, 1869. (Philadelphia.)-1. The True Idea of Liberal Education. 2. Image and Likeness. 3. Priestly Mediation. 4. The

Relation of the Present to the Past and to the Future. 5. The Church of the Living God, the Pillar and Ground of the Truth. 6. The Liturgical Movement in the Presbyterian and Reformed Churches.

NEW ENGLAND HISTORICAL AND GENEALOGICAL REGISTER, October, 1869, (Boston.)-1. Hon. Calvin Fletcher. 2. Births, Marriages, and Deaths in Portsmouth, N. H., 1706-1742. 3. Miss Frances Manwaring Caulkins. 4. The Spooner Family. 5. The Usher Family. 6. Emery-Amory. 7. Philip Welch, of Ipswich, Mass. 8. Epitaphs from "Burying Hill," Weymouth, Mass. 9. Births, Marriages, and Deaths in Lyme, Conn. 10. Papers relating to the Haines Family. 11. Church Records of Newington, N. H. 12. First Record-Book of First Church, Charlestown, Mass. 13. Milton (MS.) Church Records, 1678-1754. 14. Letters from Joshua Henshaw, Jr., to William Henshaw. 15. Documents relating to the Colonial History of Connecticut, with Notes. 16. Bibliography of the Local History of Massachusetts.

PRINCETON REVIEW, October, 1869. (New York.)—1. Morrell on Revelation and Inspiration. 2. Christian Work in Upper Egypt. 3. Recent Scholarship. 4. The Church Question. 5. Smaller Bodies of American Presbyterians. 6. Recent Discussions on the Representation of Minorities. 7. Oberlin Ethics and Theology; their Latest Exposition. 8. Materialism.-Physiological Psychology.

UNIVERSALIST QUARTERLY, October, 1869. (Boston.)-1. Hindu Philosophy and the Bhagavad-Gita. 2. The Pacific Railroad. 3. John Murray. 4. Religion

and Science. 5. The Huguenots. 6. The Province and Uses of Ecclesiastical History.

NORTH AMERICAN REVIEW, October, 1869. (Boston.)-1. The Genesis of Language. 2. The Writings of Mr. Rowland G. Hazard. 3. Indian Migrations. 4. Civil-Service Reform. 5. The Coast of Egypt and the Suez Canal. 6. Paraguay and the Present War.

In the first article Mr. Fiske says: "Wo-man is identical with Lat. fe-min-a, Skr. we-man, a 'weaver;' with which may be compared our use of spinster. It was hardly more strange that the primitive Aryans should call the woman a 'weaver,' than that they should call the daughter of the household a 'milkmaid; yet this derivation of the latter word has been minutely and incontrovertibly proven."

Is not fe-min-a plainly the feminine form of homo, (Gen. homin-is,) being the word man preceded by the article, and succeeded by the sex termination?

English Reviews.

BRITISH AND FOREIGN EVANGELICAL REVIEW, October, 1869. (London.)1. Lightfoot on the Epistle to the Philippians. 2. Hugh Broughton. 3. Pilate and his Times viewed by Indian Light. 4. The English New Testament-Revision and Retranslation. 5. Curiosities of Later Biography-Crabb Robinson and W. Savage Landor. 6. "The Song of Songs "-A New Reading of its Plot. 7. Kennedy on Man's Relations to God. 8. The Philosophy of Nescience; or, Hamilton and Mansel on Religious Thought.

NORTH BRITISH REVIEW, October, 1869. (Scott's Republication, New York, 140 Fulton-street.)-1. Juventus Mundi. 2. The Massacre of St. Bartholomew. 3. The Different Schools of Elementary Logic. 4. Mr. Browning's Latest Poetry. 5. The Pope and the Council. 6. The Constitutional Development of Austria. 7. Literature of the Land Question in Ireland.

WESTMINSTER REVIEW, October, 1869. 140 Fulton-street.)-1. The Quakers.

(Scott's Republication, New York, 2. The Poems and Prose Remains of Arthur Hugh Clough. 3. Water Supply of London. 4. Sunday Liberty. 5. The Afghan Tribes on our Trans-Indus Frontier. 6. The Natural History of Morals. 7. The Albert Life Insurance Company. 8. Compulsory Education. 9. Prostitution; its Sanitary Superintendence by the State.

EDINBURGH REVIEW, October, 1869. (Scott's Republication, New York, 140 Fulton-street, N. Y.) 1. The Ecumenical Council. 2. Freshfield's Travels in the Caucasus. 3. The Duc d'Aumale's Lives of the Condés. 4. Thornton on Labor. 5. Count Bismarck. 6. Robinson's Parks and Gardens of Paris. 7. Fergusson on Tree and Serpent Worship. 8. Diaries of Henry Crabb Robinson. 9. Indian Judges, British and Native. 10. The Victorial of Don Pedro Nino. 11. Mill on the Subjection of Women. The eleventh article is an ample (though it might have been ampler) refutation of Mr. Mills's fallacious book, The Subjection of Women. That Mr. Mills's work is one-sided, overdrawing the subjection of women, and overlooking the immense "subjection of men," both in the battle of history and in the marital relation, is clearly and conclusively shown. That volume, we think, possesses slight value in the discussion.

