CHAPTER III. Influence of the Progress of Industry and Page § 1. First case; population increasing, capital stationary 264 2. Second case; capital increasing, population stationary 268 3. Third case; population and capital increasing equally, the arts 269 4. Fourth case; the arts of production progressive, capital and 270 277 5. Fifth case; all the three elements progressive CHAPTER IV. Of the Tendency of Profits to a Minimum. § 1. Doctrine of Adam Smith on the competition of capital 282 2. Doctrine of Mr. Wakefield respecting the field of employment 284 286 4. In opulent countries, profits habitually near to the mini- § 1. Abstraction of capital not necessarily a national loss 301 2. In opulent countries, the extension of machinery not detri- 304 CHAPTER VI. Of the Stationary State. § 1. Stationary state of wealth and population, dreaded and depre- 308 310 CHAPTER VII. On the Probable Futurity of the Labouring Classes. Page § 1. The theory of dependence and protection no longer applicable 315 2. The future well-being of the labouring classes principally 320 3. Probable effects of improved intelligence in causing a better 322 4. Tendency of society towards the disuse of the relation of 323 5. Examples of the association of the labourers in the profits of 325 § 1. Necessary and optional functions of government distinguished 339 3. Division of the subject........ CHAPTER II. Of the General Principles of Taxation. § 1. Four fundamental rules of taxation 340 346 348 2. Grounds of the principle of Equality of Taxation 350 3. Should the same percentage be levied on all amounts of 352 4. Should the same percentage be levied on perpetual and on ......... 358 5. The increase of the rent of land from natural causes a fit 362 6. A land tax, in some cases, not taxation, ba a rent-charge in 365 .... 7. Taxes falling on capital, not necessarily objectionable 367 CHAPTER III. Of Direct Taxes. § 1. Direct taxes either on income or on expenditure CHAPTER IV. Of Taxes on Commodities. § 1. A Tax on all Commodities would fall on profits.......... 4. Page 370 370 372 375 377 381 386 387 389 392 398 6. Effects produced on international exchange by duties on 402 - how modified by the tendency of profits to a minimum CHAPTER V. Of some other Taxes. § 1. Taxes on contracts 2. Taxes on communication 3. Law Taxes 4. Modes of taxation for local purposes... CHAPTER VI. Comparison between Direct and Indirect Taxation. § 1. Arguments for and against direct taxation 2. What forms of indirect taxation most eligible 3. Practical rules for indirect taxation CHAPTER VII. Of a National Debt. § 1. Is it desirable to defray extraordinary public expenses by 411 415 417 417 420 425 431 2. Not desirable to redeem a national debt by a general contri- 435 3. In what cases desirable to maintain a surplus revenue for the 437 CHAPTER VIII. Of the Ordinary Functions of Government, Page § 1. Effects of imperfect security of person and property... 441 2. Effects of over-taxation 443 3. Effects of imperfection in the system of the laws, and in the 6. Partnerships with limited liability. Chartered Companies...... 464 CHAPTER XI. Of the Grounds and Limits of the Laisser-faire § 1. Governmental intervention distinguished into authoritative 507 2. Objections to government intervention—the compulsory cha- 509 3. - increase of the power and influence of government 511 Page 4. increase of the occupations and responsibilities of govern- 512 superior efficiency of private agency, owing to stronger 514 6. importance of cultivating habits of collective action in the 516 7. Laisser faire the general rule. 518 but liable to large exceptions. Cases in which the consumer 522 9. Case of persons exercising power over others. Protection of 10. Case of contracts in perpetuity 11. Cases of delegated management............ 12. Cases in which public intervention may be necessary to give effect to the wishes of the persons interested. Examples: 526 529 530 534 13. Case of acts done for the benefit of others than the persons 538 16. Government intervention may be necessary in default of pri- vate agency, in cases where private agency would be more ......... 550 |
