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cialization. The branches do not move backwards and forwards, but always tend to remove outwardly. None of these movements affect vein "ix." This remains stationary in the Papilionides, undisturbed by the changes in the radial branches, or of those marking the breaking up of the "median" system of the wing, as designated by Comstock.

For it does not affect the conclusions I have reached whether Comstock's nomenclature be ultimately adopted or not, while I favor its adoption. Whether the costal thickening be homologous with the veins, whether what I have called vein ii should not be rather called after Haase and Spuler vein i, or even whether Comstock's "radius" should be called the subcostal-and the "media," the radius-all these are questions of names and homologies with which my results are not primarily concerned. Whatever names are adopted, I believe to have shown that specializations are evidenced by the absorption of the veins, by the reduction of the radial (Comstock) branches and their progression along the main vein, by the opening of the discal cell and the fusion of the branches of the media (Comstock) with the radial or cubital systems of the wing. And whether we call the last, downwardly curved vein of the primaries of the Papilionides "anal," "internal," or "submedian," or number it, does in no way affect the argument, deducible from its presence, that the group possessing it occupies an exclusive position. I have further relieved the Papilionides from the vague charge of generalization, by showing that their residual characters are shared by the brush-footed butterflies, and that in the presence of but one internal vein to the secondaries they possess a character of specialization raising them above all' the rest. Not the Swallowtails, but the Blues, are, from the neuration, the allies of the Skippers, and, having thus endeavored to divorce the Papilionides from their enforced association with the Hesperiadæ, I conclude that their fittest place is "at the head" of our linear systems and collections.

Finally (Natural Science, Feb., '98) I have ventured to suggest that certain changes in color run, in a general way, parallel with the specializations of the neuration. The white pigment colors appear to mark advanced forms. This is illustrated, in the Papilionides, by the fact that the Parnassiidæ, as a whole more specialized than the Papilionidæ, are also paler, more white in general hue. The most generalized group of the latter, Ornithoptera, contains species of the darkest, most intense coloration.

LITERATURE.

Die Schmetterlingsfauna von Hildesheim. Erster Theil. Tagfalter. Mittheilungen aus dem Roemer Museum, Hildesheim, No. 8, Feb., 1897. Mit vier Tafeln.

The Changes in the Structure of the Wings of Butterflies. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., Part iv, 1897.

The British Day Butterflies and the Changes in the Wings of Butterflies. Proc. South London Ent, and N. Hist. Society, 1897.

The Classification of the Day Butterflies. Natural Science, Jan.-Feb., 1898. With two plates.

Specializations of the Lepidopterous Wing: the Pieri-Nymphalidæ. Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc., xxxvii, No. 157, 1898. With three plates.

Note on the Diurnals. The Canadian Entomologist, Vol. xxx., Aug., 1898. The Position of Pseudopontia (Gonophlebia). The Entomologist's Record, Vol. x, Sept. 1898.

Photographische Darstellung des Flügelgeäders der Schmetterlinge. Mit Bild von Charaxes iason. Der Stein der Weisen, Band 19, S. 282, Wien, 1898. Photographische Darstellung des Flügelgeäders der Schmetterlinge. Ill. Wochenschrift für Entomologie, Neudamm. No. 38, Band ii, 1897. With one plate.

The Hind Wings of the Day Butterflies. Can. Ent. Vol. xxxix, 174, July, 1897.

Correspondence in Natural Science for Dec., 1898, and Jan., 1899.

My acknowledgments are due to Mr. W. F. Kirby, of the British. Museum (Natural History), for bibliographical assistance.

CORRIGENDA.

To paper on the Specializations of the Lepidopterous Wing: the PieriNymphalide, in these PROCEEDINGS, Vol. xxxvii, No. 157.

Page 23, line 6 from foot of page, for " Ager" read " Ageronians."

Page 24, line 25, dele the sentence commencing, "No trace of vein viii," etc. Page 30, line 12 from foot of page, insert the words "a strong" before the words "vein viii of primaries."

Page 41, line 10 from foot of page, for "is" read" has."

Page 42, in the explanation of Plate I, Fig. 3 should refer to Euchla cardamines, Fig. 4 to Anthocharis ausonides. The numbers 3 and 4 are transposed on the plate.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE III.

The figures are obtained by an improved photographic process. The veins are numbered according to the system RedtenbacherComstock: iii= radius, iv= media, v=cubitus. Vein "ix" of primaries, a principal character of the Papilionides, is numbered in red. The figures are of the natural size.

FIG. 1. Parnassius apollo.—Type of genus and family. The specialized form of the Papilionides, as shown by the following characters: On fore wings the first median branch (iv1) has left cross-vein and arises from radius; the radius itself is four, instead of being five-branched; the cubital cross-vein has disappeared; on hind wings the lower margin of humeral cell has faded out superiorly, the internal margin is hollowed out, and vein vii is greatly shortened. Doritis mnemosyne does not differ generically from this type. Hypermnestra helios agrees by the four-branched, specialized radius, and I limit the subfamily to these two genera, since here the demarcation is abrupt, not, as in the Pierina, undefined.

FIG. 2. Archon apollinus.-Type of genus and belonging to the subfamily Zerynthiana, of which it is the specialized form. Radius five-branched, generalized. The first median branch springs from cross-vein; lower margin of humeral cell complete; vein vii longer, as compared with Parnassius. The ornamental bands have not been broken up into the spots of Parnassius. The white color of the Parnassians and Pierids has been developed independently and is here a general character of convergence. Archon is seen to be a generalized form when compared with Parnassius.

FIG. 3. Zerynthia polyxena.-Type of genus and subfamily. Radius fivebranched. In this species and its varieties vein iv,, the first median branch, is in a fluid state, sometimes issuing from cross-vein, sometimes ascending radius. Compare figure of Zerynthia rumina, Schm. von Hildesheim, Taf. i, Fig. 2. Vein vii of hind wings is but little shortened.

FIG. 4. Luehdorfia puziloi.-Type of genus. Agrees well with Zerynthia. In both this and Armandia the cubitus shows a very inconspicuous scar, a relic of the vanished cubital cross-vein. The gradual disappearance of this crossvein, from the Papilionidae to the Parnassiidæ, demonstrates the greater specialization of the latter. Compare text.

FIG. 5. Armandia thaitina.-Belongs to Zerynthianæ. Type of genus. Radius five-branched; iv, from upper corner of cell. A beautiful and interesting form, owing to the papilionid shape of wings.

Radius five-branched. First more generalized than ArmanCompare these Parnassian types

FIG. 6. Sericinus telamon Q.-Type of genus. median branch (iv1) from cross-vein, and herein dia. Vein vii of hind wings hardly shortened. with the ensuing Papilionidae. Note the equal presence of vein "ix" of primary wings and the survival of but one anal vein (vii) on hind wings, and that the two types mainly differ in the breaking up of the median system in the Parnassians. It seems probable that, in extinct types of Papilionides, the vein "ix" was lengthened and sought the anal angle of the primary wing.

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