The northern portion of my map, from longitude 58° 30' to 66° is occupied by the Chiriguanos. They are a well-defined substock of the great Tupi-Guarani family. In the Sierra they extend south. to the head waters of the Rio Vermejo (Cardus, i, p. 242). About 8000 of them have been converted to Christianity by the missionaries, one of whom, Father A. M. Corrado, published some years since a book of devotion in the tongue.1 The difference of its vocables from the foregoing is seen in the following examples: Man, aba. Woman, cuña. Sun, cuarasi. Moon, yasi, yuai. Fire, tata. Water, i. Head, ñaca. Eye, exa. Ear, inanvi. Hand, ypó. Foot, ypul. House, oga. The name Chiriguanos is supposed to be a term of contempt applied to them by the Quechuas (= estiércol frio). They call themselves Aba, "men." One of their branches, the Tapiis or Tapietes, extend as far south as the Pilcomayo, and in scattered bands nearly to the R. Paraguay (Cardus, i, p. 269). Their name is given them as a term of contempt by the Chiriguanos, because they go quite naked. It signifies the male or female genitalia (Tupi, tapi). For the same reason they are called Tirumbae, "naked men." M. Thouar found their westernmost village at Yagaigua, longitude 65° (Thouar, i, p. 305). They wear the tembeta, and are friendly (id., p. 333). 2 The Guarañocas, one of their branches, inhabit the "Chaco de Antonio," within the territory of Bolivia. The Yanaiguas, the Palmares and the Sirionas (on the Rio Peray) are other branches (Cardus, i, p. 272). At the time of the discovery this stock occupied much of the east of the map, extending along the left bank of the Rio Paraguay from about latitude 23° to 30° and below. Here they bore the names Cainguas and Guayanas, up the river, and Caracaraes and 1 Catecismo de la Doctrina Cristiana en Lengua Chiriguana (Sucre, 1871). A short grammatical outline of the dialect is given in the work El Colegio Franciscano de Tarija y sus Misiones, pp. 523-526. 2 It is also applied to the Chaneses of the foothills (Cardus, i, p. 250). Another derivation of it is from tapiii, something bought, a slave. Tarija y sus Misiones, p. 54. F. de Oliveira Cesar, Viaje al Oriente de Bolivia, p. 77 (Buenos Aires, 1891). * Dr. Paul Ehrenreich, "Ethnographische Karte von Brasilien," in Petermann's Mittheilungen, 1891. Ubeguas, near its mouth. Whether the Caaiguas of Charlevoix are the same as the Cainguas is uncertain. Dr. Ehrenreich supposes them the older representatives of the modern Guayakis, a tribe near the middle Parana, who are extremely wild and timid. We have no sufficient knowledge of their tongue to identify the stock to which they belong." The modern Cainguas live on the upper Parana. Their customs and dialects have been thoroughly studied by Ambrosetti, who gives an ample and accurate vocabulary (Ambrosetti, ii and iii). The assertion of some writers that they have a tongue peculiar to themselves has not proved correct. They are divided into three subtribes. Apuiteré. Baaberá, or Baticolas. There are, however, but unimportant differences in the dialects. THE SAMUCU STOCK. In the northeast corner of the map, longitude 58°, latitude 20°, on the right bank of the river Paraguay, dwell the Chamocos or Chiamococos. They have been especially studied by Boggiani, whose monograph upon them presents excellent ethnographic and linguistic material. He claimed them (i, p. 23) to be an independent stock, and denied (id., p. 19) that they are linguistically related to the Samucus or Zamucos described by Father Azara and the traveler D'Orbigny. Dr. Karl von den Steinen, in whose hands is a MS. grammar of the Samucu, has shown, however, by a comparison of twenty words that there is a decided lexical similarity between the two, and that this also extends to grammatic forms.3 1 See D'Orbigny, L'Homme Américain, Tom. ii, p. 270, whose statement has not been impugned by subsequent writers. 2 Dr. Ehrenreich, on the strength of one or two words, inclines to the opinion that they are Ges (my Tapuyas). See his article in Globus, January, 1898, p. 73. 3 His article is published in Globus, for May, 1895 (Bd. lxxvii, No. 21). In the American Race, p. 301, I have given twelve subtribes of the Samucu stock and a short vocabulary. Cardus (i, p. 327) calls it "Zamuca," and prints a vocabulary of twenty-three words. This comparison can leave no doubt that the verbal correspondences of the two tongues are due to a close affinity of some kind. It has been accepted by Sr. Boggiani himself (iv, p. 169). Whether this is genetic must be left for decision until Dr. Von den Steinen publishes the grammar in his possession. Another lexical similarity which neither he nor Boggiani has noted is that to the Arawack. To illustrate this I have drawn up the following comparisons, in which the words following the numeral are from the Chiamoco-Sumucu, and those following the 2 are from the Arawack dialects named. The resemblances speak for themselves. Comparison of Samucu and Arawack. MAN. 1. Cham., neit; Sam., naitie, nani, vairigue. 2. Ar., iti (father), ira.it (husband); Guana, hapo-itai (man). 1. Cham., dei; Sam., dirie, yede. 2. Ar., háddali, hadali. SUN. MOON. 1. Cham., sciagurugu. 2. Ande., cashiri; Goajiro, kashi; Manao; ghairy. FIRE. 1. Cham., örugu; Sam., pioc. 2. Moxos., yucu; Baure, hioke. WATER. I. Cham., nio; Sam., yot. 2. Antis., nia; Baure., hina. HEAD. 1. Cham., achu; Sam., yatodo. 2. Ande., ito, buto; Uainuma, ba-ita; Layana, tode. EAR. 1. Cham., a-ánri, a-anu; Sam., yagorone. 2. Guana, guai-haino. EYE. 1. Cham., iddi, illi; Sam., yede, yedoi. 2. Baniva, iti; Barre, iti; Mariate, nu-doi; Parisi, nu-duro. 1. Cham., aáho; Sam., yago-rone. MOUTH. 2. Guana, baho; Moxo., nu-jaca; Atorai, otaghu. TONGUE. I. Cham., arue; Sam., archo (pl.). 2. Maipure, are. TOOTH. 1. Cham., a-potachaè. 2. Uainuma, áhăi, aci; Ande., ai; Passe, ée; Guana, onhai. HAND. 1. Cham., ummê; Sam., imanaetio. 2. Chontaquero, huamianuta; Guana, uon-húm; Layana, memen; Peris., uemeyonota. 2. Ande., itchi, eçhi; Araicu, Manao, itschy; Baure, ichi. 1. Cham., tüghemo. TO SLEEP. 2. Moxo., Baure, ni-moco; Ande., maye. |