The equality of men and women, as maintained by Mills, is shown to be unreal. "If they are precisely the same kind of beings with no differences except those which are physical, then we allow without a moment's hesitation that women are the natural inferiors of men. Equality must embrace the whole being; it cannot be taken as belonging only to a part of it. And woman is confessedly and unmistakably man's inferior in one part of her being; therefore, unless she is as unmistakably his superior in another, she can have no claim to consider herself his equal. Now it cannot be asserted for an instant that she is notably his superior in intellect; all that the boldest theorizer ever dreams of asserting is, that she is equal with him in that particular, while she is manifestly not equal to him in bodily strength and personal courage. Thus in every way in which we can put the comparison, so long as we examine the two as competitors for one prize, her inferiority is marked and undeniable." The writer might just as easily have shown man's greater strength of intellect in every department of great thought as his greater strength of body. Divide all the great productions of human intellect into three grades of high, higher, highest, and the feminine productions will be a minority in the first, a rarity in the second, a nonexistence in the third. The highest score, respectively, of mathematicians, poets, orators, historians, painters, architects, generals, and statesmen, we venture to say were all males. Beyond all reasonable question, then, to the male belongs the greater strength of intellect as clearly as the greater strength of body.

But is strength the only excellence? If men's advantage is strength, woman's is beauty, and all its powerful cognates; and it it be asked which is the superior excellence, strength or beauty, we reply that they are as incommensurable as a rod and a pound. Each excellence as exemplified in man and woman works for each sex a thousand reciprocal superiorities in turn. If woman is maritally a slave, so is man, perhaps, much more a slave. The duties of his family mastership often render him immensely the more worn and weary of the two. Take our high civilization and compare the life-task of a New York merchant with that of his fashionable wife!

And as for the proud dominion which, in its turn, feminine beauty overrides man, take the following case. We are conversing, in a New York watering-place, with a California lady who has read Mill, and is declaiming against the subjection of women. We reply: Madam, you are here living in a magnificent edifice built, owned, and managed exclusively by men, and yet your expenses being paid from a man's toils, you live a queen. When you depart, a carriage built by men and driven by men will convey you, with the most delicate care and reverence, to the depot. From the depot, designed by male brains, and built by hard male hands, you will be most respectfully transferred to the rail-car. Rail-car and railroad are built exclusively by male brain and muscle. While riding in it you are still a queen. Every voice softens in addressing you, and no hand dare touch you but with reverence. By car and by steamer, in the same queenly style, you enter San Francisco, a city built by men. In this queenly superiority you permanently reign through life; it is an organic reality, an imperative law laid upon subjected man by the power of Christianity and our modern civilization. For all this you repay men by simply being what you are, a beauty and a civilization to the race. Such is the subjection of men.

As to married woman's competence to enter into professional competition with man the negative argument is conclusive. As a woman, wife, and mother, she must pass through a variety of weakening periods that, for the twenty years that form the central period of man's manhood, entirely distance her in the race. A married woman can seldom be a permanent and successful general, statesman, or lawyer.

All this, however, fails to touch the question whether she ought not to possess some share of the power of choosing her own rulers, or whether government would not be better if the feminine side of the race had its proportion of power in molding

it. Woman may be unfit to rule, and yet be fit to select her rulers.

BRITISH QUARTERLY REVIEW, (October, 1869.)-1. National Education in Ireland. 2. Crabb Robinson's Diary. 3. Nottingham. 4. Pre-Historic England. 5. The Works of Tourgeneff. 6. Thornton on Labor. 7. Skepticism in Excelsis. 8. The Later Life of De Foe. 9. The Hundredth Number of the "British Quarterly."

The fourth article in this quarterly (the organ of the English Independents) is an interesting dissertation of the ancient remains at Abury, and the celebrated Stonehenge on Salisbury Plain, England. These are fragments of immense masonry of hitherto unknown origin and antiquity, but usually considered to be temples of the old Druids. By comparison, however, with similar remains in other parts of the world, it is conjectured that they are invested with a much higher antiquity. The masonry is of a somewhat advanced order; the stones are so immense as to presuppose gigantic strength or powerful machinery; the stones are selected with great skill, and, huge as they are, drawn from some unknown place-certainly from no near quarry. There are indications that the builders were not idolators, but pure theists. The article closes as follows:

Even as we write, the announcement of the discovery, in the South of France, of the relics of a gigantic race of quasi human beings, marked by osteological peculiarities hitherto undreamed of, has been made with such precision as to attract the attention of the French Institut, and M. Lartet has been commissioned to ascertain and report on the facts. There is much to lead to the belief that we are about to witness the opening of a hitherto unread chapter in the history of our predecessors in the dominion of the planet Earth.

LONDON QUARTERLY REVIEW, October, 1869. (Scott's Republication, New York, 140 Fulton-street.)-1. Islam. 2. Isaac Barrow. 3. Higher and Lower Animals. 4. The Byron Mystery. 5. The Water Supply of London. 6. Lord Lytton's Horace. 7. The Reconstruction of the Irish Church. 8. Sacerdotal Celibacy. 9. The Past and the Future of Conservative Policy. The argument in defense of Byron against the charge of incest appears, we are glad to say, as it now stands, conclusive. The sole basis of the charge is Lady Byron's own statement, which is precisely neutralized by Lady Augusta Leigh's own accepted purity of character. Then as exculpatory facts we have, 1. Lady Byron's own statement, through her own authorized spokesmen, that incest was not among the charges she had to bring; 2. Lady Byron's long subsequent intimate friendship with Mrs. Leigh ; and, 3. Lady Byron's known peculiarity, in spite of her great active benevolence, of taking sudden and irrevocable piques against her former favorites.