UtilitarianismLongman, Green, Longman, Roberts, and Green, 1864 - 120 стор. |
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Сторінка 41
... punishment , whether physical or moral , and whether proceeding from God or from our fellow men , together with all that the capacities of human nature admit , of disinterested devotion to either , become available to enforce the ...
... punishment , whether physical or moral , and whether proceeding from God or from our fellow men , together with all that the capacities of human nature admit , of disinterested devotion to either , become available to enforce the ...
Сторінка 43
... punishment , only operates on conduct through , and in proportion to , the subjective religious feeling . The sanction , so far as it is disinterested , is always in the mind itself ; and the notion therefore of the transcendental ...
... punishment , only operates on conduct through , and in proportion to , the subjective religious feeling . The sanction , so far as it is disinterested , is always in the mind itself ; and the notion therefore of the transcendental ...
Сторінка 68
... punishment as such . There are cases , again , in which it means , being solely influenced by considera- tion for the public interest ; as in making a selection among candidates for a government employment . Impartiality , in short , as ...
... punishment as such . There are cases , again , in which it means , being solely influenced by considera- tion for the public interest ; as in making a selection among candidates for a government employment . Impartiality , in short , as ...
Сторінка 71
... we deem unjust should be punished , though we do not always think it expe- dient that this should be done by the tribunals . We S 7 forego that gratification on account of incidental in- conveniences HOW CONNECTED WITH JUSTICE . 71.
... we deem unjust should be punished , though we do not always think it expe- dient that this should be done by the tribunals . We S 7 forego that gratification on account of incidental in- conveniences HOW CONNECTED WITH JUSTICE . 71.
Сторінка 72
... punished in some way or other for doing it ; if not by law , by the opinion of his fellow creatures ; if not by opinion , by the reproaches of his own con- science . This seems the real turning point of the dis- Itinction between ...
... punished in some way or other for doing it ; if not by law , by the opinion of his fellow creatures ; if not by opinion , by the reproaches of his own con- science . This seems the real turning point of the dis- Itinction between ...
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Загальні терміни та фрази
action admit attainable believe benefit binding force capable character claim common conduct consider considerations constitutes cultivated degree derives deserves desire desire happiness ditions duty Epicurean Epicurus equally ethics evil excitement existence expediency external sanctions fact fellow creatures give habit happiness Herbert Spencer human nature hurt idea of justice impartiality imperfect individual inflict influence injustice instinct interest mankind maxims of justice means means of happiness ment mind mode moral obligation moral right moralists motive natural justice necessary ness noble notion of justice object obligation of justice opinion origin pain particular person philosophical pleasure possible present principle of morals principle of utility proof punishment question rational recognise regard right and wrong rule selfish sentiment of justice social Social Statics society solely sources Stoic superior supposed sympathy theory things tion transcendental unjust utilitarian doctrine utilitarian ethics utilitarian morality utilitarian standard vidual violate virtue virtuous word
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Сторінка 53 - No reason can be given why the general happiness is desirable, except that each person, so far as he believes it to be attainable, desires his own happiness. This, however, being a fact, we have not only all the proof which the case admits of, but all which it is possible to require, that happiness is a good: that each person's happiness is a good to that person, and the general happiness, therefore, a good to the aggregate of all persons.
Сторінка 24 - I must again repeat, what the assailants of utilitarianism seldom have the justice to acknowledge, that the happiness which forms the utilitarian standard of what is right in conduct is not the agent's own happiness, but that of all concerned; as, between his own happiness and that of others, utilitarianism requires him to be as strictly impartial as a disinterested and benevolent spectator.
Сторінка 10 - The creed which accepts as the foundation of morals Utility, or the Greatest Happiness principle, holds that actions are right in proportion as they tend to promote happiness, wrong as they tend to produce the reverse of happiness. By happiness is intended pleasure, and the absence of pain; by unhappiness, pain and the privation of pleasure.
Сторінка 13 - ... a sense of dignity, which all human beings possess in one form or other, and in some, though by no means in exact, proportion to their higher faculties, and which is so essential a part of the happiness of those in whom it is strong that nothing which conflicts with it could be otherwise than momentarily an object of desire to them.
Сторінка 22 - All the grand sources, in short, of human suffering are in a great degree, many of them almost entirely, conquerable by human care and effort; and though their removal is grievously slow— though a long succession of generations will perish in the breach before the conquest is completed, and this world becomes all that, if will and knowledge were not wanting, it might easily be made— yet every mind sufficiently intelligent and generous to bear a part, however small and unconspicuous, in the endeavour,...
Сторінка 89 - Thus the moralities which protect every individual from being harmed by others, either directly or by being hindered in his freedom of pursuing his own good, are at once those which he himself has most at heart, and those which he has the strongest interest in publishing and enforcing by word and deed. It is by a person's observance of these, that his fitness to exist as one of the fellowship of human beings, is tested and decided; for on that depends his being a nuisance or not to those with whom...
Сторінка 28 - In the case of abstinences indeed — of things which people forbear to do from moral considerations, though the consequences in the particular case might be beneficial — it would be unworthy of an intelligent agent not to be consciously aware that the action is of a class which, if practised generally, would be generally injurious, and that this is the ground of the obligation to abstain from it.
Сторінка 59 - ... and persists in acting on them, even though these pleasures are much diminished, by changes in his character or decay of his passive sensibilities, or are outweighed by the pains which the pursuit of the purposes may bring upon him.
Сторінка 12 - Few human creatures would consent to be changed into any of the lower animals, for a promise of the fullest allowance of a beast's pleasures : no intelligent human being would consent to be a fool, no instructed person would be an ignoramus, no person of feeling and conscience would be selfish and hase, even though they should be persuaded that the fool, the dunce, or the rascal is better satisfied with his lot than they are with theirs.
Сторінка 4 - Yet to support their pretensions there ought either to be some one fundamental principle or law, at the root of all morality, or if there be several, there should be a determinate order of precedence among them ; and the one principle, or the rule for deciding between the various principles when they conflict, ought to be self.evident.